Co-occurrence of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Neusticosaurus edwardsii</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">N. peyeri</Emphasis> (Reptilia) in the Lower Meride Limestone (Middle Triassic,Monte San Giorgio)

A newly opened excavation in the Cassina beds of the Lower Meride Limestone (Monte San Giorgio UNESCO World Heritage List, Canton Ticino, Switzerland), has yielded a pachypleurosaurid (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) specimen which is identified as Neusticosaurus peyeri. The resulting co-occurrence of N. peyeri and N. edwardsii, the latter so far regarded as the sole species of the genus present in this horizon, challenges the hypothesis of a single anagenetic lineage in Neusticosaurus species from Monte San Giorgio. In addition, it leads to a reconsideration of the phylogenetic inferences about Neusticosaurus evolution in the Monte San Giorgio area. The stratigraphic distribution of the Neusticosaurus species in the Monte San Giorgio basin is updated on the basis of recent finds.     

Exceptional preservation of embryos in the actinopterygian Saurichthys from the Middle Triassic of Monte San Giorgio, Switzerland

New excavations in the famous Monte San Giorgio area, close to the historical sites where the Cassina beds crop out (Lower Meride Limestone, Early Ladinian), revealed an interesting vertebrate fauna, including several specimens of the actinopterygian fish Saurichthys. Among the prepared specimens, three specimens of Saurichthys contain embryos, and in one example the embryos are preserved with traces of the soft parts, most probably phosphatized musculature. This discovery is of particular relevance because fossil embryos with preserved soft parts are extremely rare. In addition, although viviparity had previously been described for Saurichthys, the new specimens are rather better evidence and add further support to this reproductive mode.     

矩形线圈自感的精确表达式

矩形线圈的自感公式在电气工程、电工电子技术,以及应用地球物理学等领域均有普遍的应用。由于自感计算的复杂性,目前使用的矩形线圈自感公式均为近似计算公式。这里推导了圆截面单匝矩形线圈自感的精确表达式,以及正方形单匝线圈自感的近似公式。目前使用的单匝矩形线圈自感近似公式与这里推导的精确公式相比,均存在很大误差：当正方形线圈边长从1m到5m时,电气工程工具书和电工电子工具书中的自感公式误差为3．06％到2．38％。使用瞬变电磁法勘探中常用的自感公式,当正方形回线边长为5m时,误差最小为-41．17％,最大为228．25％;当回线边长为200m时,误差最小为-59．75％,最大为212．49％。     

Application of a three-dimensional finite-element method to strain field analyses

I have programmed a three-dimensional finite-element model to spatially integrate distributed strains. The mathematics is based on Cobbold and Percevault (1983). The method finds the pre-strain configuration of a region by unstraining rectangular prisms into parallelepipeds, then rotating and translating them iteratively to minimize the interelement deviations. A numerical singular-value decomposition calculates the necessary rotations and the final cycle of further strains to make a best fit of the elements. The deviation of elements from holes formed by their nearest neighbors indicates the degree of compatibility of strain measurements.The program reproduces the rotations required in examples with analytic solutions. Even though only a single horizontal layer of elements is used, the fitting procedure correctly calculates rotations in all three dimensions from the constraints of strain compatibility.Three-dimensional strains measured in an Archean greenstone belt of northeastern Minnesota were integrated using a layer of nearly equant finite elements. Rotations calculated from the pre-tectonic configuration accord with field observations of fabrics indicating variable amounts of shear. Rotations about horizontal axes are minimal, precluding large vertical shears. An estimate of 40% true horizontal north-south shortening across the belt can be made from the undeformed configuration.     

矩形含水层井流模型求解的软件实现

矩形含水层井流模型的求解过程比较繁琐,计算工作量较大,而且容易出错,而利用计算机编程技术可使求解变得极为简单、快捷,从而极大地提高工作效率。该文以矩形隔水边界承压井流模型为例,研究了实现软件求解该类问题的思路。     

大断面矩形顶管上跨施工对既有地铁隧道变形影响研究

大断面矩形顶管上跨既有地铁隧道施工过程中,由于近距离开挖出土卸荷,导致既有地铁隧道产生上浮变形,危及地铁运营安全。本文以北京市通州区畅和西路(兆善大街—潞阳大街)综合管廊矩形顶管工程为背景,采用FLAC3D有限差分软件建立了大断面矩形顶管上跨既有地铁隧道的三维数值模型,研究了双线矩形顶管上跨施工引起地铁隧道上浮的变形规律以及采用不同抗浮配重对既有地铁隧道的变形影响,并将模拟结果与现场监测数据进行对比,验证了数值模型的准确性。研究结果表明:双线顶管上跨施工引起地铁隧道的上浮变形大于单线顶管引起的上浮变形,且最大上浮变形均位于顶管隧道轴线处;施加与开挖损失土体近似重量的配重,可改变地铁隧道原有水平变形规律,导致先穿越的地铁隧道整体向始发井方向移动,后穿越的地铁隧道整体向接收井方向移动。随抗浮配重的增加,地铁隧道上浮位移减小,所受拉应力减小,且施加开挖损失土体重量50%的抗浮配重,可以将地铁上浮变形控制在1.4 mm以内;研究成果为该工程地铁隧道抗浮设计提供了参考依据。     

Thermoelastic stress due to a rectangular heat source in a semi-infinite medium. Presentation of an analytical solution

The thermoelastic response due to a time-dependent rectangular heat source in a semi-infinite medium is analyzed. The problem originates from studies of nuclear waste repositories in rock. Canisters containing heat-emitting nuclear waste are deposited over a large rectangular area deep below the ground surface. The solution for a time-dependent heat source is obtained from the corresponding instantaneous heat source by superposition. The thermoelastic problem for the instantaneous rectangular heat source in a infinite surrounding is solved exactly. An important step is the introduction of so-called quadrantal heat sources. The solution for the rectangle is obtained from four quadrantal solutions. The solution for the quadrantal heat source depends on the three dimelasionless coordinates only. Time occurs in the scale factors only. The condition of zero normal and shear stresses at the ground surface is fulfilled by using a mirror heat source and a boundary solution. The boundary solution accounts for the residual normal stress at the ground surface. Using a Hertzian potential, a surprisingly simple solution is obtained. The final analytical solution is quite tractable considering the complexity of the initial problem. The solution may be used to test numerical models for coupled thermoelastic processes. It may also be used in more detailed numerical simulations of the process near the heat sources as boundary conditions to account for the three-dimensional global process.     

矩形桩沉桩挤土效应透明土模型试验研究

矩形桩沉桩挤土效应与传统圆形截面桩不同,传统的理论模型和试验技术不适用于研究矩形截面桩沉桩挤土效应。基于透明土变形可视化技术,研究了矩形截面桩沉桩挤土的位移场变化规律。试验结果表明,矩形桩沉桩后,桩周可以分为两块区域：靠近矩形桩身的过渡区域,在此区域内挤土位移模式呈现非柱对称特征,过渡区半径约为4deq～5deq,远离桩身的圆孔扩张区域,该区域内挤土位移呈现柱对称特征。根据矩形截面桩的沉桩挤土试验,推导出了矩形桩截面的修正扩孔理论,并将理论计算的位移值与模型试验测量值进行对比,验证修正扩孔理论的合理性。     

无水砂层大断面矩形管廊顶管施工渣土改良试验

大断面矩形管廊在无水砂层中顶进施工时,由于砂土流塑性差,掌子面易出现“闭塞”、“喷涌”和“结饼”等不良现象,进而影响施工进度。本文以北京市通州区畅和西路(兆善大街-潞阳大街)大断面矩形顶管施工为工程依托,开展了掌子面渣土改良试验研究。以不同配比的钠基膨润土、聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)和水作为砂土改良的添加剂,并通过黏度试验和滤失试验对不同配比的改良剂(膨润土添加聚丙烯酰胺)的性能进行了研究,结合改良后渣土的坍落度试验、直剪试验与压缩试验,评价了掌子面渣土的改良效果。研究表明:膨润土添加聚丙烯酰胺对无水砂层的改良效果显著。通过改良剂性能试验,初步筛选出膨润土: PAM: 水为60:2:1000,70:1.5:1000,70:2:1000和80:1.5:1000等4种性能优良的改良剂配比;通过渣土改良效果试验得出,改良剂最优配比膨润土: PAM: 水为70:2:1000,改良剂最优注入比为15%;通过添加改良剂使得改良后渣土的坍落度降低30 mm,黏聚力增加9.3 kPa,内摩擦角降低6.5°,压缩系数增加0.090 MPa-1,达到了无水砂层土体处于流塑性状态的预期效果,有效降低了大断面矩形管廊侧壁阻力,提高了顶进效率。     

A new analytical model for consolidation with multiple vertical drains

Various analytical theories of consolidation for soils with vertical drains have been proposed in the past. Most conventional theories are based on a cylindrical unit cell that contains only a single vertical drain. This paper described a new analytical model where a vertical drain located at the centre (the ‘inner vertical drain’) and is surrounded by two or three vertical drains (the ‘outer vertical drains’), the number of which depends on whether the configuration is triangular or rectangular. Both types of drains are combined into a cylindrical unit cell, and the water is assumed to flow both inwards to the inner vertical drain and outwards to the outer vertical drains distributed around the circumference. The outer radial boundary of the unit cell is regarded as a permeable boundary, with a drainage capacity of two or three separate vertical drains for triangular and rectangular configurations, respectively. The smear effects and the drainage resistances for both the inner and outer vertical drains are considered in the analysis as well. In this way, the equations governing the consolidation process with multiple vertical drains are derived, and the corresponding analytical solutions are obtained for instantaneously loading, ramp loading and multi‐stage of instantaneously loading and multi‐stage of ramp loading. The present solutions are finally compared with several conventional solutions for a single vertical drain in the literature. The results show that the present model predicts the same average degree of consolidation as conventional models do, which verifies the correctness of this new model. Finally, the settlement predicted by the present solution is compared with the measured settlement from a field test at the Port of Brisbane, Australia, which shows a good agreement between them. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于二维经验模态分解的地磁基准图制备边界补偿方法

针对采用矩谐分析方法构建地磁基准图的边界震荡问题, 提出一种基于二维经验模态分解的区域地磁异常数据边界补偿方法.采用二维经验模态分解方法对区域地磁异常数据进行多尺度分解, 对分解所得小尺度本征模态函数分量, 利用总体Hilbert变换法进行瞬时频率和瞬时幅值特征提取, 通过自采样和特征匹配进行边界补偿; 将大尺度分量之和作为趋势项, 利用三角函数方法建立模型并计算边界之外的大尺度磁异常值.实验证明, 相比当前已有方法, 可以更加有效地抑制对区域地磁异常数据进行矩谐分析的边界震荡问题, 稳定提高构建地磁基准图的准确性.      

多块体形状堆石体碾压颗粒破碎数值模拟

通过6种典型堆石块体的形状近似,分别采用两种接触本构模型建立了多块体形状堆石体离散元数值模型,研究堆石体在碾压荷载作用下的颗粒破碎过程,建立颗粒破碎的量化计算方法,分析碾压前、后堆石级配曲线的变化,讨论接触本构模型和颗粒形状对块体破碎的影响。模拟结果显示,碾压荷载下堆石颗粒以张拉破碎为主,随着碾压遍数的增加,局部开始出现剪切破碎;提出的颗粒破碎量化计算方法,在大粒径范围对粒径变化幅度预测偏大,但级配曲线整体趋势与实测结果比较吻合;相比较于接触连接模型,平行连接模型与现场碾压试验结果更接近。6种块体形状的数值结果显示,随着形状系数的增加,在其他条件不变的情况下颗粒破碎率逐渐降低,其中类长方形块体在碾压荷载作用下颗粒破碎最明显。相比较于纯圆颗粒或者单一非圆颗粒,采用的6种颗粒形状建立的堆石体振动碾压离散元模型,更接近现场实际情况。     

Settlement analysis of rectangular piles in nonhomogeneous soil using a Winkler model approach

An analytical approach using a Winkler model is investigated to provide analytical solutions of settlement of a rectangular pile subjected to vertical loads in nonhomogeneous soils. For a vertically loaded pile with a rectangular cross section, the settlement influence factor of a normal pile in nonhomogeneous soils is derived from Mindlin's solution for elastic continuum analysis. For short piles with rectangular and circular cross sections, the modified forms of settlement influence factors of normal piles are produced taking into account the load transfer parameter proposed by Randolph for short circular piles. The modulus of subgrade reaction along a rectangular pile in nonhomogeneous soils is expressed by using the settlement influence factor related to Mindlin's solution to combine the elastic continuum approach with the subgrade‐reaction approach. The relationship between settlement and vertical load for a rectangular pile in nonhomogeneous soils is available in the form of the recurrence equation. The formulation of settlement of soils surrounding a rectangular pile subjected to vertical loads in nonhomogeneous soils is proposed by taking into account Mindlin's solution and both the equivalent thickness and the equivalent elastic modulus for layers in the equivalent elastic method. The difference of settlement between square and circular piles is insignificant, and the settlement of a rectangular pile decreases as the aspect ratio of the rectangular pile cross section increases. The comparison of results calculated by the present method for a rectangular pile in nonhomogeneous soils has shown good agreement with those obtained from the analytical methods and the finite element method. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Efficacy of minnow traps for sampling mummichogs in tidal marshes

We evaluated two types of wire-mesh minnow traps for sampling mummichogs (Fundulus heteroclitus) from intertidal rivulets on the surface of a salt marsh. In field trials, mean catch (no. of fish trap⁻¹) did not differ significantly between trap types nor across soak times ranging from 30 to 240 min. Catch rate (no. of fish trap⁻¹ min⁻¹) was significantly (K-W ANOVA on ranked data, H_4df=24.79; p<0.001) greater at shorter soak times, and larger size classes (>45 mm TL) of fish were relatively more abundant (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, p<0.0001) in collections from double-funnel cylindrical traps (volume=10,330 cm³) compared to rectangular traps having about twice the volume and a single funnel cylindrical traps (volume=10,330 cm³) compared to rectangular traps having about twice the volume and a single funnel opening. We estimated entry and escape rates by adding marked fish to traps at initial densities of 30, 60, and 120 trap⁻¹ and measuring changes in the numbers of marked and unmarked fish in each trap type at soak times ranging from 15 to 120 min during the flood stage of the tidal cycle. Escape rate was almost, twice as great from the two-funnel cylindrical traps (0.77 fish min⁻¹) than from the single-funnel rectangular type (0.42 fish min⁻¹) but entry rates did not differ significantly (K-W ANOVA, H_4df=0.06; p=0.813) between trap types. Escape rate increased and entry rate decreased as fish density within traps was increased. Escape rates were highest immediately following immersion of the traps, but approached a constant value after 30 min. Trap-specific rates of entry and escape can be affected by a variety of factors including physical characteristics of different trap types, method and timing of trap deployment, and fish behavior. Catch data from minnow traps are unlikely to be useful in measuring relative abundance of mummichogs among habitats unless very short soak times (≤60 min) are used and calibration tests are performed. Use of longer soak times virtually ignores the dynamics involved in determining catch, and is unlikely to provide accurate information on either abundance or size distribution of mummichogs from tidal marsh habitats.     

Study of Drainage Through Hydraulic Fill Stopes using Method of Fragments

A good understanding of the pore water pressure developments within the hydraulic fill stope and the discharge through the drain is essential for improving the designs of barricades and the safety in the mines. A finite difference software FLAC was used to study the drainage and pore water pressure developments within a two dimensional rectangular stope with a single drain at the bottom. Using the method of fragment, a simple solution was proposed for determining the discharge and the maximum pore water pressure within the stope, when the height of water is greater than the width of the stope. The predictions are within 1% of those obtained from FLAC.     

砂土地基中矩形沟槽隔振效果影响区域的试验研究

为了研究矩形沟槽的几何参数对沟后区域隔振效果的影响,通过现场试验分别测定自由地基以及设置矩形沟槽时相应控制点的加速度幅值,绘制关于两者比值的二维平面等值线图,以两者比值小于0.4的区域作为振动屏蔽区域,将振动屏蔽区域的面积作为隔振效果的评价指标进行分析;研究结果表明:瑞利波在传播过程中遇到矩形沟槽时会发生能量的重新分配...     

计算矩形大定源回线瞬变电磁测深全区视电阻率

介绍了矩形大定源瞬变电磁测深全区视电阻率的计算方法。根据大定源感应电动势关于电阻率非线性变化特点,利用二分法计算感应电动势的全区视电阻率。在此过程中,计算首先从早期感应电动势开始,并将计算得到的视电阻率作为下个窗口视电阻率计算的依据。以此类推,得到全部时窗的视电阻率。理论模型和实际数据的计算结果表明文中提出方法的有效性和正确性。     

Displacement and stress distributions under a uniform inclined rectangular load on a cross‐anisotropic geomaterial

In practical engineering, an applied rectangular area load is not often horizontally or vertically distributed but is frequently inclined at a certain angle with respect to the horizontal and vertical axes. Thus, the solutions of displacements and stresses due to such a load are essential to the design of foundations. This article yields the analytical solutions of displacements and stresses subjected to a uniform rectangular load that inclines with respect to the horizontal and vertical axes, resting on the surface of a cross‐anisotropic geomaterial. The planes of cross‐anisotropy are assumed to be parallel to the horizontal ground surface. The procedures to derive the solutions can be integrated the modified point load solutions, which are represented by several displacement and stresses elementary functions. Then, upon integrations, the displacement and stress integral functions resulting from a uniform inclined rectangular load for (1) the displacements at any depth, (2) the surface displacements, (3) the average displacements in a given layer, (4) the stresses at any depth, and (5) the average stresses in a given layer are yielded. The proposed solutions are clear and concise, and they can be employed to construct a series of calculation charts. In addition, the present solutions clarify the load inclinations, the dimensions of a loaded rectangle, and the analyzed depths, and the type and degree of geomaterial anisotropy profoundly affect the displacements and stresses in a cross‐anisotropic medium. Parametric results show that the load inclination factor should be considered when an inclined rectangular load uniformly distributed on the cross‐anisotropic material. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

粘性土体断裂韧度KIC研究

本文提出了利用矩形横截面单侧开缝土试件测定粘性土体断裂韧度K_(IC)的方法,并通过对黄河小浪底水利枢纽工程粘性土试样的K_(IC)值测定,研究了粘性土的干容重、含水量变化对K_(IC)的影响。