水体中芽孢杆菌和微囊藻的生长及其资源竞争

以C，N，P为主要限制性因子研究了芽孢杆菌和微囊藻在水中的生长率，并据Monod方程了解种群增长率与营养浓度之间的关系，以判断藻菌资源竞争的结果。研究结果显示，氮浓度的或高或磷浓度的降低，即N／P比值的或高，有利于芽孢杆菌的生长；而当氮浓度一定时，C／N比值越高，芽孢杆菌生长得越好。而微囊藻作为一种自养的光合,春生长与水中的C源无关，与氮磷浓度有关。氮磷浓度越高则生长越好。在此研究结果基础上进行藻菌生长动态的比较表明，在氮限制条件下，微囊藻的生长率稍高于芽孢杆菌；在磷限制条件下，芽孢杆菌的生长率总是大大高于微囊藻的生长率。     

Serratia sp.对铜绿微囊藻、斜生栅藻的溶藻效果

【目的】探讨一株溶藻菌S6(Serratia sp.)对富营养化水中优势蓝藻和绿藻的溶藻效果,为有害藻类的生物控制提供参考。【方法】从富营养化水体中分离到一株溶藻菌S6(Serratia sp.,GenBank登录号为KY462187),将不同浓度菌液分别加至铜绿微囊藻（Microcystis aeruginosa）、斜生栅藻（Scenedesmus obliquus）以及两者以浓度比1∶1混合的藻液（下称“混合藻”）中,进行溶藻实验,测定14 d内实验体系中藻的生物量、叶绿素a、氨氮和总磷（TP）浓度,分析溶藻菌S6对不同藻类的溶藻效果以及对水体中氮磷的影响;运用光谱技术分析溶藻产物特性。【结果与结论】溶藻菌S6对铜绿微囊藻、斜生栅藻和混合藻的溶藻效果较佳,且菌液浓度越高,溶藻效果越佳,其中3组原菌液（2×109mL-1）处理组14 d内的溶藻率分别为89.4%、80%、78.6%。溶藻菌S6对3种实验体系氨氮和TP浓度影响较大,原菌液处理组变化最明显,其中铜绿微囊藻藻液氨氮和TP质量浓度分别下降21.24、6.21 mg/L;斜生栅藻藻液氨氮和TP质量浓度分别下降13.19、7.5...     

红海湾养殖区底质水中氮、磷的分布特征

着重研究了红海湾养殖区底质水中 NO-3 -N、NO-2 -N、NH 4-N、PO3 -4 -P、有机质及 c( NO-3 -N) /c P 和 ∑c N/c P( ∑c N=c( NO-2 ) c( NO-3 ) c( NH 4) )比值的分布特征 ,并对该湾低质水中氮、磷及有机质的季节变化及其它们之间的相互关系作了讨论 ,结果表明 :在春、夏、冬三个季节中 ,NH 4-N的浓度比NO-2 -N及 NO-3 -N高 ,春季 NH 4-N的平均浓度为 92 .60 μm ol/L,占总无机氮 80 .57% ;夏季浓度为4 7.0 4μmol/L ,占总无机氮 61 .64 % ;冬季 NH 4-N的浓度最低 ,为 9.60μmol/L ,占总无机氮 4 5.76% ;而夏季 PO3 -4 -P浓度及有机质的含量比春、冬季高 ,分别为 53 .68μm ol/L和 1 .3 62 %。分析指出该湾底质水中无机氮是以 NH 4-N为主要存在形态。     

氮、磷、硅对条纹小环藻生长和叶绿素a含量的影响

采用单因子实验方法研究氮、磷和硅营养盐对条纹小环藻(Cyclotella striata)生长和叶绿素a含量的影响。结果表明:在不同磷和硅营养盐浓度下,条纹小环藻比生长率μ变化显著(P<0.05),其中,硝酸盐为0.60~0.85 d-1,硅酸盐为0.49~0.61 d-1,磷酸盐为0.46~0.51 d-1。总体而言,在一定的营养盐浓度范围内,条纹小环藻的最大藻细胞密度Nmax随着氮、磷和硅营养盐浓度的增加而增大;条纹小环藻叶绿素a(Chl a)含量亦随着氮、硅浓度的增加,与Nmax增加趋势一致,但随着磷浓度的增加Chl a先增加后减小,与Nmax不一致。条纹小环藻的主要限制营养元素是氮和硅,而磷可能不会成为其短期培养的限制因子。     

半叶马尾藻对N、P吸收速率的初步研究

在实验室条件下研究半叶马尾藻对不同浓度N、P以及不同化合态N的吸收速率。结果显示:不同浓度N、P下,半叶马尾藻对N、P的吸收速率差异有统计学意义(P0.05);半叶马尾藻对N、P的吸收速率随N、P浓度的升高而增加,最大吸收速率出现在N为200μmol/L、P为20μmol/L时,分别为2.397和0.229μmol·g-1·h-1;不同氮磷比条件下,半叶马尾藻对N、P的最大吸收速率出现在氮磷比为10时,在氮磷比为1~30范围内,氮磷比对半叶马尾藻吸收N、P速率的影响有统计学意义(P0.05);不同化合态N对半叶马尾藻吸收N、P速率的影响有统计学意义(P0.05),当NH4+-N和NO3--N共存时,半叶马尾藻对这2种化合态氮可同时吸收利用,各处理组间,对总无机N的吸收速率差异有统计学意义(P0.05),在c(NO3--N)/c(NH4+-N)为2∶1和1∶2处有两个峰值,分别为2.036、1.862μmol·g-1·h-1,对P的最大吸收速率均出现在c(NO3--N)/c(NH4+-N)值为2∶1时,为0.206μmol·g-1·h-1。因此,在粤西沿海半叶马尾藻在消除养殖水域营养盐、防治海水富营养化方面有很大优势。     

徐闻珊瑚礁保护区营养盐时空分布特征

2006年8月(夏季)、2006年11月(秋季)、2007年2月(冬季)和2007年4月(春季)在徐闻珊瑚礁自然保护区灯楼角至流沙湾近岸海域调查徐闻珊瑚礁保护区的营养盐变化及空间分布特征。结果表明:徐闻珊瑚礁保护区水域溶解态无机氮以NO3--N为主,其含量超过总溶解无机氮的50%;各站点NO2--N含量相对较低,冬季NO3--N和NH4+-N含量均高于其它季节;无机磷含量在0mg/L～0.030mg/L之间变化;活性硅含量表现为夏秋季节高、冬春季节低;表层水体硝酸盐氮/无机磷原子比值(N/P)夏季较低,不存在无机磷受限情况,而冬季N/P整体较高,此时水体主要受无机磷限制。     

夏季珠江口水域营养盐分布特征及其富营养化评价

【目的】研究夏季珠江口水域氮、磷营养盐的时空变化特征及其富营养化水平。【方法】基于珠江口水域2006-2010年夏季水文水质多要素观测资料,采用Pearson相关分析法,分析水文泥沙对氮、磷等营养盐的的驱动作用,评价该水域富营养化状况并阐明其主要环境问题。【结果】珠江口水域环境因子区域分布差异显著,其中营养盐(氮、磷等)和悬浮泥沙均表现为由口门向口外递减,而盐度则表现为相反的趋势。无机氮以硝氮为主,亚硝氮次之,氨氮含量最低。【结论】径流输入、盐淡水混合稀释作用和悬浮泥沙的吸附/解吸作用共同影响着氮、磷营养盐的分布。氮磷比值分析说明,珠江口浮游植物生长主要表现为潜在性的磷限制。珠江口水域海洋环境重度及严重富营养化(E 5)主要集中在口门至内伶仃岛海域,主要环境问题为水质污染,且氮、磷营养盐和溶解氧为主要贡献因子。     

异养鞭毛虫对铜绿微囊藻的生长影响

【目的】研究异养鞭毛虫(Paraphysomonas sp.)在不同密度铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)中的生长状况,探讨其对铜绿微囊藻的摄食及抑制作用。【方法】实验共设6个铜绿微囊藻密度,分别是0、250×10~4、500×10~4、750×10~4、1 000×10~4和2 000×10~4cells/mL,研究异养鞭毛虫与微囊藻的种群数量变化。【结果】异养鞭毛虫主要行异养生活。在铜绿微囊藻密度为250×10~4~2 000×10~4 cells/mL时,异养鞭毛虫对铜绿微囊藻的抑制率为98.00%~99.69%。单个鞭毛虫对微囊藻的摄食率为13~49 cells/d。异养鞭毛虫的密度和生长率随铜绿微囊藻密度的升高而增加,在铜绿微囊藻密度为500×10~4~1000×10~4cells/mL时,异养鞭毛虫密度为21×10~4~24×10~4cells/mL、生长率为0.6~0.74 d^-1。但是,铜绿微囊藻密度过高也不利于异养鞭毛虫的种群增长,在2 000×10~4 cells/mL密度时,异养鞭毛虫的生长速率显著低于其它密度组。【结论】异养鞭毛虫能有效抑制铜绿微囊藻种群增长,其生长的最适微囊藻密度为500×10~4~1 000×10~4 cells/mL。     

珠江口海域营养盐和叶绿素a的时空分布特征

【目的】研究珠江口海域营养物和叶绿素a的时空分布特征。【方法】根据2015年5月(春季)、8月(夏季)和10月(秋季)3个季节的现场调查资料,通过对3个季节浮游植物Chl-a以及包括氮磷比在内的营养结构进行综合分析,深入探讨珠江口海域浮游植物Chl-a的时空变化调控机制。【结果】珠江口海域各季节营养盐呈高氮低磷分布,3个季节N︰P均值49.6。叶绿素a季节差异明显,夏季叶绿素a含量是春季的2倍、秋季的9倍。【结论】春季浮游植物生长受温度影响较大,夏、秋两季由于外海水的入侵导致磷限制比较显著;DIN能满足各季节浮游植物生长的需要,珠江口海域浮游植物生长对于磷营养盐的响应要优于氮营养盐。     

中草药复合益生菌制剂对凡纳滨对虾生长、抗病力及水质的影响

将枯草芽孢杆菌、纳豆芽孢杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌等比例混合,制成芽孢杆菌制剂;将芽孢杆菌制剂与粪肠球菌、嗜酸乳杆菌等比例混合制成复合益生菌制剂;将分别用3种芽孢杆菌发酵的中草药等比例混合制成中草药芽孢杆菌制剂;将分别用5种益生菌发酵的中草药等比例混合,制成中草药复合益生菌制剂。在饲料中分别添加4种益生菌制剂(活菌为2×10~7 cfu/g),研究4种制剂对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)生长、抗病力及水质的影响。结果表明:1)4种益生菌制剂均可提高凡纳滨对虾的成活率、增重率和饲料利用率(P0.05),中草药益生菌制剂组的促生长效果优于益生菌制剂组,以中草药复合益生菌制剂组促生长效果为最佳(P0.05);2)4种益生菌制剂均可维持对虾养殖水体p H值、氨态氮和亚硝酸盐含量的稳定(P0.05),中草药益生菌制剂对水质的改良效果优于益生菌制剂(P0.05);3)用1×10~8 cfu/m L的哈维氏弧菌(Vibro harveyi)菌液浴浸泡凡纳滨对虾10 d,凡纳滨对虾的累计死亡率由大到小依次为中草药复合益生菌制剂组(31.11%)、复合益生菌制剂组(35.56%)、中草药芽孢杆菌制剂组(37.78%)、芽孢杆菌制剂组(44.44%)、对照组(93.33%)。在饲料中添加一定比例的中草药复合益生菌制剂可提高凡纳滨对虾的生长指标、改善养殖水体环境、提高对虾的抗病力。     

Effects of iron and humic acid on competition between Microcystis aeruginosa and Scenedesmus obliquus revealed by HPLC analysis of pigments

Iron is a vital micro nutrient for growth of bloom-forming Microcystis aeruginosa and competition with other algae,and its availability is affected by humic acid.The effect of iron and humic acid on growth and competition between M.aeruginosa and Scenedesmus obliquus was assessed.The results showed the growth of M.aeruginosa and S.obliquus in mono-cultures was inhibited by humic acid at low iron concentrations(0.01 mg/L);the maximum inhibition ratios were 67.84% and 38.31%,respectively.The inhibition of humic acid on the two species was significantly alleviated when iron concentrations were1.00 mg/L,with the maximum inhibition rate reduced to 5.82% for M.aeruginosa and to 23.06% for S.obliquus.S.obliquus was the dominant species in mixed cultures,and the mutual inhibition between M.aeruginosa and S.obliquus at low iron concentration was greater than that at high iron concentration.The inhibition of S.obliquus on M.aeruginosa was reduced at low iron concentrations;it increased at high iron concentrations,as concentrations of humic acid rose.     

Is Moss Stoichiometry Influenced by Microtopography in a Boreal Peatland of Northeast China?

To examine the effects of microtopography on the stoichiometry of carbon(C), nitrogen(N) and phosphorus(P) in mosses along the hummock-hollow gradient in boreal peatlands, we investigated species-level C?N, C?P and N?P ratios of five mosses(Sphagnum magellanicum, S. perichaetiale, S. palustre, S. girgensohnii and Aulacomnium palustre) in the hummocks, hollows and their intermediate zones, and then assessed community-level spatial patterns in a boreal ombrotrophic peatland of north of the Great Xing'an Mountain, Northeast China. The results show that at the species level, C?N, C?P and N?P ratios of the selected Sphagnum mosses remained stable in the hummock-hollow complexes due to unchanged C, N and P concentrations, whereas the non-Sphagnum moss(A. palustre) in the hummocks and intermediate zones had lower P concentrations and thus greater C?P ratios than that in the hollows. At the community level, moss N concentration and C?N ratio remained constant along the hummock-hollow gradient, whereas hummocks and intermediate zones had higher community-level moss C?P and N?P ratios than hollows because of greater C and lower P concentrations. These findings imply that the effects of microtopography on moss C?N?P stoichiometry are scale-dependent and reveal spatial heterogeneity in C and nutrient dynamics. These results provide a more comprehensive understanding of biogeochemical cycles in boreal peatlands.     

Effects of oxytetracycline dihydrate and sulfamethoxazole on Microcystis aeruginosa and Chlamydomonas microsphaera

The increasing use of pharmaceuticals has become a major environmental issue in China.The presence of antibiotics in water may have deleterious effects on non-target aquatic organisms such as microalgae.In this study,a cyanobacterium and an alga species in surface waters,Microcystis aeruginosa and Chlamydomonas microsphaera,were exposed to 0,0.1,0.5,1.0,2.0,5.0,10.0,and 20.0 mg/L of oxytetracycline dihydrate(OXY) and sulfamethoxazole(SMZ) for 96 h to determine the effects of these antibiotics on the growth and surface morphology.Moreover,the photosynthetic activity and the contents of superoxide dismutase(SOD),malondialdehyde(MDA),and protein were measured to examine the biochemical characteristics of M.aeruginosa and C.microsphaera under OXY and SMZ stress.The effects of both antibiotics on the growth of both species were concentration-dependent and characterized by low-dose stimulation and high-dose inhibition.C.microsphaera was more sensitive to both antibiotics than M.aeruginosa was.The algal cell membranes of both species disintegrated after exposure to a high concentration of OXY.All of the physiological parameters measured in this study were relatively stable at low concentrations of OXY and SMZ.After exposure to high concentrations of OXY and SMZ,photosynthetic activity decreased significantly,whereas lipid peroxidation and the abundance of SOD,MDA,and protein increased significantly.Thus,low-dose antibiotics may increase algal blooms in eutrophic waters.     

Impacta of CO2 enrichment on growth and photosynthesis in freshwater and marine diatoms

The physiological responses of Nitzschia palea Kiitzing, a freshwater diatom, to elevated CO2 were investigated and compared with those of a marine diatom, Chaetoceros muelleri Lemmermann previously reported. Elevated CO2 concentration to 700 μl/L increased the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and lowered the pH in the cultures of N. palea, thus enhancing the growth by 4%-20% during the whole growth period. High CO2-grown N. palea cells showed lower levels of dark respiration rates and higher Ik values. Light-saturated photosynthetic rates and photosynthetic efficiencies decreased in N. palea with the doubling CO2 concentration in airflow to the bottom of cultures, although the doubling CO2 concentration in airflow to the surface cultures had few effects on these two photosynthetic parameters. N. palea cells were found to be capable of using HCO3- in addition to gaseous CO2, and the CO2 enrichment decreased their affinity for HCO3- and CO2. Although doubled CO2 level would enhance the biomass of N. palea and C. muelleri to different extents, compared with the marine diatom, it had a significant effect on the specific growth rates of N. palea. In addition, the responses of photosynthetic parameters of N. palea to doubled CO2 concentration were almost opposite to those of C. muelleri.     

Responses of Dodonaea viscosa growth and soil biological properties to nitrogen and phosphorus additions in Yuanmou dry-hot valley

Nitrogen(N) and phosphorus(P) are limited nutrients in terrestrial ecosystems, and their limitation patterns are being changed by the increase in N deposition. However, little information concerns the plant growth and the soil biological responses to N and P additions among different soils simultaneously, and these responses may contribute to understand plant-soil interaction and predict plant performance under global change. Thus, this study aimed to explore how N and P limitation changes in different soil types, and reveal the relationship between plant and soil biological responses to nutrient additions. We planted Dodonaea viscosa, a globally distributed species in three soil types(Lixisols, Regosols and Luvisols) in Yuanmou dry-hot valley in Southwest China and fertilized them factorially with N and P. The growth and biomass characters of D. viscosa, soil organic matter, available N, P contents and soil carbon(C), N, P-related enzyme activities were quantified. N addition promoted the growth and leaf N concentration of D. viscosa in Lixisols; N limitation in Lixisols was demonstrated by lower soil available N with higher urease activity. P addition promoted the growth and leaf P concentration of D. viscosa in Luvisols; severe P limitation in Luvisols was demonstrated by a higher soil available N: P ratio with higher phosphatase activity. Urease activity was negatively correlated with soil available N in Nlimited Lixisols, and phosphatase activity was negatively correlated with soil available P in P-limited Luvisols. Besides, the aboveground biomass and leaf N concentration of D. viscosa were positively correlated with soil available N in Lixisols, but the aboveground biomass was negatively correlated with soil available P. Our results show similar nutrient limitation patterns between plant and soil microorganism in the condition of enough C, and the nutrient limitations differ across soil types. With the continued N deposition, N limitation of the Lixisols in dry hot valleys is expected to be alleviated, while P limitation of the Luvisols in the mountaintop may be worse in the future, which should be considered when restoring vegetation.     

Responses of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Dodonaea viscosa</Emphasis> growth and soil biological properties to nitrogen and phosphorus additions in Yuanmou dry-hot valley

Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are limited nutrients in terrestrial ecosystems, and their limitation patterns are being changed by the increase in N deposition. However, little information concerns the plant growth and the soil biological responses to N and P additions among different soils simultaneously, and these responses may contribute to understand plant-soil interaction and predict plant performance under global change. Thus, this study aimed to explore how N and P limitation changes in different soil types, and reveal the relationship between plant and soil biological responses to nutrient additions. We planted Dodonaea viscosa, a globally distributed species in three soil types (Lixisols, Regosols and Luvisols) in Yuanmou dry-hot valley in Southwest China and fertilized them factorially with N and P. The growth and biomass characters of D. viscosa, soil organic matter, available N, P contents and soil carbon (C), N, P-related enzyme activities were quantified. N addition promoted the growth and leaf N concentration of D. viscosa in Lixisols; N limitation in Lixisols was demonstrated by lower soil available N with higher urease activity. P addition promoted the growth and leaf P concentration of D. viscosa in Luvisols; severe P limitation in Luvisols was demonstrated by a higher soil available N: P ratio with higher phosphatase activity. Urease activity was negatively correlated with soil available N in Nlimited Lixisols, and phosphatase activity was negatively correlated with soil available P in P-limited Luvisols. Besides, the aboveground biomass and leaf N concentration of D. viscosa were positively correlated with soil available N in Lixisols, but the aboveground biomass was negatively correlated with soil available P. Our results show similar nutrient limitation patterns between plant and soil microorganism in the condition of enough C, and the nutrient limitations differ across soil types. With the continued N deposition, N limitation of the Lixisols in dry hot valleys is expected to be alleviated, while P limitation of the Luvisols in the mountaintop may be worse in the future, which should be considered when restoring vegetation.     

Lytic Characteristics and Identification of Two Alga-lysing Bacterial Strains

Lytic Characteristics and Identification of Two Alga-lysing Bacterial StrainsBeaulieu, S. E., M. R. Sengco, and D. M. Anderson, 2005. Using clay to control harmful algal blooms: deposition and resuspension of clay/algal flocs. Harmful Algae . (4): 123-138…     

STUDY ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SPECIATION OF HEAVY METALS AND THEIR ECOTOXICITY——I. TOXICITY OF Cu, Cd , Pb AND Zn IN SEAWATER TO THREE MARINE ALGAE IN THE PRESENCE OF DIFFERENT COMPLEXATION AGENTS

Heavy metal is a main pollutant in the marine ecosystem . so study on the effect of heavy metal on phytoplankton is important . Algae (Chaetoceros sp . , Dunaliella sp . ., Dicrateria zhanjiangenis Hu . var . sp .) were laboratory cultured to observe the effect of heavy metals on their growth . The effect of different metal ion concentration , the detoxication effect of complexation agents and the growth of algae in different media and different nutrition levels were studied to evaluate the effect of metal speciation . It is proved that trace amount of heavy metals can stimulate the growth of algae cells but that high concentration is lethal . The sequence of toxicity is Cd2+>Zn2+>Pb2+ . In ordinary nutrition conditions , the detoxication sequence of complexation agents to Chaetoceros sp . is EDTA > sodium salicylate > sodium oxalate > sodium citrate > sulfanilic acid > O-phenanthroline . This is in good conformity with the stability constant sequence of these agents with copper and good evidence that t     

EFFECT OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS ON THE GROWTH OF A RED TIDE DINOFLAGELLATE SCRIPPSIELLA TROCHOIDEA (STEIN) LOEBLICH III

INTRODUCTIONRedtidecanadverselyaffectcoastalfisheriesbycausingthedeathofculturedfishandshrimporproducingtoxinsthatcanbeaccumulatedthroughfoodchains (Anderson ,1 989) .Phytoplanktonisoftenthemaincomponentofmanyredtides.AlongthecoastofJiaozhouBay ,P .R .China,theredtideismainlyformedbyadinoflagellate ,Scrippdiellatrochoidea ,duringsummer (JulytoSep tember)andthecelldensitycanreach 9.98× 1 0 7cells ml (Zou ,unpublisheddata) .Manyresearcherssuggestedthatredtideofphytoplanktonmightresultf…