变质地质学新领域─—超高压变质作用与地球动力学

简要总结了近年在欧亚大陆发现的超高压变质岩地质产状、岩石类型、结晶条件和构造位置等基本特征，对超高压变质作用及其地球动力学机制的研究现状及存在的问题进行了评述。基于对大别－苏鲁超高压变质带的研究成果，认为超高压变质作用可能是一种新型的区域变质作用，而目前所建立的任何一种地球动力学模型都不完善。建议今后在岩石学和矿物学研究基础上，加强对超高压变质杂岩的地球化学、构造地质学、实验岩石学及地球物理学等方面的研究。     

变质地质学的三大前缘课题

本文主要从三个方面反映１９８７年以来国内外变质地质学研究的新进展：（１）变质Ｐ－Ｔ－ｔ轨迹与区域岩石学研究；（２）变质流体与岩石的相互作用；（３）高压、超高压变质。变质ｐ－Ｔ－ｔ轨迹按地壳拉张区、地壳增厚区、俯冲带和麻粒岩相变质地区等不同构造环境予以论列；变质流体岩石的相互关系是按区域变质、接触变质和麻粒岩相变质地区等三个类型对比描述。高压、超高压变质研究近年来得到快速发展，也提出了许多问题。本文主要介绍柯石英榴辉岩岩石学和榴辉岩相岩石学的主要问题。     

近70年中国变质岩石学-变质地质学的研究进展

为总结我国变质地质学的历史经验,回顾了我国从变质岩石学到变质地质学近70年的发展历程.依据大量文献,分3个阶段和8个方面总结了变质岩石学和变质地质学取得的进展.我国在超高压变质地质学、早前寒武纪变质地质学、变质作用年代学、变质作用相平衡模拟等领域处于国际先进行列,蓝片岩、变质流体和变质岩化学动力学方面与世界研究基本处于同步水平,极低级变质作用研究等领域与国际先进水平尚有较大差距.通过历史的回顾,表明变质岩的研究已经从变质岩石学转变为变质地质学,已经从单一的岩石学研究转变为以变质岩为基础,变质矿物、地球化学、同位素地质、构造地质等多学科的综合研究.在变质岩和变质地质领域我国有一些区位优势,但是只有坚持自主创新才能把区位优势转变为学科优势.各种分析实验技术的发展促进了变质地质学的发展,随着新技术的不断涌现和大数据时代的来临,变质地质学会有更大的发展.      

变质地质学

变质地质学是通过变质岩石学的研究来揭示地壳构造运动过程的学科。变质地质学的历史可追溯到变质岩石学发展的早期。但直到60年代初,随着板块构造理论的兴起,变质相系理论的提出和完善,以及双变质带的发现和研究(Miyashiro,A.,1973),变质作用的构造意义才逐渐有所揭示,并开始形成了变质地质学的一种基本思路。70年代中期以来,实验技术的迅速提高和物理化学理论应用的日趋成熟,使变质岩石学新的定量化资料大量涌现,推进了变质地质学各方面的迅速发展。到80年代中期,对不同构造体制中热流变化的数学模拟和对实际变质作用过程PT演变路径的测定取得了巨大成就,成功地建立了变质作用PTt轨迹的概念体系(England,1984;Thompson,1984),从正演和反演两方面提供了认识和研究变质作用过程及其构造意义的全新思路和方法。     

大别山北部榴辉岩的退变质特征及其地质意义

研究了大别山北部榴辉岩的变质岩岩石学。结果表明，该区榴辉岩相变质作用可分为早期(超高压)和晚期(高压)两个阶段，并在折返过程中形成了一系列特征性的退变质显微构造。其中，退变质结构主要包括：(1)由于压力降低而出溶形成的一些定向针状或叶片状矿物包裹体，如钠质单斜辉石中石英及石榴子石中的金红石、单斜辉石和磷灰石等；(2)冠状体或后成合晶，特别是石榴子石外围发育两期(“双层”)后成合晶；(3)反应边或退变边，如绿辉石的透辉石退变边、透辉石的角闪石退变边和金红石的钛铁矿退变边等。这些退变质结构为本区榴辉岩高级变质岩的快速折返过程和抬升历史提供了强有力的岩石学依据；石榴子石中针状矿物出溶体进一步证明研究区榴辉岩早期经历了超高压变质作用，峰期变质压力应大干4．0GPa，甚至可能达到5～7GPa或更高。     

大别-苏鲁区超高压变质岩的多期构造变质演化

对大别-苏鲁地区超高压(UHP)变质岩的详细构造和岩石学研究揭示了其复杂的构造变质演化历史。除前超高压事件外,至少可识别出5个相继发育的构造变质事件或阶段(D_1-D_5)。D_1和 D_2同超高压事件与三叠纪(250～230Ma)中朝克拉通和扬子克拉通间的大陆深俯冲及碰撞有关,而超高压后的 D_3和 D_4韧性变形及其伴生的减压部分熔融作用和退变质作用事件,则是超高压岩石向中上地壳折返过程中(230～140Ma)发生的。碰撞后形成的 D_4构造,主导了大别-苏鲁超高压和高压变质带区域尺度的构造格架。第5阶段的构造以摩擦或摩擦-粘性过渡性变形机制为主,并伴随有大规模的未变形的花岗质岩体就位,该期构造热事控制了现今大别-苏鲁地区的地貌学特征。新的构造和岩石学资料并结合可利用的地质年代学和地球化学等资料,提出一个涉及中朝与扬子克拉通间三叠纪大陆深俯冲、碰撞及相继超高压变质岩石向地表的多期折返构造变质演化模式。     

桐柏山高压变质带及其区域构造型式

桐柏山是秦岭－大别山造山带的重要组成部分。新近的构造学和岩石学详细研究表明，该区广泛分布有大量的、大小不一的榴辉岩及退变质榴辉岩块体，构成一个延展长约200km和宽约40km的高压变质带。由榴辉岩或退变质榴辉岩、遭受过高压变质作用的沉积和火山岩、由榴辉岩退变质而成的片麻岩和片岩，以及面理化的含榴或不含榴的花岗岩组成的高压变质单位（HP），在组成及变质演化特征方面，均与大别－苏鲁地区的高压单位类似。构造上，显示一典型的西北美型变质核杂岩。分隔开由桐柏杂岩组成的核部杂岩单位（CC）及上覆的高压单位的km尺度的伸展拆离带，具有下和中伸展拆离带的复合性质，是在高压变质作用期后伸展体制下形成的。桐柏山高压变质带是与大别山地区的高压变质带相联接的，据其岩石学、构造学及相关的主要构造边界展布特征，推测该高压变质带穿过南襄盆地有继续向东秦岭延伸的趋势。桐柏山高压变质带是东秦岭造山带与大别－苏鲁超高压和高压变质带间的构造纽带。     

21世纪最初十年变质岩石学研究进展

21世纪以来变质岩石学发展迅猛.对大型俯冲带和造山带综合数值模拟研究,所得到的变质作用p-T-t与以往一维热模拟结果很不相同;利用内部一致性热力学数据库,进行变质相平衡的定量研究,改变了人们对变质反应和相平衡关系的理解,开辟了定量研究变质作用的新阶段;超高压变质作用的深入研究,发现了更多超高压变质作用的标志及地体,指示陆壳俯冲深度可能达300～350 km,并对地壳岩石深俯冲的机理及变质作用演化进行了进一步探讨;对麻粒岩尤其是高压和超高温麻粒岩的研究,进一步了解了麻粒岩相条件下的深熔作用与熔体演化机理,为认识早前寒武纪的板块作用与造山过程提供了新的窗口;利用多种方法对俯冲带变质流体的研究,为深刻认识俯冲带的岩浆作用及地幔演化提供了更为广阔的视野.     

区域变质作用中的流体

区域变质条件下流体的流动有 4种标志 :( 1)细脉 ;( 2 )岩石学 ;( 3 )稳定同位素 ;( 4 )常量元素的交代作用。不同级别的区域变质作用中 ,流体影响着岩石的变质反应和变形 ;在高级变质的情况下甚至有熔体出现。在超高压变质条件下 ,流体量比地壳范围区域变质要少得多 ,从大别山超高压变质带的资料可知 ,流体的演化有明显的阶段性 ,局部曾发现熔融包裹体。水流体的介入 ,引起岩石的退变质和元素地球化学变异 ,是超高压变质岩抬升、进入中下地壳的产物。新近的实验岩石学成果说明 ,多硅白云母、角闪石等含羟基的矿物 ,在俯冲达 10 0km以下依然稳定 ,而一些花岗岩体系在超高压的条件下产生的超临界流体 ,乃是花岗岩、片麻岩只能部分保留超高压矿物组合的原因。     

极端条件下的变质作用——变质地质学研究的前沿

在简单回顾变质地质学形成和发展的不同历程的基础上,扼要地总结了近年来有关极端条件下的超高压变质作用、超高温变质作用和很低温变质作用研究的现状和存在的问题。根据峰期变质温度的不同,结合其矿物组合和地质产状特征,进一步提出将超高压变质作用划分为低温超高压变质作用(峰期变质温度低于600℃)、中温超高压变质作用(峰期变质温度介于600~900℃)和高温超高压变质作用(峰期变质温度大于900℃)。低温超高压变质作用与大洋板块的冷俯冲作用有关,其研究对于探讨俯冲带水流体的循环和地幔水流体的成因具有重要意义;中、高温超高压变质作用与大陆深俯冲作用相关,是目前超高压变质作用研究的热点领域;高温超高压变质作用的研究与探讨地球内(深)部组成和结构相关,一直是地质学家关注的前沿问题。超高温变质作用研究正在向深入发展,中国有关超高温变质作用的研究才刚刚起步;很低温变质作用的研究长期以来没有得到应有的重视,随着研究手段和方法的不断完善和提高,将会有大的发展。极端条件下的变质作用是近年来固体地球科学研究取得的重要进展,是目前变质地质学研究的前沿领域。     

北大别超高压榴辉岩的快速折返与缓慢冷却过程

岩石学研究表明,北大别超高压榴辉岩经过了超高压和高压榴辉岩相变质作用以及麻粒岩相叠加和角闪岩相退变质作用.其中,高压麻粒岩相和角闪岩相变质阶段形成的后成合晶以及石榴子石和单斜辉石等矿物中成分分带的存在,证明该区榴辉岩经历了一个快速折返过程;而不同变质阶段的温度、压力和形成时代,却反映该区榴辉岩在峰期超高压变质作用之后又经历了一个缓慢冷却过程.超高压岩石折返期间的缓慢冷却过程也许正是北大别长期难以发现柯石英和有关超高压证据的重要原因.因此,本文为大别山不同超高压岩片的差异折返模型的建立提供了新的证据.     

超高压变质作用中水的相变增压

据静水压力梯度计算, 榴辉岩形成深度至少要70km, 含柯石英榴辉岩的形成深度至少要12 0km, 而同时含有柯石英和金刚石的榴辉岩形成深度至少要145km, 超高压变质岩要从如此深的部位折返到地表是不可想象的.大量资料表明水参与了超高压变质作用过程.通过矿物的脱水行为、水的相变和地温曲线等研究, 指出由于存在水的相变增压等多种增压因素, 大大提高了超高压变质作用过程中的地压梯度, 据静水压力计算出的超高压变质岩形成深度只是最大深度, 其形成时的实际深度要比该最大深度小得多.      

Petrology and metamorphism of glaucophane eclogites in Changning-Menglian suture zone,Bangbing area,southeast Tibetan Plateau: An evidence for Paleo-Tethyan subduction

High/ultrahigh-pressure (HP/UHP) metamorphic complexes, such as eclogite and blueschist, are generally regarded as significant signature of paleo-subduction zones and paleo-suture zones. Glaucophane eclogites have been recently identified within the Lancang Group characterized by accretionary mélange in the Changning-Menglian suture zone, at Bangbing in the Shuangjiang area of southeastern Tibetan Plateau. The authors report the result of petrological, mineralogical and metamorphism investigations of these rocks, and discuss their tectonic implications. The eclogites are located within the Suyi blueschist belt and occur as tectonic lenses in coarse-grained garnet muscovite schists. The major mineral assemblage of the eclogites includes garnet, omphacite, glaucophane, phengite, clinozoisite and rutile. Eclogitic garnet contains numerous inclusions, such as omphacite, glaucophane, rutile, and quartz with radial cracks around. Glaucophane and clinozoisite in the matrix have apparent optical and compositional zonation. Four stages of metamorphic evolution can be determined: The prograde blueschist facies (M₁), the peak eclogite facies (M₂), the decompression blueschist facies (M₃) and retrograde greenschist facies (M₄). Using the Grt-Omp-Phn geothermobarometer, a peak eclogite facies metamorphic P-T condition of 3000–3270 MPa and 617–658°C was determined, which is typical of low-temperature ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism. The comparison of the geological characteristics of the Bangbing glaucophane eclogites and the Mengku lawsonite-bearing retrograde eclogites indicates that two suites of eclogites may have formed from significantly different depths or localities to create the tectonic mélange in a subduction channel during subduction of the Triassic Changning-Menglian Ocean. The discovery of the Bangbing glaucophane eclogites may represent a new oceanic HP/UHP metamorphic belt in the Changning-Menglian suture zone.©2021 China Geology Editorial Office.     

喜马拉雅造山带两种不同类型榴辉岩与印度大陆差异性俯冲

印度与亚洲大陆新生代碰撞-俯冲形成的喜马拉雅造山带核部由高压和超高压变质岩组成.超高压榴辉岩分布在喜马拉雅造山带西段,由石榴石、绿辉石、柯石英、多硅白云母、帘石、蓝晶石和金红石组成.超高压榴辉岩的峰期变质条件为2.6～2.8GPa和600～620℃,其经历了角闪岩相退变质作用和低程度熔融.超高压榴辉岩的进变质、峰期和退变质年龄分别为～50Ma、45～47Ma和35～40Ma,指示一个快速俯冲与快速折返过程.高压榴辉岩产出在喜马拉雅造山带中-东段,由石榴石、绿辉石、多硅白云母、石英和金红石组成.高压榴辉岩的峰期变质条件为>2.1GPa和>750℃,叠加了高温麻粒岩相退变质作用与强烈部分熔融.高压榴辉岩的峰期和退变质年龄可能分别是～38 Ma和14～17 Ma,很可能经历了一个缓慢俯冲与缓慢折返过程.喜马拉雅造山带两种不同类型榴辉岩的存在表明,印度与亚洲大陆约在51～53Ma碰撞后,印度大陆地壳的西北缘陡俯冲到了地幔深度,导致表壳岩石经历了超高压变质作用,而印度大陆地壳的东北缘平缓俯冲到亚洲大陆之下,导致表壳岩石经历了高压变质作用.     

Ultrahigh-pressure texture inheritance during retrogression: Evidence from magnetofabrics in eclogites and ultramafic rocks (Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling project)

In order to contribute to a better understanding of exhumation related retrogression processes ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) mafic and ultramafic rocks from the Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling (CCSD) in the Maobei eclogite body of the Sulu ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic belt in eastern China were studied for their magnetofabrics. Variably retrogressed eclogites and serpentinized ultramafic rocks were retrieved from the depth interval of 100 to 1000 m of the borehole. A vein network of irregular shaped veins with a retrograde metamorphic assemblage cuts across the eclogite foliation at both low and high angles. SEM imaging of the eclogites documents that magnetite associated with retrograde pargasitic amphiboles developed around shape-preferred garnet. SEM imaging of the serpentinized ultramafic rocks documents that magnetite rims grew around shape-preferred garnet and that magnetite formed within a mesh texture related to serpentinization. Syn-serpentinization magnetite growth increased bulk susceptibilities, but reduced anisotropy. Maximum susceptibility axes from both eclogites and serpentinized garnet-peridotites trend N-S, i.e. parallel with the stretching lineation as defined by olivine and omphacite grains. This implies that the magnetic fabric mimics the UHP fabric and survived retrogression and that the fabric is inherited from the UHP stage. As a consequence, retrogression was not associated with substantial ductile deformation and the mafic-ultramafic Maobei body behaved as a rigid body within a ductile deforming quartzo-feldspathic matrix during exhumation. Internal strain is restricted to brittle fracturing, associated fluid circulation and vein formation facilitating retrograde reactions in the mafic-ultramafic rocks.     

Petrology of ultrahigh-pressure eclogites from the ZK703 drillhole in the Donghai, eastern China

The 558-m-deep ZK703 drillhole located near Donghai in the southern part of the Sulu ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic belt, eastern China, penetrates alternating layers of eclogites, gneisses, jadeite quartzites, garnet peridotites, phengite–quartz schists, and kyanite quartzites. The preservation of ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic minerals and their relics, together with the contact relationship and protolith types of the various rocks indicates that these are metamorphic supracrustal rocks and mafic-ultramafic rock assemblages that have experienced in-situ ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism. The eclogites can be divided into five types based on accessory minerals: rutile eclogite, phengite eclogite, kyanite–phengite eclogite, quartz eclogite, and common eclogite with rare minor minerals. Rutile eclogite forms a thick layer in the drillhole that contains sufficient rutile for potential mining. Two retrograde assemblages are observed in the eclogites: the first stage is characterized by the formation of sodic plagioclase+amphibole symplectite or symplectitic coronas after omphacite and garnet, plagioclase+biotite after garnet or phengite, and plagioclase coronas after kyanite; the second stage involved total replacement of omphacite and garnet by amphibole+albite+epidote+quartz. Peak metamorphic P–T conditions of the eclogites were around 32 to 40 kbar and 720°C to 880°C. The retrograde P–T path of the eclogites is characterized by rapidly decreasing pressure with slightly decreasing temperature. Micro-textures and compositional variations in symplectitic minerals suggest that the decompression breakdown of ultrahigh-pressure minerals is a domainal equilibrium reaction or disequilibrium reaction. The composition of the original minerals and the diffusion rate of elements involved in these reactions controlled the symplectitic mineral compositions.     

Eclogites of the Late Cambrian–Early Ordovician North Kokchetav tectonic zone (northern Kazakhstan): structural position and petrology

We consider the structural position and petrology of eclogites in the North Kokchetav accretion-collision zone located north of the Kokchetav metamorphic belt formed by high- and ultrahigh-pressure rocks. In the Early Ordovician North Kokchetav tectonic zone, thin sheets of mylonite and diaphthoric gneisses with eclogites are tectonically conjugate with the volcanic and sedimentary rocks of the Stepnyak paleoisland-arc zone. Eclogites have been revealed at two sites of the North Kokchetav tectonic zone—Chaikino and Borovoe. The Chaikino eclogites formed at 800–850 °C and 18–20 kbar, and the Borovoe eclogites, at 750–800 °C and 17–18 kbar. Study of pyroxene-plagioclase symplectite replacing omphacite of the eclogites at both sites has recognized three stages of regressive magmatism: (1) formation of coarse-grained clinopyroxene-plagioclase symplectite at 760–790 °C and 11–12 kbar, (2) formation of fine-grained clinopyroxene-plagioclase symplectite at 700–730 °C and 7–8 kbar, and (3) amphibolization of pyroxene at 570–600 °C and 5–6 kbar. The Ar-Ar age of muscovite from the Borovoe mica schists hosting eclogites is 493 ± 5 Ma, which corresponds to the time of cooling of metamorphic rocks to <370 °C. Hence, the peak of high-pressure metamorphism and all recognized stages of retrograde changes are dated to the Cambrian. The geological data evidence that eclogite-schist-gneiss sheets were localized in the accretion-collision zone and became conjugate with sedimentary and volcanic rocks no later than in the Middle Ordovician.     

Metamorphic evolution of eclogite facies rocks in Northern Hubei and Southern Henan, China

Eclogite fades rocks in this area are diverse in rock type. The field occurrence and rock-chemistry reflect theirin-situ origin. Based on their regional geology and field occurrence, two groups of eclogites are divided in terms of their peak temperature of metamorphism. Medium-temperature eclogites (MT), as Group B, occur in the Dabie Group. They were formed from epidote-amphibolite facies. The metamorphism of eclogite facies has two stages: the coesite eclogite facies stage (the peak condition:T = 600 -700°C,P = 2.7-3.0 GPa) and the glaucophane eclogite facies stage (the pressure decreases, may be lower than 2.5 GPa while the temperature has little change). Low temperature eclogites (LT), as Group C, occur in the Qijiaoshan Formation. They were formed from blue schist facies (the peak condition:T = 490–560°C,P< 1.5 GPa). The appearance of hydrous minerals in the eclogites indicates the important role of water in metamorphism. Medium-temperature eclogites are different from low-temperature ones in metamorphism. At last, the evolution of the high-pressure metamorphic belt is discussed as well. This research project was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 49372100).