基于遥感和GIS的辅助规划模型--以珠江三角洲可持续土地开发为例

提出利用遥感和 Ｇ Ｉ Ｓ来获得合理的城市发展布局和减少浪费土地资源的新方法。该模型是根据环境经济学资源分配原理和可持续发展理论,通过遥感和 Ｇ Ｉ Ｓ的结合来实现。模型的核心就是保证在时间和空间上合理地安排土地资源。由此评价了珠江三角洲东莞市近年来的土地开发,获得了有意义的结果。并通过模型的运算,给出了规划期内的土地利用的优化方案,以减少浪费土地资源的现象。     

基于GIS的土壤遥感制图及应用研究

通过遥感技术获取土壤资源类型的分布是实现土地资源遥感监测快捷有效途径的关键技术.本论文进行了以下一些内容的研究:     

Assessment of Land use/land cover Change in the North-West District of Delhi Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques

Land is one of the prime natural resources. A city grows not only by population but also by changes in spatial dimensions. Urban population growth and urban sprawl induced land use changes and land transformation. The land transformation is a natural process and cannot be stopped but it can be regulated. Many geographical changes at the urban periphery are associated with the transfer of land from rural to urban purpose. There is an urgent need for fast growing areas like Delhi, which can be easily done by high-resolution remote sensing data. Land use/land cover of North West of Delhi has been analyzed for the time period of 1972?C2003. The remote sensing data used in study is Aster image of 2003 with a spatial resolution of 15?m and other data of 1972 Survey of India (SOI) toposheet at the scale of 1:50,000. Supervised digital classification using maximum likelihood classifier was applied for preparing land use/land cover. A change detection model was applied in ERDAS Imagine to find out the land use/land cover during 1972 to 2003. Eight land use classes was identified but main dominated classes were built up and agricultural land. A drastic change has been recorded during 30 years of time i. e. (1972-2003). In 1972, 92.06% of the land was under agricultural practice, which reduced to 64.71% in 2003. This shows 27.35% decrease in agricultural land in three decades. On the other hand built up area was 6.31% in 1972, which increased to 34% in 2003. One of the main cause of this land use change is the population growth due to the migration in the district from small cities and rural areas of Delhi.     

老挝Phonxay区土地利用/土地覆盖遥感调查

老挝是一个发展中国家,境内的大多数地方没有开展过土地利用/土地覆盖调查。本文选择老挝琅勃拉邦省的Phonxay区为研究区域,利用Landsat OLI数据进行土地利用/土地覆盖遥感调查与分析。研究过程中,利用ArcGIS Desktop选择训练样本和验证样本,通过Python和ArcPy编程开发了图像分类、精度评价以及面积统计的工作流程序,实现了快速得到分类结果和精度评价信息,分类结果的总精度为89.53%,Kappa系数为0.81。     

Assessment and Management Flash Flood in Najran Wady Using GIS and Remote Sensing

Flash flood assessment and management are necessary for municipal, urban growth planning and emergency action plans. By using the Hydrologic Engineering Centers River Analysis System software, we can model flash flood events and calculate water surface profiles over the length of the modeled stream. After collecting elevation points by using GPS method, the digital elevation model can be calculated for the study area. Najran city has main flood stream passes beside King Abdullah Road based on facts and previous works. A small study area including the mainstream of Wady Najran and King Abdullah Road has chosen as test site. The used methodology has also been proved efficiently for identifying flood inundation maps. Water extent area overlapped by 52–86% for both used methods. At discharge Q = 15 m³/s, the road needs to be protected from the flood.     

Assessment of Post-fire Soil Erosion Risk in Fire-Affected Watersheds Using Remote Sensing and GIS

Soil erosion is a prominent cause of land degradation and desertification in Mediterranean countries. The detrimental effects of soil erosion are exemplified in climate (in particular climate change), topography, human activities, and natural disasters. Forest fires, which are an integral part of Mediterranean ecosystems, are responsible for the destruction of above-and below-ground vegetation that protects against soil erosion. Under this perspective, the estimation of potential soil erosion, especially after fire events, is critical for identifying watersheds that require management to prevent sediment loss, flooding, and increased ecosystem degradation. The objective of this study was to model the potential post-fire soil erosion risk following a large and intensive wildland fire, in order to prioritize protection and management actions at the watershed level in a Mediterranean landscape. Burn severity and preand post-fire land cover/uses were mapped using an ASTER image acquired two years before the fire, air photos acquired shortly after the fire, and a Landsat TM image acquired within one month after-fire. We estimated pre-and post-fire sediment loss using an integrated GIS-based approach, and additionally we analyzed landscape erosion patterns. The overall accuracy of the severity map reached 83%. Severe and heavy potential erosion classes covered approximately 90% of the total area following the fire, compared to 55% before. The fire had a profound effect on the spatial erosion pattern by altering the distribution of the potential erosion classes in 21 out of 24 watersheds, and seven watersheds were identified as being the most vulnerable to post-fire soil erosion. The spatial pattern of the erosion process is important because landscape cover heterogeneity induced especially by fire is a dominant factor controlling runoff generation and erosion rate, and should be considered in post-fire erosion risk assessment.     

遥感测绘在土地确权中的应用

在土地确权中,应用遥感测绘技术,能够提供清晰准确的图片和数据,确保相关部门能够通过对数据信息的识别和判读,结合地块调查确认,明确土地权属和界限,保证土地确权工作的质量要求。本文结合土地确权的内涵和意义,对遥感测绘在土地确权中的应用情况进行了分析和探讨。     

Application of Earth Remote Sensing and GIS in Mapping Land Cover Patterns in Kinangop Division, Kenya

<正>Land cover is a fundamental variable that links many facets of the natural environment and a key driver of global environmental change.Alterations in its status can have significant ramifications at local,regional and global levels.Hence,it is imperative to map land cover at a range of spatial and temporal scales with a view to understanding the inherent patterns for effective characterization,prediction and management of the potential environmental impacts.This paper presents the results of an effort to map land cover patterns in Kinangop division,Kenya,using geospatial tools.This is a geographic locality that has experienced rapid land use transformations since Kenya's independence culminating in uncontrolled land cover changes and loss of biodiversity.The changes in land use/cover constrain the natural resource base and presuppose availability of quantitative and spatially explicit land cover data for understanding the inherent patterns and facilitating specific and multi-purpose land use planning and management.As such,the study had two objectives viz.(i) mapping the spatial patterns of land cover in Kinangop using remote sensing and GIS and;(ii) evaluating the quality of the resultant land cover map.ASTER satellite imagery acquired in January 23,2007 was procured and field data gathered between September l0 and October 16,2007.The latter were used for training the maximum likelihood classifier and validating the resultant land cover map.The land cover classification yielded 5 classes,overall accuracy of 83.5%and kappa statistic of 0.79,which conforms to the acceptable standards of land cover mapping. This qualifies its application in environmental decision-making and manifests the utility of geospatial techniques in mapping land resources.     

Quantitative Determination of Soil Erosion and Prioritization of Micro-Watersheds Using Remote Sensing and GIS

Soil erosion which occurs at spatially varying rate is a widespread threat to sustainable resource management at watershed scale. Thus estimation of soil loss and identification of critical area for implementation of best management practice is central to success of soil conservation programme. The present study focuses application of most widely used Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) to determine soil erosion and prioritization of micro-watersheds of Upper Damodar Valley Catchment (UDVC) of India. Annual average soil loss for the entire basin is 23.17 t/ha/yr; for micro-watersheds. High soil loss is observed in 345 micro-watersheds, medium in 159 micro-watersheds and low soil loss is observed in 201 micro-watersheds. It is found that, out of 705 micro-watersheds of UDVC, 453 micro-watersheds are in agreement with AISLUS suggested priority which is based on observed sediment yield, 116 micro-watersheds under predict and 136 micro-watersheds over predict the priority. Geographic Information System (GIS) is applied to prepare various layers of USLE parameters which interactively estimate soil erosion at micro-watershed level. The main advantage of the GIS methodology is in providing quick information on the estimated value of soil loss for any part of the investigated area.     

发展中国遥感与地理信息系统的战略

当我们走向世界时 ,迎面扑来的高新科技 :遥感、地理信息系统、全球定位系统、信息高速公路、可持续发展、知识经济、数字地球等一浪一浪接踵而来 ,使得我们应接不暇。大多数科技人员都在考虑追踪国际前沿 ,而对于我国的国情了解不足。在急于求成的心态下 ,重视了应用 ,忽视了基础研究与基础建设 ,缺乏自己的创造性。本文就遥感信息源、遥测基础建设、定位系统、地理信息系统软件、网络基础建设、数据源建设、科学研究方法、人才培养等方面提出系统的建设设想。     

Integrated GIS and Remote Sensing Approach to Map Pollution in Upper Lake,Bhopal, India

Abstract

Upper Lake is the lifeline of Bhopal City, India for drinking and other water needs. In recent years, environmentalists have expressed their serious concern on deteriorating water quality of this lake. Conventional field sampling methods for monitoring lake water quality lack spatial information about the pollution in the lake. It is desirable to have spatial information about the lake for better management and control. In the present paper the remote sensing data from IRS-1C LISS III have been integrated into a GIS environment to analyse and create a pollution zone map of the Upper Lake.

Spectral reflectance analysis was carried out to find the suitability of wavelengths for determining chlorophyll‐a concentration (chl‐a), suspended solid concentration (SSC) and secchi depth (SD). Empirical models relating spectral reflectance and chl‐a, SSC and SD were developed using least square regression analysis. These models were found valid on unused samples. Chl‐a, SSC and SD distribution maps were generated using proposed models and were incorporated as datalayers in the GIS for further analysis of pollution zones. The spatial information of pollution offered by the pollution zone map could delineate regions of lake having high pollution load. The methodology employed in this work can be used for regular monitoring of the pollution in surface water bodies and serve the data needs for better management of the water quality.     

Estimation of Heavy-Metal Contamination in Soil Using Remote Sensing Spectroscopy and a Statistical Approach

Heavy-metal-contaminated soil is a critical environmental issue in suburban regions. This paper focuses on utilizing field spectroscopy to predict the heavy metal contents in soil for two suburban areas in the Jiangning District (JN) and the Baguazhou District (BGZ) in China. The relationship between the surface soil heavy metal contents and spectral features was investigated through statistical modeling. Spectral features of several spectral techniques, including reflectance spectra (RF), the logarithm of reciprocal spectra (LG) and continuum-removal spectra (CR), were employed to establish and calibrate models regarding to Cd, Hg and Pb contents. The optimal bands for each spectral feature were first selected based on the spectra of soil samples with artificially added heavy metals using stepwise multiple linear regressions. With the chosen bands, the average predictive accuracies of the cross-validation, using the coefficient of determination R², for estimating the heavy metal contents in the two field regions were 0.816, 0.796 and 0.652 for Cd; 0.787, 0.888 and 0.832 for Pb; and 0.906 and 0.867 for Hg based on partial least squares regression. Results show that better prediction accuracies were obtained for Cd and Hg, while the poorest prediction was obtained for Pb. Moreover, the performances of the LG and CR models were better than that of the RF model for Pb and Hg, indicating that LG and CR can provide alternative features in determining heavy metal contents. Overall, it’s concluded that Cd, Hg and Pb contents can be assessed using remote-sensing spectroscopy with reasonable accuracy, especially when combined with library and field-collected spectra.     

SAR与光学遥感影像融合在土地资源监测中的应用

以高分辨率机载SAR和光学多光谱影像为基础数据,采用主观评价和客观评价相结合的方式,分析评价三种融合影像及其在土地资源监测中的应用优势,并利用融合影像解译出土地资源监测中比较关注的几种主要土地利用类型。     

卫星遥感在河南省国土资源管理工作中的应用及展望

本文通过对卫星遥感在河南省国土资源管理工作中应用情况的回顾和总结,提出了卫星遥感在土地利用遥感监测、卫片执法检查、建设用地监管平台和土地管理“一张图”建设、地质环境与地质灾害调查与监测、矿业活动调查与监测等国土资源管理方面的应用展望,较好地发挥了卫星遥感数据在国土资源管理工作中最直接、最便捷、最翔实的功效。     

基于遥感和GIS的土地适宜性评价

以湖北京山县平坝镇为研究区域,将遥感技术和GIS技术相结合,充分发挥遥感在土地信息获取和GIS在数据管理及空间分析方面的优势,探索遥感技术在土地适宜性评价中的应用,从而确定土地对农林业是否适宜及适宜程度,为湖北土地利用规划提供依据。     

基于土地覆盖图斑的多时相遥感影像自动配准方法

针对点、面方法仅利用了遥感影像几何特征和部分波段的灰度特征进行多时相遥感影像配准的不足,本文提出了一种利用稳定土地覆盖图斑的多时相遥感影像自动配准新方法,充分利用遥感影像多光谱信息和大量存在的稳定土地覆盖图斑信息进行图像配准,并且选取了土地覆盖年际变化最为强烈的农业种植区作为实验区,分别利用了同一传感器和不同传感器不同时相的遥感数据开展了实验研究。两次试验中,配准精度分别达到了0.57个像元、0.65个像元。实验结果表明,本文提出的方法能够有效地筛选出满足图像配准的同名图斑,具有较高的配准精度和适用性,提高了遥感影像的配准效率。     

Assessing the Priorities for Sustainable Forest Management in the Sikkim Himalaya,India: A Remote Sensing Based Approach

Sikkim is a small, mountainous, Indian state (7,096 km²) located in the eastern Himalayan region. Though a global biodiversity hotspot, it has been relatively less studied. A detailed forest type, density and change dynamics study was undertaken, using SATELLITE remote sensing data and intensive field verification. The landscape was found to be dominated by alpine and nival ecosystems, with a large portion above the tree line, considerable snow cover, and a sizeable area under forest cover (72%, 5,094 km²). A total of 18 landscape components including 14 vegetation classes were delineated, with the major ones being oak forest, alpine meadow, alpine scrub, conifer forest and alder-cardamom agro-forestry. Of the 3,154 km² of forests below the tree line, 40% were found to be dense (>40% tree canopy cover). A sizeable portion of the non dense forests below the tree line was contributed by the degradation of oak forests, which was confirmed by change detection analysis. However on a positive front over the past decade, ban on grazing and felling of trees in forests has been implemented. In order to expand the extent of dense forests, further efforts are needed for the restoration of oak forests such as fire protection, providing alternatives to firewood use, promotion of alder-cardamom agro-forestry in the private lands and protection of the small-sized, fragmented forest patches in the subtropical belt.