Seismogenic deformations in the walls of the late medieval Yeni-Kale fortress in Eastern Crimea

The results of a macroseismic study of the late medieval Turkish Yeni-Kale fortress in Eastern Crimea are described. Despite the fact that the fortress’ structures were considerably affected by local landslide activity, military operations during the Crimean War, the Civil War, and the WWII, as well as by anthropogenic factors, such as railroads, etc., numerous specific deformations in the fortress walls suggest that the existing destruction and damage might be explained by strong seismic impacts. The local intensity of seismic oscillations could be I = (VIII)–IX points according to the MSK-64 macroseismic scale, and the direction of the combined maximum seismic impact could have a NW–SE strike. It is likely that the Turks abandoned the fortress without a battle because of its significant seismic damage and destruction in the 18th century, which had not yet been repaired by the time the Russian army arrived.     

基于Abaqus软件的并行计算集群平台构建与优化方法

根据有限元显式算法和隐式算法的特点,研究了岩土工程动力分析并行计算集群系统的硬件要求、集群系统的构建方法,构建了基于EM64T硬件构架、双路Intel Xeon处理器、Linux操作系统和64位Abaqus软件的32CPU并行计算集群平台,测试了存储子系统对集群性能的影响,比较了两种千兆以太网络作为、集群子网络的性能优化方法。以地下结构的地震反应分析为例,测试了优化前后该集群系统的计算速度,发现两种以太网络性能优化方法都可以有效提高集群计算速度。列举了该集群系统在深水桥梁基础流固耦合动力分析、地下结构地震反应分析和快速轨道交通环境振动分析中的应用,显示了该集群在显式算法、隐式算法及小规模、大规模数值计算问题中的并行计算效率,证明所构建的Abaqus数值模拟并行计算集群平台能够满足计算规模、计算精度和时效性的要求。     

地震作用下曲线梁桥结构响应及敏感性分析

为研究不同设计参数对曲线梁桥地震响应的影响以指导结构抗震设计,对不同支承约束曲线梁桥地震响应及地震需求敏感性进行分析。采用增量动力分析（IDA）方法对比分析了不同支承约束曲线梁桥的结构地震响应变化趋势;采用Tornado图形法对不同结构参数影响程度进行了排序,找出了对结构地震需求影响显著的参数。结果表明:采用板式橡胶支座桥梁因支座易发生滑移而导致上部结构位移较大,但降低了下部结构响应,设置固定墩后,下部结构损伤显著增加;对于采用板式橡胶支座和铅芯橡胶支座的曲线梁桥,墩高及跨径对墩底曲率需求影响较大,而对于固定墩为墩梁固结形式和采用盆式橡胶支座的曲线梁桥,跨径及跨数对墩底曲率需求影响较大;对于采用不同支承约束的曲线梁桥,墩高和曲率半径对桥台位移需求影响较大,仅次于地震动参数PGA。     

2011年日本MW9.0地震引发的海啸对地震背景噪声的影响

基于北美沿岸和内陆地震台站的连续地震波形记录,并结合沿岸台站附近布设的DART系统记录的海底压力数据以及预测潮汐数据,利用时频分析和极化分析方法对2011年3月11日日本东北部海域MW9.0大地震所激发的海啸对地震背景噪声所产生的影响予以深入分析.结果显示:海啸对高频噪声(1.3—1.5 Hz)以及短周期双频微地动噪声...     

基于震害预测的动态震害矩阵方法研究

基于时间因素(材料内部作用、荷载作用和环境影响)和事件因素中的地震因素和抗震加固,通过结构可靠度理论研究和结构材料与构件的试验分析,结合现有的结构动态抗力函数以及不同极限破坏状态和结构抗力之间的对应关系,建立结构的动态易损性。研究事件因素中的拆迁和新建对城市建筑结构数量和类型的影响,以及未来城市不同结构类型的变化特点,给出未来城市的动态震害矩阵;研究群体震害矩阵的异地应用和事件因素中拆迁和新建建筑对震害矩阵的影响,在已有震害预测城市的建筑结构基础资料上,应用模糊数学中可信度方法,形成目标城市的动态震害矩阵,有利于进行结构的抗震设防和地震风险分析。     

Simultaneous infrasonic,seismic, magnetic and ionospheric observations in an earthquake epicentre

Various pre-seismic and co-seismic effects have been reported in the literature in the solid Earth, hydrosphere, atmosphere, electric/magnetic field and in the ionosphere. Some of the effects observed above the surface, particularly some of the pre-seismic effects, are still a matter of debate. Here we analyze the co-seismic effects of a relatively weak earthquake of 28 October 2008, which was a part of an earthquake swarm in the westernmost region of the Czech Republic. Special attention is paid to unique measurements of infrasonic phenomena. As far as we know, these have been the first infrasonic measurements during earthquake in the epicentre zone. Infrasonic oscillations (～1–12 Hz) in the epicentre region appear to be excited essentially by the vertical seismic oscillations. The observed oscillations are real epicentral infrasound not caused by seismic shaking of the instruments or by meteorological phenomena. Seismo-infrasonic oscillations observed 155 km apart from the epicentre were excited in situ by seismic waves. No earthquake-related infrasonic effects have been observed in the ionosphere. Necessity to make vibration tests of instruments is pointed out in order to be sure that observed effects are not effects of mechanical shaking of the instrument.     

核电厂堆芯燃料组件地震反应分析

核电厂堆芯燃料组件在强震作用下难以避免地将产生摩擦、滑移和相互间的碰撞等非线性反应。关于燃料组件之间以及燃料组件与围板之间的碰境模拟对燃料给件地震反应的影响已有计算分析成果,但量,由于摩擦、滑移引起的燃料组件的非线性动力特性在燃料组件地震反应的现有计算模型中还未得到考虑。本文基于试验测定的燃料组件的非线性动力特性,提出了考虑上述因素的燃料组件地震反应分析方法。     

信息化测震数据管理平台的设计与实现

依托公共安全信息化工程,测震台网数据管理平台在数据资源池环境下,采用分层架构和模块化开发,实现了实时流波形接入和存储、站网基础信息管理、常规数据产品产出、针对特定地震的产品产出、波形数据质量分析等测震台网核心业务的信息化。通过平台的接口和界面,事件波形处理与服务、数据质量分析、震源参数基础数据库建设等测震台网业务取得了长足进步。该平台具有业务集成性、功能实用性、资源共享性和技术先进性等特点,有效提升了测震台网信息化水平,为测震台网现代化发展发挥了积极作用。     

Results of Detailed Paleoseismic Studies of the Kindo Peninsula (Karelian Coast of the White Sea)

A standard complex of geomorphologic methods, including identification of aerial photos and space images, topographic and structural–geomorphologic area survey, trenching colluvial sediments and their mapping, and sampling of paleosoils and their dating by the radiocarbon method, was used for identification, parametrization, and dating of seismic dislocations of the Karelian coast of the White Sea. A set of kinematic indicators of paleoearthquakes (mass displacements and systematic rotations of fragments of rock ledges), which make it possible to interpret the directions of maximum seismic impact on detailed areas, is elaborated and tested. In the relief of the rock massifs of the Kindo Peninsula, these methods revealed a halo (10 × 6 km) of secondary seismic dislocations with a radiocarbon age of no more than 5.5 ka, which is a zone (4 × 2 km) of extension fractures and numerous displacements of stones surrounded by a belt of seismic gravitation faults. It is shown that some ledges and stepwise faults in the relief of these stones probably resulted from glacial denudation and further erosion of structural heterogeneities. At the same time, displacements of chipped stones versus inclination and their systematic rotation in rock ledges of different strike suggest intense seismic impacts after the formation of the stepwise surfaces and termination of their abrasion after glacial rebound of the territory. It is found that high-frequency seismic oscillations with high values of peak accelerations (0.4–0.8 g) and velocities (100–300 cm/s) are necessary for the formation of stone displacements. Kinematic indicators are used to reconstruct the directions of maximum seismic impact and determine the position of the epicenter of a paleoearthquake at several points. The zones of intensity of 7 and 8 are contoured to estimate the depth of the focus (H = 1.9 ± 0.2 km) and magnitude (M = 4.4 ± 0.2) of a seismic event using the macroseismic field equation. Typical WNW elongation of the first isoseist along the northern coast of the Kindo Peninsula is indicative of a seismogenic fault at the southern end of a micrograben of the Velikaya Salma Strait, which feathers the southeastern wall of the Kandalaksha Graben. The Holocene activity of this fault is confirmed by normal fault displacements of young sediments, which have been revealed in a series of transverse seismoacoustic profiles. These results quantitatively showed for the first time that the zone of the Kandalaksha Graben could provide conditions for low-magnitude "shallow-focused" earthquakes with high seismic intensity.     

落锤震源不同参数激发的数值模拟研究

本文通过研究落锤震源的物理模型,利用有限元方法,对震源激发到子波形成的全过程进行数值模拟研究。从激发参数角度,分别对软地表（土壤）和硬地表（岩石）条件下的不同落锤震源参数的激发进行数值模拟,分析不同震源参数对子波能量和频谱的影响,并比较不同地表岩性介质对震源参数变化的响应。同时将模拟结果同已有的数据采集研究和实验研究进行对比,以说明其有效性。研究结果显示落锤震源的激发效果同重锤质量、冲击速度、基板大小和基板材料的关系,为浅地表地震勘查中落锤震源参数的选择提供了参考依据。      

基于B/S架构的区域前兆数据库信息服务与运行管理平台的设计与实现

区域前兆台网的大量数据存于数据库中。为便捷地查询测项信息、台站工作日志和观测日志、台站基础信息,并减少区域台网中心工作人员工作量,提高工作效率,我们建立了基于B/S架构的前兆数据信息服务与管理平台。该平台很好地解决了上述问题,并在江苏省地震监测中心、预报研究中心、各省属地震台和市县地震部门广泛使用。     

地球自由振荡的保结构模拟

大地震等诸多激励均能激发全球自由振荡现象,通常表现为驻波形式的全球整体振荡.现有的地震波数值模拟方法多为非保结构方法,无法压制长时程计算中的积累误差.本文采用优化的三阶辛格式谱元法,对地球自由振荡及全球尺度的地震波传播进行了长时程模拟.通过与传统的基于Newmark算法的谱元方法结果对比分析,明确验证了本文所得优化的三阶辛格式谱元法在模拟地球自由振荡等大规模长时程问题上的优越性和准确性.上述进展在方法论层面为今后探测、刻画全球尺度地球非均匀结构的驻波数值方法奠定了部分基础,并为相关研究领域提供了新的选择.     

脉冲编码可控震源信号设计

通过脉冲编码技术使震源向地下激发出可人为控制的变步长的脉冲序列,采用解码技术将这种连续多次小能量激发情形的原始地震记录转换为等价的单次大能量激发的地震记录.文中通过数值模拟技术对脉冲编码震源信号地震响应的规律和特点进行了研究.模拟结果表明,脉冲编码信号冲击间隔的增量是压制相关噪声的关键因素,调整冲击间隔的增量对相关噪声的影响要比增加冲击次数对相关噪声的影响灵敏得多,而重复的冲击间隔对压制相关噪声不起任何作用.     

基于IDA的多龄期钢排架结构地震易损性分析

针对钢材锈蚀导致结构抗震性能退化的现象,需对多龄期结构进行抗震性能评估。基于酸性大气环境下不同锈蚀程度钢材材性试验结果,以SAP2000为平台建立不同服役龄期(30年、40年、50年、60年)钢排架结构数值模型。选取PGA为地震动强度指标,最大层间位移角为地震需求参数对模型进行增量动力分析(IDA),建立结构地震需求模型,基于地震需求模型建立多龄期钢排架结构厂房地震易损性曲线和震害矩阵。研究成果可为城市多龄期建筑地震风险评估提供依据。     

Recording Program of Basic System for Seismometric Monitoring of the Technical Condition of Buildings and Structures

Problems of software development for basic seismometric monitoring of the technical condition of buildings and structures are considered. A client–server architecture is chosen for the recording program of the system. The server component provides interconnection with the equipment, data acquisition, storage, and processing. The client component provides the user (operator) interface, hardware configuration and application, and representation of system tasks and results in user-friendly form. The seismic monitoring system operates in two modes: the main one includes the isolation and recording of seismic events with assessment of their impact on a structure using the MSK-64 scale; the advanced mode provides recording of microseismic vibrations according to the schedule (specified by the operator) for monitoring the technical condition of a structure. Moreover, the system continuously records oscillations of an object. Thus, the server program writes and stores three types of files: seismic events, monitoring, and continuous recording. When a seismic event is detected or system malfunctions arise, responsible personnel are notified by e-mail and SMS according to an approved list. All operator actions, as well as system functioning events, are fixed in the message log and system log. The client program provides visualization of data on oscillations at observation sites in the form of oscillation seismograms, current signal-amplitude spectra, and vibration-level histograms from the measurement channels for a selected component. All information important for the operator (display of sensors and their status, current configuration, seismograms of corresponding measurement channels, and a list of latest messages in the system) is presented in a mnemonic diagram, which is one of the main working windows of the application. The main specific features of the program are support of different types of equipment (seismic stations), independence from the number of connected seismic stations/recorders, wide possibilities in configuring the system hardware and the application itself, the possibility of unlimited user (client) connections for browsing seismometric data, and multilanguage support.     

损伤和缺陷对海洋平台抗冰抗震性能的影响

现役导管架式海洋平台可能会存在裂纹、凹痕、腐蚀等缺陷和损伤,并可能受到海洋生物附着及地基土冲刷的影响,这些问题将减小构件强度或者放大荷载作用.取一座导管架海洋平台为例,应用动力时程及整体推进法进行分析,对比损伤前后动冰力作用下结构响应、结构抗冰能力曲线及剩余强度储备系数,并取3个地震波对损伤前后结构的地震响应、抗震能力曲线、抗震安全裕度系数进行对比.结果显示损伤和缺陷极大地降低了海洋平台抗冰抗震性能,对现役海洋平台的检测和维修也有一定借鉴意义.     

Consideration of rare seismic events in substantiation of safe placement of nuclear power plants

The criteria and requirements for consideration of rare tectonic and seismic events at the locations of nuclear power plants (NPP) were subject to comparative analysis in the context of the aftermath of the earthquake with M _w = 8.9 that happened on March 11, 2011 in the southeast of Honshu Island. The main problems of regional and detailed methods for seismic hazard assessment under selection of safe placement of nuclear plants are discussed. Deterministic and probabilistic estimates of the parameters of seismic impacts on the Fukushima-1 NPP were considered taking into account the consequences of the March 11, 2011 earthquake. The development of the uniform requirements to safe placement of nuclear power stations and unified methods for seismic hazard assessment is proven to be urgent. It is necessary to take into account the possible causes of extreme seismic events able to result in the beyond design-basis accidents not considered in the project and also organizational and technical measures to reduce the radiological consequences of the beyond design-basis accidents caused by the impact of rare but severe natural and anthropogenic factors.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">M</Emphasis>9 Tohoku Earthquake Hydro- and Seismic Response in the Caucasus and North Turkey

Presently, there are a lot of observations on the significant impact of strong remote earthquakes on underground water and local seismicity. Teleseismic wave trains of strong earthquakes give rise to several hydraulic effects in boreholes, namely permanent water level changes and water level oscillations, which closely mimic the seismograms (hydro-seismograms). Clear identical anomalies in the deep borehole water levels have been observed on a large part of the territory of Georgia during passing of the S and Love–Rayleigh teleseismic waves (including also multiple surface Rayleigh waves) of the 2011 Tohoku M9 earthquake. The analysis carried out in order to find dynamically triggered events (non-volcanic tremors) of the Tohoku earthquake by the accepted methodology has not revealed a clear tremor signature in the test area: the Caucasus and North Turkey. The possible mechanisms of some seismic signals of unknown origin observed during passage of teleseismic waves of Tohoku earthquake are discussed.     

地震波动强度变化的数学建模分析与仿真

传统利用灰色关联分析方法对地震波动强度变化进行数学建模分析与仿真时,对地震波动强度变化的数列进行仿真分析时,忽略了地震波动强度的时间属性对结果的影响,导致分析结果准确性较低。本论述提出新的地震波动强度变化数学建模分析与仿真方法,通过地震波动强度序列的经验分布确定门限自回归模型的门限值,依据该门限值、AIC最小准则以及最小残差平方等方法获取地震波动强度序列的门限自回归模型,分析自回归模型的极限环和振荡的属性特点,得到地震波动强度变化的初步数值模拟结果。本论述构建了基于均生函数的地震波动强度序列的数学模型,通过均生函数数学建模方法拟合地震波动强度时间序列,依据时间序列基于双评分准则选取拟合周期,实现地震波动强度的数值仿真。实验结果表明,所提方法对地震波动强度变化模型具有较高的准确性和稳定性。     

Seismic vulnerability estimation of the building considering seismic environment and local site condition

Introduction The estimation of damage probability distribution among different damage states of rein-forced concrete buildings is a key component of earthquake loss estimation for modern city or a group of cities. With the development of city, the reinforced concrete buildings are major compo-nent parts of modern cities. Vulnerability estimates for these kinds of buildings are of importance to those responsible for civil protection, relief, and emergency services to enable adequate contin-genc…