堆石矮堰清水冲刷历时发展特性

堆石矮堰是常用的"生态友好型"河道整治建筑物。水流经过堆石矮堰会在其周围产生冲刷, 威胁其结构安全。为了提高堆石矮堰清水冲刷尺度的预测精度, 基于室内水槽试验研究了堆石矮堰清水冲刷的历时发展特性, 分析了水流强度、矮堰淹没度和矮堰透水性对冲刷尺度发展过程的影响。结果表明: 清水冲刷条件下, 堆石矮堰下游冲刷坑在试验初期发展迅速, 随后逐渐变缓; 在冲刷发展的任一时刻, 冲刷深度和冲刷长度随水流强度的增大而增加, 随矮堰淹没度的增大而减少, 矮堰透水性的增大使冲刷长度增加, 使冲刷深度减少; 随着冲刷的发展, 冲刷坑纵剖面形态逐渐收敛, 其面积与冲刷深度和冲刷长度的乘积线性正相关。基于理论分析和试验数据, 提出了堆石矮堰历时清水冲刷深度、长度、体积的计算公式, 可用于指导堆石矮堰冲刷设计。     

矮堰基础冲刷研究进展

矮堰基础附近冲刷坑的深度是矮堰设计的重要参数,关系到建筑物的稳定与安全。系统回顾了国内外80余年关于矮堰基础冲刷的研究进展,阐述了矮堰基础冲刷的分类和机理,从物理模型试验、理论分析和数值模拟3个方面评述了研究现状和存在的不足。目前矮堰基础冲刷较为成熟的成果多集中于二维矮堰非淹没式清水冲刷方面,以物理模型试验方法为主,对于三维矮堰结构的动床冲刷、非冲积原状土床沙成分组成的影响、行进沙波与冲刷过程的耦合关系、浑水冲刷过程数值模拟技术等问题研究还有待深入。     

桥墩附近四面体透水框架抛投防冲效果试验研究

分析了目前国内所采用的抛石防护方法和土工织布上加压载防护方法的优缺点,对桥墩冲刷的机理进行了阐述,并且通过模型试验,研究了在桥墩周围抛投四面体透水框架进行防护的防护效果。从而证明了“四面体透水框架抛投防护方法”对桥墩局部冲刷的防护有一定的工程使用价值。     

Modelling December 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami: a coastal study

December 2004 tsunami in the Indian Ocean region has been simulated using MIKE-21 HD model. The vertical displacement of the seabed is incorporated into the numerical simulation by using time-varying bathymetry data. In the open ocean, sea surface height from altimeter observation has been used to validate the model results. To the west of the rupture zone, the crest is observed to precede the trough of the tsunami waves while to the east, trough preceded the crest. The model performance along the coastal region has been validated using de-tided sea levels from tide gauge measurements at Tuticorin, Chennai, Vishakapattanam, and Paradip ports along the east coast of India. Unique coastal characteristics of the tsunami waves, wave height, and wave celerity are reasonably simulated by the numerical model. Spectral analysis of tide gauge observations and corresponding model results has been done, and the distribution of frequency peaks from the analysis of gauge observations and the model results is observed to have a reasonable comparison. Low-frequency waves, contributed from the coastally trapped edge waves, are found to dominate both the tide gauge observations and the model results. The subsequent increase in the tsunami wave height observed at Chennai, Vishakapattanam, and Paradip has been explained on the basis of coastally trapped edge waves. From the validation studies using altimeter data and tide gauge data, it is observed that the model can be used effectively to simulate the tsunami wave height in the offshore as well as in the coastal region with satisfying performance.     

Experimental study on impulse waves generated by a viscoplastic material at laboratory scale

This experimental study provides insight into impulse waves generated by a viscoplastic material. The viscoplastic material chosen is a stable polymeric gel called Carbopol Ultrez 10, which is approximately modeled as Herschel–Bulkley model. As observed from high-speed cameras, the viscoplastic material such as Carbopol moves as a long and thin train of material along the slope, and only a fraction of the sliding mass is engaged in generating the leading wave. Therefore, our primary objective is to study how much of the initial slide mass is able to contribute to the leading wave formation. For the sake of distinguishing the actual slide mass acting on the leading wave formation with the initial mass, we define the submarine slide mass when the leading wave reaches its maximum wave height as “effective mass”. In this work, we held the still water depth and slope angle constant, and varied the initial slide mass and slope length. Then, we measured the slide velocity, slide thickness, and slide mass at impact, as well as the wave amplitude and wave height. The results indicate that the effective mass is dependent on both the initial slide mass and the slope length. The ratio of the effective mass to the initial slide mass is less than 20% in our experimental range, and the ratio increases with larger initial mass. In addition, we also examined our experimental data with previous empirical equations developed from granular slides. By considering the effective mass instead of the initial slide mass, the prediction of impulse waves generated by viscoplastic material is significantly improved.     

Hydrostratigraphy and geochemistry at a coastal sandfill in Singapore

A characterization study was carried out in a 10-m-thick sandfill, formed by hydraulic filling with marine sand, in Singapore. Placement methods and compaction were found to influence hydrostratigraphy. The deepest part of the sandfill consists of a loose sand layer and is overlain by a medium sand layer extending to mean sea level (MSL). At certain locations, a thin silty-sand layer was found. The different layers within the saturated zone were found to have different values for hydraulic conductivity (K) and groundwater flow velocity. Estimates for K increase according to the following sequence of methods: repacked sand column, step-pumping test, grain-size analysis and slug test. Slug tests and grain-size analysis yielded comparable estimates of K. The freshwater lens in the older part of the sandfill is about 2 m thicker than in a recently completed area. Comparisons of Ca²⁺/Cl^?, Mg²⁺/Cl^?, K ⁺/Cl^? and \({\text{Cl}}^{{\text{ - }}} {\text{/}}{\left( {{\text{Cl}}^{{\text{ - }}} {\text{ + HCO}}^{{\text{ - }}}_{{\text{3}}} } \right)}\) ratios indicate that the chemical composition of the groundwater at shallower depths has probably been altered by mineral dissolution. Weathering of carbonate minerals was found to be a major contributor to the major ions at these depths. The molar ratios approach the value for seawater at greater depths. The groundwater is close to equilibrium with calcite.     

含软弱夹层深部软岩巷道稳定性研究

随着能源开采由浅部向深部发展（>700 m）,深部软岩巷道在高地应力下的变形破坏及其合理加固技术成为影响资源安全开采的重要因素。结合国投新集刘庄矿深部软岩及其软弱结构面的力学特性试验成果,提出软弱夹层的破坏准则及其损伤演化模型,并将其应用于含软弱夹层的深部软岩巷道围岩稳定性分析,研究不同支护方案下的围岩变形特性、破损区以及软弱夹层的离层和破坏情况,提出了合理的加固技术参数。     

Rainfall-triggered landslides in an unsaturated soil: a laboratory flume study

Extreme and/or prolonged rainfall events frequently cause landslides in many parts of the world. In this study, infiltration of rainfall into an unsaturated soil slope and triggering of landslides is studied through laboratory model (flume) tests, with the goal of obtaining the triggering rainfall intensity–duration (I–D) threshold. Flume tests with fine sand at two different relative densities (34 and 48%) and at slope angle of 56.5° are prepared, and rainfall (intensity in the range of 18 to 64 mm/h) is applied via a mist sprinkler system to trigger landslides. Soil water characteristic curve and hydraulic conductivity function of the fine sand are also presented. In flume tests, suction in the soil is measured with tensiometers, the progress of wetting front with time and deformations in the soil are also measured. Some of the findings of this study are: for the fine sand used in this study (a) the failure mechanism is infinite-slope type (mostly translational), and the failure surface is generally coincident with the wetting front or is in its vicinity, (b) the deformations leading to a landslide occurred abruptly, (c) both relatively high-intensity–short-duration rainfalls and relatively low-intensity–long duration rainfalls triggered landslides, (d) the shape of the I–D threshold is demonstrated to be a bilinear relation in log intensity–log duration plot, (e) below a certain rainfall intensity landslides are not triggered, (f) the effect of relative density of the soil on the I–D threshold is demonstrated by physical laboratory tests (as the relative density of the soil increases, the triggering rainfall intensity–duration threshold moves to larger rainfall events). The results of this study could be useful for accurate numerical modeling of rainfall-triggered landslides.     

水压计用于河床冲刷的实时监测研究

台湾西部河川的中下游主河道均有严重下降的情况,台风、洪水侵袭期间由于水位和冲刷深度的变化严重影响桥梁安全。桥梁管理单位常以水位高程作为封桥决策的依据,这虽然简单,但缺乏强而有力的技术支撑。因此,在洪流冲击下仍能稳定应用冲刷深度监测系统十分重要。在国内外已实施的冲刷自动化观测方法中,仪器设备受河道冲淤形态、高含沙量、高盐度、装置固定困难和在现场布置时与施工发生冲突等局限,往往不能实时反映涉水桥基的局部冲刷性态。因此,研究引用苏通大桥冲刷监测技术,通过沉底式水压计对河床面与水位(水头)实时量测,比对相对水头差异,以求取冲刷面的深度。苏通大桥属泥砂质河床,研究桥段属卵砾石河段,但台湾地形狭长,河川坡陡、水流湍急,对于监测设备的建置与保存较苏通大桥更为困难。研究特别考虑适用于现场环境恶劣的土建工程安全监测,采用了坚固且密封的钢箍,使水压计能在长期监测过程中保持极高的可靠性与稳定性,并且可在恶劣环境中正常运作的监测仪器十分必要。     

A geospatial framework to estimate depth of scour under buildings due to storm surge in coastal areas

Hurricanes and tropical storms represent one of the major hazards in coastal communities. Storm surge generated by strong winds and low pressure from these systems have the potential to bring extensive flooding in coastal areas. In many cases, the damage caused by the storm surge may exceed the damage from the wind resulting in the total collapse of buildings. Therefore, in coastal areas, one of the sources for major structural damage could be due to scour, where the soil below the building that serves as the foundation is swept away by the movement of the water. The existing methodologies to forecast hurricane flood damage do not differentiate between the different damage mechanisms (e.g., inundation vs. scour). Currently, there are no tools available that predominantly focus on forecasting scour-related damage for buildings. Such a tool could provide significant advantages for planning and/or preparing emergency responses. Therefore, the focus of this study was to develop a methodology to predict possible scour depth due to hurricane storm surges using an automated ArcGIS tool that incorporates the expected hurricane conditions (flow depth, velocity, and flood duration), site-specific building information, and the associated soil types for the foundation. A case study from Monmouth County (NJ), where the scour damages from 2012 Hurricane Sandy were recorded after the storm, was used to evaluate the accuracy of the developed forecasting tool and to relate the scour depth to potential scour damage. The results indicate that the developed tool provides relatively consistent results with the field observations.     

Groundwater quality in a coastal area: a case study from Andhra Pradesh, India

Over-exploitation of groundwater results in decline of water levels, leading to intrusion of salt water along the coastal region, which is a natural phenomenon. A groundwater quality survey has been carried out to assess such phenomena along the coast of Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India. Brackish groundwaters are observed in most of the wells. The rest of the wells show a fresh water environment. The factors responsible for the brackish groundwater quality with respect to the influence of seawater are assessed, using the standard ionic ratios, such as Ca²⁺:Mg²⁺, TA:TH and Cl⁻:HCO⁻ ₃. Results suggest that the brackish nature in most of the groundwaters is not due to the seawater influence, but is caused by the hydrogeochemical process. Some influence of seawater on the groundwater quality is observed along the rock fractures. The combined effect of seawater and urban wastewaters is due to the inferior quality of groundwater in a few wells, where they are at topographic lows close to the coast.     

The American oyster as a coastal zone pollution monitor: A pilot study

The Condition Index [(dry meat weight)(100)/(internal cavity volume)] has been analyzed and compared in the American oyster,Crassostrea virginica, from two South Carolina estuaries, one of which was considered polluted by coliform bacteria standards. During the warmer months, oysters from the unpolluted habitat showed a consistently and significantly higher Condition Index. Best fit and power function regressions of Condition Index on total coliform bacteria levels conform with previously cited effects of pollutants on oysters. Condition Index droped markedly as the incidence of total coliforms increased toward levels of 100 per 100 ml of water. Our results and the known sensitivity of oysters to a spectrum of pollutants suggest that their condition could be used to monitor waterborne pollution in coastal zone areas.     

Bioavailability of arsenic in the soil horizon: a laboratory column study

Groundwater contaminated with arsenic (As), when extensively used for irrigation, causes potentially long-term detrimental effects to surface soils. Such contamination can also directly affect human health when irrigated crops, such as rice, vegetable and fruits, are used for human consumption. Therefore, an understanding of the leaching behavior of As in surface soils is of high importance, because such behavior may increase the bioavailability of As in the soil horizon. In this study, we have investigated the role of phosphate ions in leaching and bioavailability of As in the soil horizon, where drinking groundwater contains elevated levels of As (≥50 μg/L). Soil and groundwater samples were characterized in the laboratory and measured for physical and chemical constituents. The soils are generally neutral to slightly alkaline in character (pH range 7.5–8.1) with low to moderate levels of free Fe₂O₃, Al₂O₃, CaCO₃, organic carbon, and clay content. The measured electrical conductivity (mean 599 μS/cm) of the soils demonstrates their non-saline nature. The Eh values (range −37 to −151 mV) of the groundwater indicate anoxic condition with low to moderate levels of bicarbonate (range 100–630 mg/L) and phosphate (range 0.002–4.0 mg/L). The arsenic content (range 50–690 μg/L; mean 321 μg/L) in groundwater has exceeded both WHO recommended guideline values (10 μg/L) and the National safe drinking water limit (50 μg/L). Regression analyses demonstrate that the bioavailability of As in the soil horizon is mainly controlled by the composition of free Fe₂O₃ and CaCO₃ content of the soils. However, application of P could increase bioavailability of As in the soil horizon and become available to plants for uptake.     

Influence of pore system characteristics on limestone vulnerability: a laboratory study

Hyblean limestone of Oligo-Miocene age was widely used as a construction material in the architectural heritage of Eastern Sicily (Italy). Among them, the so-called Pietra Bianca di Melilli (Melilli limestone) and Calcare di Siracusa (Syracuse limestone) were prized for their attractive appearance, ease of quarrying, and workability. Syracuse limestone shows general weathering, whereas Melilli limestone is better preserved, and only differential erosion or superficial exfoliation can be detected in monuments. The cause of the different behavior of these two limestones was investigated from the petrographic and petrophysical points of view. The saturation coefficient is higher in Melilli limestone, and ultrasound measurements indicate that it is less compact than Syracuse limestone, so that Melilli limestone could deteriorate more easily than Syracuse limestone. However, pore interconnections and the size of very small pores play the main role in the durability of both materials. The “irregularity” of the Syracuse pore system and its greater number of micropores hinder water flow through the exterior, promote stress in pore structure, and favor the development of scaling, as confirmed by salt crystallization tests. In Melilli limestone, the low concentration of micropores and fast water evaporation allow solutions to reach the surface more easily, resulting in less damaging efflorescence.     

厚煤层综放双巷工作面巷间煤柱尺寸研究

为解决厚煤层综放双巷布置工作面巷间煤柱的留设问题,以某矿四盘区4301工作面运输顺槽与辅助运输顺槽之间的煤柱为工程背景,首先对巷间煤柱进行理论分析:一次采动影响后将巷间煤柱沿倾向划分为采动影响区、相对稳定区和锚杆支护区,应用极限平衡理论分析得出了一次采动影响区的宽度为2.82 m,进而得出巷间煤柱的宽度为7.83 m。其次,应用数值模拟的方法系统地分析了宽度分别为4、6、8、10、12、15、20 m时,在两次采动影响下巷间煤柱的应力演化、破坏、巷道围岩变形规律;一次采动影响后,随着煤柱宽度增大,髙应力由实体煤向煤柱内转移;给出了最大临界尺寸、最小临界尺寸的定义,并指出巷间窄煤柱宽度应小于最大临界尺寸。综合分析数值模拟研究结果,同时结合理论分析结果及煤柱留设原则,最终确定巷间煤柱宽度为8 m。最后,通过现场工程实践验证了所确定的巷间煤柱宽度的合理性。研究结果对类似条件下综放双巷布置工作面巷间煤柱宽度的确定具有参考意义。     

Strontium diffusion in feldspars—a laboratory study

Sr⁹⁰ Radiotracer diffusion studies have been carried out on crystals of orthoclase and microcline using an ion implantation method. The activation energies are consistent with calculations based on mineral age data.