SESAM锁模激光器在卫星激光测距领域应用研究

本文在分析SESAM(Semiconductor Saturable Absorber Mirrors)锁模激光器原理及技术特点、描述其工作流程的基础上,展示了SESAM锁模激光器用于卫星激光测距的实测结果,通过对卫星激光测距数据数量及质量分析,得出了SESAM锁模激光器以窄脉冲宽度、高能量密度、输出稳定等优势首次在国内应用于卫星激光测距系统后,使系统整体性能得到明显提升的结论。     

人卫激光测距中卫星预报需求分析

人造卫星激光测距作为当前精度最高的现代大地测量手段之一,其观测数据在卫星或航天器的精密定轨、确定地球自转参数、建立和维护全球地球参考框架以及实现全球范围的高精度时间传递等方面发挥重要作用。在轨卫星的位置预报是卫星激光测距工作实现的前提和基础,为此,本文根据卫星激光测距工作的实际需要对在轨卫星的预报精度提出了要求,并分析CPF卫星预报的精度。研究结果显示,卫星预报精度完全可以满足当前毫米级卫星激光测距的要求。     

卫星激光测距仪发散角系统的设计

介绍了房山人卫站近期对人卫激光测距仪发散角系统改造和完善过程中所开展的一些工作。首先针对实际工作中不同高度的观测卫星,按照光学原理设计了一套由成像系统、传动系统以及控制系统组成的自动调整发散角的装置,通过调控力矩电机的电压,经联轴件带动丝杠旋转,使滑块前后移动,从而改变成像系统,使激光束的发散角产生变化。其次为了验证系统设计的合理性,对本套装置进行了相关的实验。从实际的观测情况可以看出,改造后的发散角调整系统在提高整机观测能力方面有明显作用。     

通用EIV模型的方差分量估计

针对通用EIV模型平差解算时随机模型的不准确情况,将通用EIV模型转换成附有参数的条件平差模型,得到方差分量估计具有一般性且符合平差的要求。文中选用EIV模型为平差模型,转换出通用EIV模型的最小二乘方差分量估计,并给出相应的迭代算法。通过实验算例的对比分析,验证本文算法的可行性与可靠性,通用EIV模型的方差分量估计具有一般性,根据不同的形式,可以得到与已有方法相同的平差结果。     

卫星激光测距技术滤波方法的研究与实现

本文从激光测距回波方程及噪声方程出发阐明了降低背景噪声(滤波)是提高激光测距回波信噪比的关键;并通过对望远镜轴系进行指向修正并采用可变光阑减小望远镜视场来实现“空间滤波”,采用窄带滤光片实现“光谱滤波”,采用高精度距离门选通技术实现“时间滤波”,北京房山人卫观测站的激光测距系统具备了白天观测人造地球卫星的能力.本文还引入了C-SPAD“敏感度”的概念并且提出了一种依靠C-SPAD来调整可变光阑位置及滤光片角度的方法.     

卫星激光测距仪光学接收系统的改造和设计

北京房山人卫站的卫星激光测距系统长期存在着接收敏度低,并由此产生的卫星激光测距数据精度不高、稳定性差以及数据采用率低的问题。针对该卫星激光测距系统的结构现状和接收探测器C-SPAD的特点,我们重新设计了光学接收小系统,对微光电视监视系统也进行了改造。从国际网反馈回来的数据公报可以看出,这些改造大大提高了北京房山人卫站卫星激光测距系统的接收灵敏度,从而观测数据的稳定性、精度以及数据的采用率也得到了提升。     

利用激光测距数据对北斗广播星历进行评价

针对北斗卫星广播星历长时间序列精度变化的问题,采用SLR观测数据作为外部检核手段对2013年2月至2019年12月4颗BDS-2卫星和2018年8月至2019年12月4颗BDS-3卫星广播星历轨道精度进行评价与分析,其中BDS-2卫星广播星历精度均优于0.700 m,BDS-3卫星C20和C21优于0.500 m,C29和C30优于0.300 m;卫星进入地影期后,C01卫星广播星历精度下降0.036 m,BDS-2 IGSO/MEO卫星下降幅度最大为0.274 m,BDS-3卫星最大为0.070 m;IGSO/MEO卫星姿态控制模式转换后,BDS-2卫星下降幅度最大为0.265 m,BDS-3卫星最大为0.139 m.实验结果表明:地影期前后,BDS-2 IGSO/MEO卫星轨道精度下降最为明显,地影期偏航模式的改变对BDS-2卫星的影响大于BDS-3.     

资源三号卫星激光测距定轨精度分析

基于卫星激光测距定轨是目前遥感卫星在轨位置测量的重要手段之一,其测量精度关系到遥感卫星的应用水平。为了分析我国首颗民用立体测绘卫星——资源三号携带的国产激光角反射器在轨运行情况,该文利用全球激光联测期间卫星激光测距数据与GPS事后联合定轨结果,从遥感影像几何定位和轨道预报两个方面定量分析和评价卫星激光测距参与的定轨精度。试验表明,基于卫星激光测距与GPS定轨结果,影像几何定位无控精度较实时定轨精度提升1~2m,有效提升了卫星影像几何处理精度;轨道预报1d星下点位置较实际过境轨迹偏差优于250m,2d优于500m,1d预报侧摆精度达到0.035°,满足检校外业和成像计划精度需求。     

Variance component estimation uncertainty for unbalanced data: application to a continent-wide vertical datum

Variance component estimation (VCE) is used to update the stochastic model in least-squares adjustments, but the uncertainty associated with the VCE-derived weights is rarely considered. Unbalanced data is where there is an unequal number of observations in each heterogeneous data set comprising the variance component groups. As a case study using highly unbalanced data, we redefine a continent-wide vertical datum from a combined least-squares adjustment using iterative VCE and its uncertainties to update weights for each data set. These are: (1) a continent-wide levelling network, (2) a model of the ocean’s mean dynamic topography and mean sea level observations, and (3) GPS-derived ellipsoidal heights minus a gravimetric quasigeoid model. VCE uncertainty differs for each observation group in the highly unbalanced data, being dependent on the number of observations in each group. It also changes within each group after each VCE iteration, depending on the magnitude of change for each observation group’s variances. It is recommended that VCE uncertainty is computed for VCE updates to the weight matrix for unbalanced data so that the quality of the updates for each group can be properly assessed. This is particularly important if some groups contain relatively small numbers of observations. VCE uncertainty can also be used as a threshold for ceasing iterations, as it is shown—for this data set at least—that it is not necessary to continue time-consuming iterations to fully converge to unity.     

对GPS36卫星激光测距最佳观测时间的研究

针对GPS-36这颗卫星的运行特点,利用2004年全年的预报和实际观测记录,本文详细分析了这颗卫星的出没时间和运行规律,并通过日出日落时间与卫星运行规律来预报2005年GPS-36卫星每天通过的最大高度角及最佳观测时间。     

卫星激光测距回波探测成功概率统计分析

通过对国内外部分观测量较多的卫星激光测距站夜间和白天观测资料的统计,分析了激光测距回波探测成功率实际值和理论分析的差别,探讨了影响夜间、白天激光测距探测率的各种因素,为进一步提高数据探测成功率提供了实践依据。本文还介绍了近几年兴起的高重复频率卫星测距的方法,应用此测距方法可以获得更多的观测数据,有效地提高标准点精度。     

Robust estimation of systematic errors of satellite laser range

Methods for analyzing laser-ranging residuals to estimate station-dependent systematic errors and to eliminate outliers in satellite laser ranges are discussed. A robust estimator based on an M-estimation principle is introduced. A practical calculation procedure which provides a robust criterion with high breakdown point and produces robust initial residuals for following iterative robust estimation is presented. Comparison of the results from the least-squares method with those of the robust method shows that the results of the station systematic errors from the robust estimator are more reliable. Received: 18 March 1997 / Accepted: 17 March 1999     

Measuring rapid variations in Earth orientation,geocenter and crust with satellite laser ranging

This analysis was performed with the GEOSAT software developed at NDRE for high-precision analysis of satellite tracking and VLBI data for geodetic and geodynamic applications. To determine the amplitudes of the tidally coherent daily and sub-daily variations in the Earth's orientation, geocenter, and crust, we have analyzed twelve months of SLR tracking data from the LAGEOS I & II and ETALON I & II satellites, obtained between October 1992 and September 1993. Station coordinates and mean geocenter are determined with an accuracy of 1 to 2 cm. Amplitudes of diurnal and semidiurnal variations in UT1, polar motion, and geocenter are determined with a precision of ~2µts, ~20µas, and 1–3 mm in each component. It is demonstrated that it is possible to determine a one-year continuous high-precision series in UT1 using multi-satellite laser ranging.     

Short note: Crustal deformation in the key stone network detected by satellite laser ranging

The paper presents the results of crustal deformation, as evidenced by changed station coordinates, in the Tokyo metropolitan area detected by the satellite laser ranging (SLR) technique. The coordinates of two Key Stone SLR stations, Tateyama and Kashima, were determined from 4 weeks of orbital arcs of the LAGEOS-1 and LAGEOS-2 satellites with respect to 16 SLR stations kept fixed in the ITRF2000 reference frame. The station coordinates were calculated using the NASA GEODYN-II orbital program. The orbital RMS-of-fit for both satellites was 16 mm. The standard deviation of the estimated positions was 3 mm. A jump of about 5 cm in the baseline length between the Kashima and Tateyama stations was detected in June–August 2000 by VLBI and GPS techniques. This work confirms this crustal deformation as determined by SLR and vice versa. Analysis of coordinates of these stations shows that this effect was caused by a 4.5-cm displacement of the Tateyama station in the north-east direction. The change in the vertical component was not significant.     

一种利用方差分量估计的BDS卫星定轨算法

针对采用Helmert方差分量估计的方法来调节BDS不同类型卫星之间的权比时,出现的区域站MEO卫星观测值数量少、卡尔曼滤波开始阶段不稳定等问题,提出了一种待滤波稳定后再进行Helmert方差分量估计的改进算法。该算法可以根据卫星类型以及它们的数目,自适应地采取不同的策略。基于BDS观测数据的实验结果表明,采用改进的Helmert方差分量估计方法进行BDS卫星卡尔曼滤波定轨,提高了BDS卫星轨道平均径向精度。     

Geodetic uses of lunar laser ranging

A recent improvement in measuring accuracy together with the development of new techniques suggests that geodetic point coordination to 1 part in 10⁸ will become a reality in the near future. As a first step, however, the reference frame in which the points are to be coordinated, must be refined. Lunar Laser Ranging offers a means of solving both of these problems. The necessary equations are developed and the shortcomings of the method are analysed.     

赫尔默特方差分量估计方法在嫦娥一号卫星测角计算中的应用

在我国探月工程嫦娥一号卫星测轨中,需要对测距观测和VLBI时延观测进行综合解算,以确定卫星的角位置时间序列,因而需要考虑不同类型观测资料之间的权重分配问题。本文通过仿真计算,具体比较了不同情况下最小二乘平差方法与赫尔默特(Helmert)方差分量估计方法下测角计算的精度。虽然通常情况下观测资料都提供误差估计,但此估计却不一定能够准确反映实际的观测精度。仿真计算表明,此时应用Helmert求解方法,能够显著提高解算的精度。相比于最小二乘平差方式,Helmert求解方式在计算量上略有增加,但这对于现代计算设备几乎可以忽略。     

Inter-satellite communication and ranging link assignment for navigation satellite systems

Inter-satellite links improve the performance of global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs) via communication and ranging. When there are limited facilities and links, a key challenge involves assigning links for the downlink of telemetry data in time and effective ranging. We describe this problem and propose a corresponding link scheduling method consisting of three steps. A genetic algorithm was used to identify optimal downlink routes for all non-visible satellites in the first step. The optimization of minimizing timeslot delays usually has multiple optimal routes. The optimal routes were selected to expand to a superframe’s length, which constituted a downlink route scheme for the superframe. The position dilution of precision (PDOP) of ranging links was limited through satellite selection in the second step. Four visible satellites with minimal PDOP were selected and scheduled with idle timeslots. The PDOP decreased with increasing links, and its upper limit was therefore determined by the selected satellites. The final step was to schedule idle timeslots for visible satellites unless the requested link number was met. To test the feasibility of the proposed method, the link assignment was implemented for 10,080 superframes of a typical GNSS constellation. The final link assignment enabled all satellites to transmit telemetry data back to the facility with a delay of no more than 4 timeslots (with one ground facility tracking), and more than 10 links were obtained with PDOPs approaching the minimum. These scheduling results confirm the utility of the method.     

联合平差中的方差分量估计问题的探讨

天文大地网与GPS空间网联合平差从大的方面分为空间网与地面网两部分。空间网主要是GPS点的三维地心坐标及协方差阵 ;而地面网又涉及到多类观测值 ,主要包括方向观测、导线边、天文方位角三类观测值 ,且各类观测值又分为不同等级的观测。空间网与地面网之间、地面网不同类观测之间及同一类不同观测等级之间的权比不正确将直接影响平差结果 ,因此 ,各类观测值的最佳权匹配就成为联合平差的一个关键。本文就Helmert方差分量简化算法及Baumker简化公式用于联合平差中方差分量估计问题进行讨论 ,并用我国天文大地网 1万点的地面观测数据进行实算、比较、分析 ,以确定联合平差中方差分量估计的方法