固定化海藻对金属离子吸附效果的研究

研究了固定化海带吸附含铜、镉溶液的过程,结果表明:非活性海带吸附水溶液中铜、镉离子的动力学过程可以用班厄姆吸附速率方程描述,铜和镉的吸附速率常数分别为0.1078和0.03028min-1;生物吸附过程符合Langmuir模型,根据Langmuir吸附等温模型的计算结果,得到固定化海带对铜和镉离子的最大吸附量分别为83.3和112.4mg/g,海带对铜离子的亲和性比对镉离子强.     

Thermodynamic Analysis of Heavy Metals Biosorption by Two Macroalgae

The thermodynamic process of two macroalgae, Sargassum fusiforme and Lamin aria japonica, absorbing heavy, metal ions Cu^2 , Pb^2 , Cd^2 and Ni^2 . has been studied. The result indicates that the absorption isotherms of these two macroalgae clearly accord with the Landmuir adsorption model. The absorptive processes of S. fusiforme and L. japonica for Cu^2 are endothermal, and at 35℃, the adsorption heat of these two algae is 59.5kJ/mol and 76.8 kJ/mol respectively. Temperature could affect the algae‘s adsorption capacity. Their adsorption capacity increases with temperature (25℃ and 35℃).     

海带对重金属的吸附位点研究

用甲醇、甲醛处理海带藻粉,对其吸附重金属时羧基和氨基的作用进行研究,经藻粉的红外光谱及吸附实验的分析结果表明;羧基和氨基均参入了吸附过程;化学处理降低了重金属的吸附量。     

Heavy Metal Biosorption Sites Studies of Laminaria japonica

The role played by the functional groups of Laminaria japonica treated by methanol and formaldehyde in biosorption of the heavy metals was investigated. Infrared spectroscopy analysis and biosorption experiments show that both carboxyl and amino groups join in the sorption; chemical treatment decreased the biosorption efficiency of the heavy metals.     

Study on the Adsorption of Metal Ions by Immobilized Marine Algae with the Existence of Clay

The process of adsorption of metal ions by immobilized marine algae with the existence of clay was investigated. It can be noted from the results that, after mixing with clay, the adsorption rate increases rapidly with the increasing amount of the marine algae. When pH=5, the best ratio between the clay and the marine algae is 1：4 for Pb^2＋. The result of in situ handling of the waste water containing heavy metals shows that the average adsorption rates of heavy metal irons Cu^2＋, Cd^2＋, Pb^2＋ and Ni^2＋ are all over 70 %.     

海带膳食纤维的提取与功能性试验

采用酶技术和化学处理相结合的方法 ,研究了海带膳食纤维的工艺技术 ,筛选出海带膳食纤维提取和漂白的最佳工艺条件 ,提取出海带膳食纤维产品 ,并进行人体的功能性试验。结果表明 ,海带膳食纤维的产率达 2 7.3% ,颜色为类白色 ,膳食纤维含量达 73.3% ,钙含量 7.5% ,膨胀力为55m L/ g,持水力为 2 650 % ;海带膳食纤维的功能性优于小麦麸皮膳食纤维 ,对便秘患者具有良好的疗效。     

海带多酚的产生与抗褐藻酸降解菌感染的相关性

利用生物化学的方法探讨了褐藻酸降解菌感染过程中海带体内多酚含量的变化 ,并分析了多酚含量的高低与海带对褐藻酸降解菌感染抗性的相关性。研究结果表明 :褐藻酸降解菌感染下海带体内多酚含量急剧上升 ,并且这种变化具有普遍性 ;多酚含量的急剧上升只发生在褐藻酸降解菌感染的初期阶段 ;海带体内多酚含量的高低与海带对褐藻酸降解菌的抗性具有明显的相关性。表明多酚类化合物在海带抵抗褐藻酸降解菌的感染中起重要作用     

褐藻酸降解菌对海带感染能力差异性分析

对分离得到的5株褐藻酸降解菌进行了感染海带的实验，确定5株菌均为海带病烂的致病菌。对其降解能力和感染能力的实验表明，5株菌对褐藻酸钠的降解能力存在差异，它们对海带感染能力的差异与其对褐藻酸钠的降解情况相类似，在褐藻酸降解菌的感染下，海带光合速率下降，感染能力强的菌株对光合作用的影响明显大于感染能力弱的菌株。     

Novel technology in pollutant removal at source and bioremediation

Sewage disposal is a major environmental issue in both developed and developing countries and removal of pollutants such as organic matter, nutrients, heavy metals and persistent organic compounds is required to protect the environment. Novel biological systems using constructed mangrove wetland and immobilized microalgal beads have been developed as alternative systems for treating different types of sewage and pollution at source. The feasibility and efficiency of constructed mangrove wetland to remove organic matter and nutrients from primary settled municipal sewage were demonstrated through a series of greenhouse experiments and a pilot-scale field trial. The treatment efficiency of constructed mangrove wetland was comparable to, or higher than, the conventional constructed wetland. An immobilized microalgal system was developed to remove toxic persistent pollutants from industrial wastewater. Pollutant-resistant microalgal species were selected for culture in domestic wastewater. The harvested biomass was immobilized in alginate beads. Bench-scale experiments showed the algal beads were effective in removing industrial pollutants such as heavy metals (e.g. Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr, etc.), organometallic compounds (e.g. tributyltin, TBT), and persistent organic compounds (e.g. polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs) through biosorption and biodegradation. The adsorbed metals could be recovered by desorption process, and the beads could be used repeatedly for many adsorption–desorption cycles.     

SOLID-LIQUID INTERFACE PROCESS OF HEAVY METALS IN THE CHANGJIANG ESTUARYKINETICS OF ADSORPTION OF Pb, Cu AND Cd ON HFO

The adsorption kinetics of Pb, Cu and Cd on hydrous ferrk oxide (HFO) has been approached in tthe simulated environmental conditions of the Changjiang Estuary. The forward adsorption rate constants of different systems under different temperatures have been determined, and the activation energies of the adsorption for Pb and Cu evaluated (Pb=7 kcal/mol, Cu= 11 kcal/mol). The results show that Pb and Cu are strongly adsorbed by HFO; the order of their adsorption rate is found to be Pb≥Cu≥Cd, which follows thte order of their theonody-namic equilibrium constants. It has been demonstrated that the surface exchange-adsorption is the determining step of the solid-liquid interface process. The field investigation results are theoretically explained by the kinetic mechanism.     

SOLID-LIQUID INTERFACE PROCESS OF HEAVY METAL IN THE CHANGJIANG ESTUARYADSORPTION THERMODYNAMIC MODEL OF Pb, Cu AND Cd BY HYDROUS FERRIC OXIDE

The adsorption of Pb, Cu and Cd on synthetic hydrous ferric oxide (HFO) has been performed under simulated environmental conditions of the Changjiang Estuary. An improved M2 - H exchange-adsorption model is proposed to explain the adsorption processes. The adsorption of these elements falls in the order: Pb ≥ Cu > Cd and has a good coincidence with the field results obtaimed from the Estuary. It has been concluded that the adsorption processes of Pb and Cu on HFO are mainly chemical actions, whereas static-electrical action dominates in the case of Cd.     

新鲜海带中碘的含量与分布

海带中含有高浓度的碘是其独特的化学组成特点,历来被海藻学家所重视(Tang and Chang, 1935, 1936; Black, 1948, 1949; Klemperer, 1957; Fernandez et al., 1964:Dave et al., 1973; Law, 1975; Solimabi and Das, 1977; Yamamoto et al., 1984:Doshi and Joshi,1989; Mairh et al.,1989),但是几乎所有的有关研究方法都基于化学滴定,在材料上局限于海藻干品,另外海带样品含有大量的褐藻多糖以及多酚类化合物,能够包溶部分碘离子及碘单质,因此用常规的化学滴定法误差较大,从而导致试验结果的非重复性和非可靠性。本文利用碘离子选择电极法,直接在样品溶液中测定,不必经过离心、氧化还原等一系列复杂的步骤,测定了新鲜海带中不同部位碘的含量和分布,为进一步研究海带中碘的化学存在形态提供了理论数据。     

Mechanisms for trace metal enrichment at the surface microlayer in an estuarine salt marsh

The relative contributions of adsorption to particulate surfaces, complexation with surface-active organic ligands and uptake by micro-organisms were evaluated with respect to their importance in the surface microlayer enrichment (‘partitioning’) of Cd, Pb and Cu. The contributions of each process were inferred from field data in which partitioning of the dissolved and particulate forms of Cd, Pb and Cu, total and dissolved organic carbon, particles and total bacteria were observed. In the South San Francisco Bay estuary, particle enrichment appears to control trace metal partitioning. Trace metal association with the particulate phase and the levels of partitioning observed were in the order Pb > Cu > Cd and reflect the calculated equilibrium chemical speciation of these metals in computer-simulated seawater matrices.     

Trace metal adsorption on inorganic solid phases under estuarine conditions

The adsorption of trace metals (Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd and Hg) on calcite, kaolinite and bentonite has been studied in Krka river water of various salinities (S = 3, 20 and 38‰).Model experiments were performed at pH 8 in natural water and in UV-irradiated water samples to determine the importance of natural soluble organic matter. Cold vapour atomic absorption spectrometry was used for the Hg determination, and a differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) method for determination of other trace metals, using either a hanging mercury drop electrode or a mercury-coated glassy carbon working electrode. The following results have been obtained on calcite:

1. (1) a powerful absorption of Pb and Zn was observed for both natural and UV-irradiated waters at S=20‰;

2. (2) a strong adsorption of Hg was observed in natural water, and significantly lower adsorption in UV-irradiated water at all three salinities, particularly at low salinity;

3. (3) Cd adsorption was of medium intensity in both waters at S=20‰;

4. (4) Cu was practically not adsorbable in both waters at S=20‰ if the total Cu ion concentration was lower than the copper complexing capacity value;

5. (5) Cu adsorption was of a medium intensity at S=38‰. It has not influenced by the EDTA model ligand.

Trace metals Pb, Zn and Cu are adsorbable on kaolinite and bentonite at S=38‰, whereas Cd is practically not adsorbed. The Krka River is a calcareous river, which supplies the sea with calcite and aluminosilicates. In the light of our model experiments, we suggest that the self-purification of the Krka River is remarkable in respect to Pb, Zn and Hg; this occurs to a lesser extent for Cu, and is negligible in the case of Cd.     

海带微卫星引物对裙带菜群体分析适用性的初步研究

为获得用于裙带菜种质结构和遗传多样性研究的微卫星标记,采用近缘物种转移法分析了15个海带微卫星引物在裙带菜中的应用情况。对38个裙带菜个体进行多样性分析,结果显示:标记SSR002和SSR115不能扩增裙带菜基因组,位点SSR194能扩增,但不具有多态性,其他12个标记均能扩增裙带菜DNA,且都具有检出多态性,其中9个符合哈迪-温伯格平衡。这9个海带微卫星标记检出的等位基因数为34个,从3～5个不等,平均每个位点扩增得到3.8个等位基因。观测杂合度(Ho)、期望杂合度(He)及多态性信息含量值(PIC)的范围分别为0.238～1.000、0.500～0.692、0.413～0.780,9个位点提供的多态性较高,适用于裙带菜遗传学研究。     

海带基因工程选择标记的研究

海带幼孢子体对抗生素的敏感性实验证明，氯霉素可以作为海带基因工程中较理想的选择压力。本文得出了氯霉素对海带的半致死剂量，提示ＣＡＴ（氯霉素乙酰转移酶）基因可以用作海带基因工程的阳性选择标记基因。     

Study of Adsorption Isotherm Curves of Amino Acids on the Kaolinite

This paper studies the adsorption isotherm curves of four amino acids (glyucine,aspartic acid,glutamic acid and lysine)and the effects of existences of different concentrations of Cu(Ⅱ) on them.Both the adsorption isotherm of the amino acids on the kaolinite and that when the copper ion Cu(Ⅱ） exists belong to the Langmuir type.The slopes of these adsorption isotherm increase with the increasing concentrations of Cu(Ⅱ） added.It can be explained in terms of formation of the type(Ⅰ） ternary surface complexes in these systems.The regular pattern of the effects of copper ion Cu(Ⅱ) on the adsorption isotherm of amino acids on the kaolinite is identical with that of its effects on the exchange and adsorption percentage E(%)-pH on the kaolinite in the same system.     

三十烷醇对海带叶绿体超微结构的效应

本文将经不同浓度三十烷醇处理的海带进行电镜切片观察,结果表明经三十烷醇处理后的海带,其叶绿体形态发生显著改变。与对照组相比,叶绿体中的类囊体片层增多,基质浓厚,其外形更为饱满,光合作用的强弱与类囊体片层的多少关系密切。文中从细胞学的水平上分析了三十烷醇促进海带增产的内在原因。     

褐藻多糖硫酸酯对脂多糖诱导大鼠肾小球系膜细胞NO产生量的影响

慢性肾衰的进程中伴随着肾脏炎症的发生,研究表明褐藻多糖硫酸酯具有抗炎作用,且对于慢性肾衰的早期治疗具有一定的作用。本文通过脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)诱导,建立大鼠肾小球系膜细胞的炎症模型,用来源于海带的高分子质量褐藻多糖硫酸酯F1和低分子质量褐藻多糖硫酸酯F2对细胞进行处理,24 h后MTT法检测各组细胞活力,Griess法检测24 h及48 h后细胞培养液中NO的含量。结果表明,各组间细胞活力无明显差异;脂多糖可以诱导大鼠肾小球系膜细胞NO产量增加,F1和F2均可在一定程度上抑制脂多糖诱导的NO产量的增加,从而减轻细胞炎症反应。剂量为25μg/m L的F1和F2处理细胞48 h后,与模型组相比,F1和F2组细胞培养液中NO含量分别下降22.52%和38.65%,低分子质量褐藻多糖硫酸酯抗炎效果明显高于高分子质量褐藻多糖硫酸酯。     

海带病烂发生过程中的生理生化变化研究——I．糖、蛋白、总抗氧化能力、SOD的变化

为了研究海带自然病烂过程中生理、生化变化，在实验生态条件下，人工促使海带病烂，每隔3d取样，对幼苗可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白含量、总抗氧化能力、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase，SOD)活性的变化进行连续检测。结果表明，在海带幼苗由健康到病烂的过程中，可溶性糖含量表现为逐渐下降的趋势；可溶性蛋白含量先升高后逐渐下降；总抗氧化能力和超氧化物歧化(SOD)的活性呈现出先升高后降低的变化规律。