新生代阿尔金山脉隆升历史的裂变径迹证据

10个片麻岩和花岗岩的磷灰石裂变径迹年龄值位于35．6－13．6Ma之间，表明了阿尔金山脉的隆升开始于渐新世，并一直延续至中新世。山脉早期的隆升速度较低，后期可能存在一个快速的隆升时期；阿尔金山脉并非整体的均匀隆升，其内分布的NEE走向的断裂也局部控制了山体的隆升；如果山脉的隆升是阿尔金断裂左行走滑的结果，那以可推测阿尔金断裂大型左行走滑的起始时间应为渐新世。区域资料分析表明，青藏高原北缘在渐新世至中新世期间发生了大规模的、区域性的抬升。     

阿尔金断裂对柴达木盆地西南地区的影响——来自构造节理分析的证据

阿尔金断裂在100～85 Ma、40～25 Ma、10～8 Ma具有多期活动的特征。通过对柴达木盆地西南地区中-新生代地层中构造节理数据的采集、层面校正和综合分析,认为阿尔金断裂多期活动在柴达木盆地西南地区的表征存在差异：即晚白垩世断裂走滑活动对该地区的影响范围较窄,限于阿尔金山前附近;始新世上干柴沟组、中新世下油砂山组沉积之后,阿尔金断裂2期明显的走滑逆冲活动影响范围逐渐增大,可分别达到干柴沟、油砂山一带。这可能与南部青藏高原的多期推覆逆冲导致阿尔金断裂被动活化有关。因此,盆地西南地区油气勘探过程中阿尔金断裂3期走滑逆冲活动的影响值得重视。     

阿尔金断裂带对青藏高原北部生长、隆升的制约

大量的同位素年代学证据表明(古)阿尔金断裂带可能形成于三叠纪,后又经历了侏罗纪、白垩纪的强烈左旋走滑活动,自印度板块与欧亚大陆碰撞后阿尔金断裂再次活动。主要的走滑活动发生在:(1)245~220Ma;(2)180~140Ma;(3)120~100Ma;(4)90~80Ma;(5)60~45Ma;(6)渐新世至中新世;(7)上新世至更新世以及(8)全新世。沿阿尔金断裂带,伴随左旋走滑活动形成一系列的逆冲断裂和正断裂,反映走滑过程中伴随隆升作用的存在,并且形成自北向南包括祁连山、大雪山、党河南山、柴北缘山、祁漫塔格山和昆仑山,表明阿尔金断裂带制约着青藏高原北部的生长和隆升。阿尔金断裂带东、西两端的白垩纪和新生代火山活动是断裂走滑活动的响应。     

阿尔金断裂新生代大规模走滑起始时间的厘定

至今仍在活动的阿尔金左旋走滑断裂构成了青藏高原地质意义上的北界,是世界上规模最大、也是最重要的巨型断裂之一,其新生代的快速走滑是吸收印藏碰撞变形的重要途径.对其新生代大规模走滑的起始时间目前尚无一个统一认识,主要受其本身复杂性的限制,也很难找到一个确切的直接证据来限定其走滑时间.本文从阿尔金断裂走滑作用相关的一系列地质现象入手,从多个角度综合阐述这一科学问题,包括柴达木盆地西缘的物源变化、塔里木盆地东南缘走滑挤压挠曲盆地的形成、青藏高原北缘上地壳强烈的NE-SW向缩短变形、走滑相关盆地的形成以及与走滑断裂相伴生的线性隆起形成等等.结果表明与阿尔金断裂左旋走滑相关的地质现象大量出现在中中新世以后,约束得出阿尔金断裂新生代大规模的走滑始于约15±2Ma.此外还分析了本文结果所得出的阿尔金断裂新生代长期滑移速率与实测第四纪滑移速率相互矛盾的原因,并讨论了阿尔金断裂左旋走滑与阿尔金山的隆升以及青藏高原东北缘在中中新世的构造应力转换之间的关系.     

阿尔金山脉新生代隆升-剥露过程

阿尔金山脉位于青藏高原北缘。文中主要是利用磷灰石裂变径迹测年分析,探讨阿尔金山脉的隆升和剥露过程。来自阿尔金山脉34个花岗岩、花岗闪长岩和片麻岩样品中磷灰石的裂变径迹测试结果表明,阿尔金山脉存在至少5个阶段的剥露作用,反演出阿尔金山脉具有多期次、阶段性的隆升特征,并存在差异性:EW向的阿尔金北缘拉配泉—红柳沟山体隆升-剥露时间早(61~34Ma);NE向且末—茫崖山脉的主要隆升时间位于始新世晚期—中新世(42~11Ma);沿阿尔金(主)断裂山体的隆升-剥露最为年轻,存在三期主要的剥露作用:10·2~7·3、5·5~4·5和2·1~1·8Ma。结合区域磷灰石测年数据、区域变形事件及其阿尔金断裂走滑历史分析,推测阿尔金山脉在晚白垩世曾有过初期隆升和剥露,古近纪的剥露局限于阿尔金山脉北缘EW向的山脉,始新世晚期—中新世、上新世晚期和早更新世的山脉剥露作用遍及了青藏高原北缘山脉,8Ma是青藏高原抬升和变形的一期重要构造事件发生时间;前陆盆地和阿尔金山间盆地的沉积作用研究也显示了阿尔金山脉的隆升剥露过程与阿尔金断裂的走滑及其相关盆地沉积构造-演化具有很好的耦合关系。     

阿尔金南缘阿克提山岩体锆石U- Pb定年、Hf同位素特征及构造意义

阿克提山花岗岩体位于阿尔金断裂南缘,其形成时代与区域内其他花岗岩体差异较大,该岩体走向明显地受阿尔金断裂带分支断裂控制。锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年代学分析表明,该岩体结晶年龄约为262Ma,其形成可能与南阿尔金地区在华力西期-印支期发生的大规模线性构造运动有关。岩体的岩性主要为石英闪长岩、花岗闪长岩,其暗色矿物以角闪石、黑云母为主,岩石A/CNK值均小于1.1,显示准铝质—弱过铝质特征,属于高钾钙碱性系列;大离子亲石元素Rb、Th、K相对富集,高场强元素Nb、Ta、P、Sr、Ti明显呈负异常;稀土元素配分曲线具有中等负Eu异常,δEu的平均值为0.73,(La/Yb)_N平均值为14.57,说明该花岗岩体岩浆部分熔融程度较高。根据岩石学及地球化学特征可判断该岩体为I型花岗岩。锆石Lu-Hf同位素分析表明,锆石ε_(Hf)(t)值为+1.46～+9.14,均为正值,二阶段模式年龄的峰值平均为943Ma,表明其源岩主要为新元古代新生地壳物质的部分熔融。阿尔金断裂在印支期的走滑运动是从地壳深部的韧性变形开始的,随后在浅地表发生脆性断裂形成大规模走滑断裂带。阿克提山岩体的形成与地壳深部减压熔融有关。     

南阿尔金玉苏普阿勒克塔格花岗岩体锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学特征及地质意义

玉苏普阿勒克塔格岩体是南阿尔金出露面积较大的花岗岩体之一.为了查明该岩体的成因与形成的构造环境,探讨南阿尔金地区的岩浆演化过程,对该岩体进行了岩石学、地球化学及锆石U-Pb年代学方面的研究.研究结果表明玉苏普阿勒克塔格岩体主要由中粗粒似斑状黑云二长花岗岩及中细粒含斑黑云二长花岗岩组成.本次研究获得中粗粒似斑状黑云二长花岗岩的锆石U-Pb年龄为442~448 Ma,中细粒含斑黑云二长花岗岩的锆石U-Pb年龄为423~430 Ma.岩石地球化学显示,早期花岗岩具有准铝质特征（A/CNK=0.97）,晚期花岗岩具有弱过铝质特征（A/CNK=1.04）.两期花岗岩均属于高钾钙碱性Ⅰ型花岗岩,轻稀土富集重稀土亏损,具有Eu的弱负异常.两期花岗岩都富集Rb、Th、K等元素,亏损Ba、P、Sr、Ti等元素.根据两期花岗岩的形成时代,结合区域地质背景认为玉苏普阿勒克塔格岩体形成于活动大陆边缘环境,是早古生代南阿尔金洋向北俯冲碰撞,在构造体制转换阶段幔源岩浆上涌新生地壳发生部分熔融形成.      

MESOZOIC AND CENOZOIC UPLIFT-DENUDATION ALONG THE ALTYN TAGH FAULT,NORTHWESTERN CHINA: CONSTRAINTS FROM APATITE FISSION TRACK DATA

本文利用裂变径迹方法探讨阿尔金断裂中段吐拉-肃北之间隆升和剥露过程.古生代花岗岩和侏罗系沉积岩的磷灰石裂变径迹年龄介于107.2 ±9.0Ma到14.1±1.3Ma之间,明显小于其侵位年龄或者沉积年龄.自西部的吐拉到东端的肃北,磷灰石裂变径迹年龄逐渐升高,从14.1±1.3Ma增加到107.2±9.0Ma.花岗岩和侏罗系砂岩的磷灰石裂变径迹模拟结果表明,阿尔金断裂南侧地质体经历了两阶段的快速冷却过程,早期为33Ma左右,晚期为8Ma左右;阿尔金断裂北侧经历了晚白垩世开始的相对缓慢的冷却过程以及8Ma以来快速冷却事件.阿尔金断裂南北两侧的地质体的裂变径迹年龄和热历史略有差异,可能反映阿尔金断裂的影响.33Ma左右的快速冷却事件可能是阿尔金断裂活动引起的快速去顶作用的开始,这一事件对应了印度和欧亚板块碰撞.8Ma左右的冷却事件,与阿尔金山地区盆地内的快速沉积过程相一致,同时可能是青藏高原抬升与侧向生长在本区的响应.     

西大别造山带夏店岩体锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学特征及其A型花岗岩的厘定

对西大别造山带夏店岩体进行了系统的锆石LA-ICP-MSU-Pb定年、岩石地球化学研究,发现该岩体化学成分具富硅、碱,贫钙、镁、铝等特点;岩石轻稀土元素富集,重稀土元素亏损,轻重稀土元素分馏明显,Eu亏损明显;Rb、K、Th等大离子亲石元素和Pb元素富集,Ta、Nb、Ti等高场强元素亏损和Sr、Ba元素亏损;岩石成因类型上属于A型花岗岩。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果显示夏店岩体~(206)Pb/~(238)U加权平均年龄为130.0±1.8 Ma,代表岩体的结晶年龄,显示该岩体为早白垩世岩浆活动的产物。夏店岩体A型花岗岩形成于造山期后环境,预示着桐柏-大别造山带板内演化阶段的到来。     

新藏公路奇台达坂晚中新世火山岩的发现及~(40)Ar-~(39)Ar定年

在新藏公路奇台达坂东约10krn、海拔5600m的晚三叠世花岗岩之上发现厚约10m的玄武岩和粗面英安岩.地球化学数据显示,该火山岩高碱,富集大离子亲石元素和轻稀土元素,亏损重稀土元素,Eu中等负异常,高Sr,低Nd,属钾玄岩系列,可能源于壳幔混合层.测定全岩~(40)Ar-~(39)Ar坪年龄为8.27Ma±0.32Ma(900～1400℃,~(39)Ar累积释放量为66%),与受火山岩烘烤后花岗岩的磷灰石裂变径迹年龄(7.9Ma±1.0Ma)在误差范围内一致,表明该火山岩喷发于约8Ma的晚中新世,与相邻的大红柳滩火山岩的时代(7.97Ma±0.14Ma)相近.新藏公路奇台达坂晚中新世火山岩的发现丰富了青藏高原西北缘晚新生代岩浆活动的资料,表明在晚中新世-上新世康西瓦-泉水沟一带火山活动非常频繁,并显示火山活动与大型断裂带运动的关系非常密切.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the