东北冷涡背景下超级单体风暴环境条件与雷达回波特征

利用常规观测、地面加密自动站、多普勒天气雷达观测资料以及NECP(1°×1°)逐6 h再分析资料对2016年8月16日内蒙古东南部地区由于超级单体风暴诱发的强冰雹、雷暴大风等强对流天气进行了分析。结果表明:这次超级单体风暴发生在高空东北冷涡和低层暖式切变线形成的强不稳定层结背景下,低层丰富的水汽、中等强度对流有效位能和大的深层垂直风切变,为强对流天气的发生提供了非常有利的环境条件;地面中尺度辐合线和露点锋两种对流系统耦合并加强是对流风暴的触发机制;雷达回波有钩状回波、弱回波区WER (Weak Echo Region)、回波悬垂、回波墙、中气旋等超级单体风暴特征,其中弱回波区,回波悬垂由反射率因子从低到高向低层入流一侧倾斜且回波强度梯度大;风暴内中层维持较深厚的气旋性辐合,风暴顶则表现出明显的气旋性辐散特征,标志大冰雹的三体散射长钉TBSS(Three-Body Scatter Spike)特征回波,50 dBZ以上的反射率因子核心的高度伸展到-20℃以上,为典型的产生冰雹的回波结构;垂直液态水含量VIL(Vertical Integrated Liquid Water Content)与风暴顶高之比即VIL密度达到5 g·m~(-3),这也是大冰雹的预报指标。     

“20090719”致灾冰雹的多普勒雷达回波特征分析

利用石河子c波段多普勒天气雷达资料,结合常规观测资料对2009年7月19日傍晚发生在准噶尔盆地南缘沙漠边缘下野地地区的冰雹等强对流风暴的多普勒雷达回波演变特征进行了详细分析。结果表明:该强对流风暴具有超级单体风暴的典型特征,强风暴前进方向的右侧出现钩状回波,西北侧呈现出倒V字型缺口;沿入流方向穿过最强回波位置的反射率因子垂直剖面呈现出有界弱回波区、回波悬垂和有界弱回波区左侧的回波墙,最大回波强度出现在沿着回波墙的一个竖直的狭长区域,其值达到65dBz,垂直累积液态水含量达到65kg/m2。相应的径向速度图上出现中气旋,中气旋所对应的钩状回波反射率因子从低层往高层明显向低层入流一侧倾斜。回波顶高和垂直累积液态水含量的明显跃增及弱回波区和有界弱回波区的形成,为预测冰雹出现的时间和落区提供了一定的参考依据。弱回波区的出现超前冰雹发生近40分钟,对冰雹的预警、人工影响天气消雹具有较强的指示意义。     

2004年4月29日常德超级单体研究

利用常德和长沙多普勒天气雷达资料和常规资料,对2004年4月29日发生在湖南安乡且产生了10 cm直径降雹和广泛8级大风的超级单体风暴进行了详细分析.该超级单体风暴发生在西南高空急流和西南南低空急流的交汇区域,加强的热力不稳定趋势和较大的垂直风切变条件非常有利于超级单体的产生.超级单体风暴呈现出典型的钩状回波,钩状回波位于该超级单体风暴移动方向的右后侧,从低层一直扩展到将近6 km高度;同时出现了指示存在大冰雹的三体散射回波.此次超级单体风暴成熟阶段中气旋的最大旋转速度为24 m·s-1,属于强中气旋,相应的垂直涡度为1.6×10-2 s-1.反射率因子的垂直剖面显示该超级单体风暴具有一个宽大的有界弱回波区(穹窿),其水平尺度超过10 km,垂直扩展超过4 km.在有界弱回波区之上,是一个强度超过70 dBZ的反射率因子核区,其中心高度为9 km,展现出典型的强烈超级单体雹暴结构.超级单体风暴在演变过程中经历了3次分裂过程.     

苏北地区超级单体风暴环境条件与雷达回波特征

利用江苏3个探空站、5部CINRAD/SA型多普勒天气雷达、地面常规与加密自动站等观测资料,分析2005—2009年苏北地区72个超级单体风暴发生的环境条件和多普勒天气雷达回波特征。探空和地面资料分析表明,苏北地区超级单体风暴可以产生在差别相当大的环境条件下:强降水超级单体通常产生在对流有效位能较高和垂直风切变中等的环境下,经典超级单体更多地产生在对流有效位能较高和垂直风切变较强环境下;产生大冰雹和(或)雷暴大风的超级单体,无论是经典还是强降水型超级单体,其环境特征均为0℃层、-20℃等温线高度较低,850—500 hPa温差较大,低层露点不高;产生龙卷特别是F2级以上强龙卷超级单体环境特征常常表现为低层(0—1 km)垂直风切变大、850—500 hPa温差相对较小、抬升凝结高度低、低层露点高,这类超级单体在产生龙卷的同时也常常伴有短时强降水甚至极端短时强降水。多普勒天气雷达资料分析表明,苏北地区超级单体具有持久的中气旋、回波墙和有界弱回波区或弱回波区结构,可以产生大冰雹、龙卷、短时强降水和下击暴流等强对流天气;超级单体的类型主要有经典超级单体、强降水超级单体以及强降水超级单体组成的复合风暴。经典超级单体一般为孤立风暴,中气旋多数情况下位于其右后侧(相对于风暴移动方向),低层有明显的钩状回波和入流缺口,入流缺口之上存在宽大的有界弱回波区,其上有强反射率因子组成的风暴核,最强的反射率因子可达75 dBz;强降水超级单体前侧有入流缺口和旁边粗胖的凸起部分与中气旋相伴,与经典超级单体的钩状回波在形态上区别明显,同样存在有界弱回波区或弱回波区,中气旋环流中有明显的降水回波;强降水超级单体组成的复合风暴内中气旋一般位于其前侧,主要结构与强降水超级单体相似,生命史较长。超级单体结构属性分析表明,绝大多数情况下,苏北地区超级单体风暴的最大反射率因子为55—76 dBz,基于单体的垂直累积液态水含量(VIL)为35—90 kg/m~2,垂直累积液态水含量超过60 kg/m~2时风暴有可能产生大冰雹,特别是在4—6月,冰雹直径随着垂直累积液态水含量的增大而增大,因此,垂直累积液态水含量季节性高值可以用来辨别产生大冰雹的超级单体;绝大多数情况下,中气旋旋转速度大于15 m/s,直径在3—10 km,持续时间超过40 min;中气旋的底越低,直径越小,产生龙卷的可能性越大。     

山东中西部一次长生命史超级单体雷达回波特征和触发机制分析

利用常规观测资料、多普勒雷达产品、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和加密自动站等资料分析了2016年6月14日山东中西部地区一次长生命史超级单体的环境条件和雷达回波结构演变。结果表明,强对流发生在华北冷涡天气背景下,中层有中空急流配合的冷槽叠加在低层低空急流配合的暖脊上,中低层之间水汽和热量的平流差异不断增大。地面露点锋生和中尺度辐合线触发的对流云团在深厚的垂直风切变和强的垂直不稳定层结作用下逐渐发展成超级单体风暴。超级单体低层反射率因子呈现明显"V"型缺口,反射率因子垂直剖面呈现典型的有界弱回波区,回波悬垂和回波墙,相应的中高层径向速度呈现出一个强中气旋,旋转速度达29 m/s,中气旋的发展和维持使得超级单体发展和维持。6月,当最大反射率因子值达到60 dBZ,出现中等强度以上中气旋且VIL值和VIL密度分别达59 kg/m2和4.7 g/m3以上时,在强对流预报业务中需要注意大冰雹的出现。冰雹发生在风暴单体强中心所在高度和回波顶高下降期间。     

广东大冰雹风暴单体的多普勒天气雷达特征

选取2004—2012年广东省12个大冰雹风暴单体为样本,利用多普勒天气雷达资料,计算了最大反射率因子及其高度等多个雷达参数,分析了三体散射、旁瓣回波和环境温度层上回波特征以及大冰雹与非冰雹风暴单体间的反射率因子垂直廓线差异。结果表明:大冰雹风暴单体发展均非常旺盛,最大反射因子多超过65 dBZ,对应高度几乎都达到5 km。除受周围大范围雷达回波影响外,大冰雹风暴单体均观测到了三体散射或旁瓣回波特征,并具有一定的预报提前量;在0℃和-20℃层高度上的最大反射率因子均超过54 dBZ。大冰雹风暴单体与非冰雹风暴单体相比,低层回波迅速增加,强核心区垂直伸展更深厚,回波垂直递减率更小。     

一次致灾冰雹的超级单体风暴雷达回波特征分析

利用石河子C波段多普勒天气雷达资料,对2010年6月28日下午发生在准噶尔盆地南缘石河子垦区北部沙漠边缘地带的强冰雹超级单体风暴的雷达回波演变特征进行了详细分析。结果表明,该超级单体风暴前进方向的右侧出现了弓形回波,左前侧和右后侧分别出现了＂V＂字型缺口;沿入流方向穿过最强回波位置的反射率因子垂直剖面呈现出典型的有界弱回波区、回波悬垂和有界弱回波区左侧的强大回波墙,最大回波强度出现在沿回波墙狭长区域的下部,其值达到70dBz;相应的径向速度上出现了中气旋,该中气旋的发展和维持使得超级单体弓形回波发展并维持;强冰雹发生在有界弱回波区、垂直累积液态水含量大值区和中气旋重合的区域内;可用中气旋提前30min预警短时冰雹,其反射率因子垂直剖面上的宽大有界弱回波及其回波悬垂和回波墙下部的强回波中心强度（70dBz）可作为预警大冰雹的预警指标。     

2013年湖南首场致灾性强对流天气过程成因分析

应用湖南多部雷达和探空资料、中小尺度自动气象站资料、南岳高山站逐时观测资料及LAPS局地分析资料,对2013年3月19日湖南首场致灾性强对流天气过程的成因进行综合分析,并探讨强冰雹和雷暴大风预警着眼点及其可预警性。结果表明:强对流发生前,近地面晴空辐射增温、对流不稳定层结、强的垂直风切变、强温度梯度直减率以及近地层较好的水汽条件为强对流风暴发生发展提供了良好的潜势条件;中低层冷平流、地面中尺度辐合线、能量锋和露点锋以及近地面层弱辐散、中低层强辐合、高层强辐散的动力耦合结构是强对流发生的有利天气背景,中低层冷空气是这次强对流过程的触发机制;强对流风暴的前期以超级单体风暴和多单体风暴为主,超级单体风暴东移北上过程中与湖南西部不断新生的对流回波结合后发展成飑线,飑线维持、发展过程中出现"弓形"回波、中层径向辐合(MARC)、低层辐散、速度大值区等特征;在短临预警服务中,中低层明显的钩状回波结构、持续偏高的反射率因子和垂直积分液态水含量(VIL)值为靖州强冰雹预警的发布提供了有效依据,而低仰角距离地面1 km内的径向速度大值区(大于20 m.s-1)则为道县雷暴大风预警提供重要参考。     

一次强对流风暴的新一代天气雷达特征分析

利用兰州皋兰山的CINRAD/CC多普勒天气雷达资料,对2005年5月30日15～19时发生在甘肃中部地区的一次强对流风暴进行了分析。引起此次强对流风暴的中尺度天气系统是飑线,飑线尾部位于甘肃中部的强雷暴区在15时生成,沿东南方向移动,在16时15分至17时03分多单体风暴加强合并为超级单体风暴,并呈现出人字型回波、带状回波特征。此次超级单体南边出现2条明显的出流边界,一条位于钩状回波的西南,一条位于钩状回波的东南。超级单体左前方的低层反射率因子呈现明显的倒“V”字型结构,最大的回波强度出现在有界弱回波区之上,其值>70 dBZ,相应径向速度图呈现出成熟的中气旋特征,期间垂直液态水含量持续偏高,最大垂直累积液态水含量>70 kg/m2,回波顶高达17～18 km,该风暴具有强烈超级单体风暴的典型特征。     

新疆天山北坡中部一次冰雹天气成因分析

利用常规观测资料、NCEP再分析资料、自动站资料和石河子CINRAD／CC多普勒天气雷达观测资料,对2010年7月11日发生在新疆天山北坡中部的一次强对流天气进行了综合分析。结果表明：这次冰雹天气发生在巴尔喀什湖低涡的环流背景形势下,较好的水汽条件、对流不稳定条件、0oC层和-20℃层的适宜高度以及较强的垂直风切变促使冰雹等强对流天气过程发生发展,同时山区和平原交界处的地形和热力不稳定作用对对流风暴的触发和发展成为冰雹云有着重要的作用。通过对多普勒雷达PUP产品的分析得出：这次强对流天气在组合反射率因子（CR）图出现了中心强度为63dBZ强对流单体和大面积〉50dBZ的强回波区;在反射率因子剖面（RCS）上表现为60dBZ强回波区的高度已达到5km,50dBZ强回波区的高度达到7．3km,整个回波顶高度达到12km的强回波墙,十分有利于冰雹的形成;在冰雹发生前期,平均径向速度图上出现了中气旋,促使对流风暴单体加强和维持;在冰雹形成区有低层辐合、高层辐散等特征;垂直累积液态含水量的跃增及其密度〉3．5g／m3十分利于冰雹的产生。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.