海洋浮游植物粒度生理的效应及其影响因素

生物学家一直对生物个体的粒度很感兴趣,认为粒度是影响生物个体的新陈代谢速率、生物个体在生态系中的地位、以及生态系的生物多样性的决定因素。许多生理学家对生物个体粒度的功能做了验证和说明。     

How storm size matters for surge height

The observed trend of peak storm surge η_max increasing with storm size R_max, roughly as η_max ∞ R_max^0.22, particularly on gently sloping coasts, is discussed in relation to the simple 1D analytical solutions for forced long waves due to respectively surface pressure p_s and wind stress τ_w. At constant depth h, the τ_w-driven surge is proportional to storm size while the p_s-driven part is not. This could perhaps be seen to explain why the size-dependence is stronger on flatter slopes where the τ_w-driven surge dominates. However, this direct size dependence disappears in the sloping beach scenario if the typical depth is assumed proportional to storm size. The observed size dependence is then more likely due to a combination of two 2D effects: Firstly, the sideways radiation from a travelling surge which exceeds the “stationary height” Δ_p/ρg is relatively weaker for a wider system. Secondly, the wind stress field is a dipole, and the mutual cancellation of the two poles is weaker for larger systems.     

Particle size of suspended matter in estuaries

Suspended matter usually flocculates into fragile flocs that break up during sampling and analysis. Coulter counter and pipette size analysis are therefore an indication of floc strength. Grain-size distributions (after removal of organic matter) give an indication of the relative amount of grains transported as flocs (as opposed to being transported as single particles).In situ size distributions of suspended matter (flocs) in the Scheldt and Rhine estuaries and the Gironde, as well as results from the Zaire River estuary, indicated that salt flocculation does not appear to be of importance for the formation ofin situ flocs. Also there is no clear relation with particle concentration. In estuaries probably no equilibrium between floc size and concentration is reached because of the rapid variations in turbulence and bottom shear. In the Zaire estuary a decrease in turbulence in the surface water results in flocs of the same size as differential settling over a depth of more than 100 meters.     

Malaysian trawlers: economics of vessel size

This article focuses on the economics of trawling in a location-specific fishery that is affected by seasonal monsoons. Both field evaluation and econometric models were used to determine the economic performances of trawlers of different tonnages. The findings indicate that in a multispecies monsoon-affected fishery medium-sized vessels in the category of 20–30 tons were most efficient.     

激光-筛分联合法粒度分析结果的表达及粒度端元的沉积动力学意义

河口海岸沉积动力环境复杂,沉积物粗细组分皆有。对于粗细混杂（同时含有砂砾质和泥质成分）的沉积物样品,单一的粒度分析方法不能覆盖整个粒度分布范围,常采用激光-筛分联合法进行粒度分析。由于两种方法的分析原理不同,经常出现细部的激光法结果与粗部的筛分结果部分重合现象,这会影响整个样品的粒度分布计算。石油天然气行业标准《碎屑岩粒度分析方法》（SY/T 5434-2018）对此问题给出了新的解决方案,但是只有文字描述,没有可操作的计算方法。本研究根据该行业标准提出的方案,推算出激光-筛分联合法粒度分析结果的修正计算公式。以浙江舟山群岛潮间带197个粗细混杂样品为例,采用激光-筛分联合法进行了粒度分析,分别采用直接拼接算法及SY/T 5434-2018算法计算了粒度分布,在此基础上对两套算法所得组分含量和粒度参数进行了比较。结果表明,SY/T 5434-2018算法相较于直接拼接算法,扩大了粗颗粒的体积百分比,减少了细颗粒的体积百分比。两种算法得到的组分含量具有显著的线性相关关系,且砾、砂、粉砂、黏土等组分含量的差异从粗到细依次减少。用两种算法的结果分别计算粒度参数,同样具有显著的线性相关关系,且...     

Entropy analysis of in situ particle size spectra

Entropy analysis has been used to classify in situ particle (floc) size spectra of suspended particles into groups based on similar distribution characteristics. Results revealed that the in situ spectra sorted into groups that reflected different forcing conditions (e.g. variations in turbulence). The different forcing conditions were not necessarily reflected in other commonly used distribution measures such as median floc diameter. This suggests that entropy analysis may be an effective approach for investigating the effect of changes in forcing conditions on floc size. It is hypothesized that it may be possible to derive the average shape of floc size spectra from measurement of the forcing conditions alone and subsequently derive parameters such as floc fraction, floc density, floc settling velocity and the optical properties of the water column from the average spectra.     

溢油分散剂的乳化效果及油滴粒径分布影响因素的研究

以GM-2型溢油分散剂和微普紧急泄漏处理液为研究对象,探究不同条件下其处理120#燃料油的乳化效果及对油滴粒径分布的影响。结果表明,提高温度、分散剂与燃料油配比(DOR)以及加强波浪作用均可显著提高溢油分散剂的乳化效果,油滴粒径更小,分布更集中,且液面下较浅处的乳化液浓度较大。GM-2型分散剂乳化效果优于微普分散剂。当温度为25℃,DOR为30%,推波频率为1次/s时,GM乳化效果达到最佳,油滴平均粒径为5.62?m。     

多金属结核粒径分形特征初步研究

通过对东太平洋中国开辟区东、西两区的多金属结核进行粒径分析,发现其粒径分布有分形特征。无缆取样结核粒径分形有着上、下限,虽然在小粒径上没有分形关系,但却存在着另一种确定的线性关系。说明东、西区结核在粒径、重量等分布上有着客观的一致性。通过分形分析得到了结核空间分布、粒径和重量分布的线性方程,对多金属结核矿藏储量和集矿机设计具有一定的意义。     

On the size of the Peru upwelling ecosystem

Previously published estimates of the area of the Peru upwelling ecosystem vary by more than an order of magnitude. In an effort to improve this situation, we used a 24-month sequence of SeaWiFS satellite images of chlorophyll in the surface water off Peru from 5°S to 18.5°S during September 1997–August 1999 to estimate the size of the nutrient enhanced productive habitat associated with the upwelling. The first 12-month period was marked by El Niño conditions, the second by strong upwelling. Using a chlorophyll threshold of >1.0 mg m⁻³ to define the limit of the productive habitat resulted in maximum area estimates of 120×10³ km² during September 1997–August 1998, and 220×10³ km² during September 1998–August 1999. The latter result is consistent with an area estimate we calculated using total fishery landings and a regression relating fishery yields per unit area to annual primary production per unit area. Although year-to-year variation in the annual mean size of the upwelling ecosystem must be significant, even discounting El Niño events, our analysis has shown that at least five of the extreme earlier values are not good estimates of the size of the productive habitat. We may now be close to knowing the average size of the ecosystem to within a factor of about two.     

Dynamic interpretation of grain size relations in silt

In the salt marsh deposits of the Danish Wadden Sea, a separation has successfully been made of two log-normally distributed grain size populations, which make up the major part of these fine-grained sediments. The coarse population consists almost exclusively of silt and is interpreted as material either deposited as resistant flocs or as single particles. The fine population consists of approximately 50% silt and 50% clay and is interpreted as particles settled as easily destroyable flocs. These interpretations are confirned by the fact that the relative abundance of the two populations is demonstrated to be related to the degree of exposure of salt marsh areas.     

Limpets as prey: Lipophrys pholis choice for size

Patellid limpets are key species on rocky shores, structuring intertidal assemblages through their grazing. Their role as prey for fish is, however, often overlooked in studies of intertidal ecosystem functioning. The shanny Lipophrys pholis is a common predator of limpets on rocky shores in Northern Europe and, in this study, we examined the characteristics of its predation on limpets based on prey size. The limpet size range that adult L. pholis (10–12.5 cm) can eat was examined in the laboratory using Patella depressa in 0.2 cm classes, varying between 0.5 cm and 3.0 cm in maximum shell length. There was a limpet size refuge above 1.8 cm, while all smaller sizes were readily consumed by the shanny. The predator attacking behaviour was also examined and found to vary with prey size. Limpets up to 0.8 cm were crushed by the jaw‐constricting force and eaten whole, whereas larger prey were prised from the substratum and the body subsequently separated from the shell. To examine whether there was a L. pholis preference for P. depressa size, a two‐stage laboratory experiment was done using two size classes defined as small (0.7–0.8 cm maximum shell length) and large (1.5–1.6 cm maximum shell length). In the first stage, the predator was given each limpet size class separately. In the second stage, the fish was given a choice between the two classes. Lipophrys pholis was shown to have a preference for the large size class (1.5–1.6 cm). The average number of limpets consumed by the shanny was examined for the duration of one high‐tide typical of the central region of Portugal (≈ 4 h). On average, approximately five limpets (up to an eight limpet maximum) were consumed. The present study shows that L. pholis has a feeding preference based on limpet size, which suggests that the limpet population structure and intra‐ and inter‐specific interactions may be influenced by the shanny predation.     

基于浮游植物吸收光谱提取粒径参数

在南海北部、大亚湾及珠江口3个不同水体生物-光学数据的基础上, 研究了浮游植物粒径结构的变化特征, 建立了基于浮游植物吸收光谱提取的浮游植物粒径参数(S<f>)的混合光谱模型。南海海区不同的水体环境下浮游植物的粒级结构有着很大的差异: 在河口和沿岸水体小型浮游植物占优势, 在外海水体微微型浮游植物占优势。浮游植物粒径参数随小型浮游植物增多而减少, 随微微型浮游植物增多而增大。叶绿素a浓度从外海到沿岸逐渐增大, 浮游植物粒径参数随叶绿素a浓度的增大而减小, 它们之间呈幂函数关系。结果表明, 利用混合光谱模型得到的浮游植物粒径参数与南海海区不同水体的生物-光学特征(粒级结构Rpico和Rmicro、粒级指数SI、叶绿素a浓度)有一定的相关性。具体的相关性表示为: S<f>与粒级结构(Rpico和Rmicro)存在一定的关系, 与小型浮游植物和微微型浮游植物之间的线性相关系数分别是0.55和0.65; S<f>与浮游植物粒级指数(SI)有较好的线性关系, 相关系数是0.57; S<f>与叶绿素a浓度呈幂函数关系, 相关系数是0.64。这个混合光谱模型为从光学参数反演浮游植物种群的生态学信息提供了有效的手段, 同时又可用于分析浮游植物优势粒径结构对光学特性的影响。     

In situ measurement of particle size in estuarine waters

A novel approach to particle sizing in estuarine waters using a submersible laser diffraction instrument is described. In situ measurements with this instrument are rapid and avoid both the physical disruption of fragile aggregates with pumping and the settlement of larger particles in isolated samples which interfere with currently available sizing techniques. Measurements of the size distributions of suspended particle populations in the Tamar Estuary using this apparatus are compared with measurements carried out on discrete samples obtained from the same depth by pumping. The results confirm the fragile nature of estuarine aggregates and the necessity for in situ measurements in studies of estuarine suspended particle dynamics and fluxes.     

Spatial analysis of grain size in Santa Monica Bay

Maps are useful scientific tools for presenting environmental information, but the statistical techniques necessary to prepare scientifically rigorous maps have primarily focused on terrestrial habitats. This study compares three popular techniques (triangulation, kriging, and co-kriging) to map sediment grain size in Santa Monica Bay, California. Two grain size data sets, one collected in 1994 (79 sites) and one collected in 1997 and 1998 (149 sites) were used for model development. A bathymetric data set collected in 1997 was used as a model covariate. A third grain size data set (40 sites) collected in 1996 from independent sites was used for model evaluation. Predictions were compared to validation data by average difference, prediction mean square error (PMSE), and a goodness-of-prediction measure, G. The average difference between prediction and truth was similar for all methods, but the PMSE for triangulation was more than twice that for kriging or co-kriging, which were similar. The G measure also shows triangulation to be a far worse predictor than kriging and co-kriging. Small-scale differences were observed between kriging and co-kriging at steep depth contours, where co-kriging predicted values commensurate with the expected depth-defined grain size.     

Origin of grain size spectra of suspension deposited sediment

Hydronamic modification by settling from a turbulent suspension of an originally unsorted sediment produces grain size distributions that correspond to the size characteristics of many natural suspended and bottom sediments. Evaluation of the resulting equations allows parameterization of sediments in terms of three constants describing the source material, transport energy, and reworking history, respectively.