FY3A/VIRR海面温度业务产品算法改进与质量检验

针对FY3A/VIRR海面温度(SST)业务产品温度偏低的现状,进行误差原因分析,并对SST产品算法进行了如下改进:采用精度优先原则,以尽可能大的SST覆盖度提高SST反演精度;针对业务SST云污染的现状,构建3×3数据块,并在此基础上进行了SST空间一致性检验;引入气候阈值检验,以进一步剔除异常值。改进后的SST产品,全球日平均SST的覆盖度有所降低,但SST的一致性提高了;算法改进前后全球月平均SST覆盖度基本一致,但改进后云污染的现象得到了抑制。利用分析场日平均OISST对改进后的FY3ASST进行了质量检验,在南北纬70°之间的海域,FY3ASST的全局精度为-0.23±1.74℃,负的偏差说明云和气溶胶的影响仍然存在。改进后的FY3ASST 1.74℃的均方根误差与FY3A VIRR 11μm通道1.6K的定标精度量级相当。     

基于仿真的6.9 GHz通道亮温改进FY-3D MWRI海面温度产品

海洋表面温度SST（Sea Surface Temperature）是全球海洋和气候研究的重要参数之一,卫星被动微波遥感由于能够实现全天候观测而被越来越多的应用到SST研究中。中国的风云三号（FY 3）卫星搭载的微波成像仪（MWRI）缺少对SST更加敏感的7 GHz附近垂直极化通道,本研究将FY 3 MWRI与具有6.9 GHz通道的Aqua AMSR 2进行时空匹配,采用神经网络方法,利用匹配的FY 3 MWRI的通道亮温模拟仿真AMSR 2的69 GHz垂直极化通道亮温（6.9V）,通过引入仿真的6.9V来提高FY 3 MWRI SST的反演精度。结果表明：引入仿真的6.9V可以改进FY 3 MWRI SST反演精度,对35°～90°S之间海域的SST改进更加显著,主要由于6.9V对低SST的探测灵敏度更高且在低SST反演时受风速的影响较小导致的。如果FY3后续卫星可以搭载6.9 GHz通道,将可进一步提升低SST特别是两极SST的反演精度。     

极轨气象卫星业务产品SST反演方法及精度检验

自1988年极轨卫星产品海面温度（SST）投入业务运动以来，国家卫星气象中心一直利用改进的甚高分辨率扫描辐射仪（AVHRR）的多个红外窗区通道测值，通过过多通道线性反演法（MCSST）提供SST资料，该文处先从理论上阐述MCSST算法，并利用1996年4个季节（各一个月）的船舶资料来检验SST产品的精度，其最终的统计结果为，平均偏差为－0．6℃，均方根误差为1．5℃，为进一步改进产品的反演精度提供依据，并探讨分析了SST产品存在的误差根源。     

FY?4A卫星云顶参数精度检验及台风应用研究

基于2018年中国东南沿海台风观测实例,以美国EOS/MODIS极轨气象卫星和日本第二代静止气象卫星Himawari?8为参照,对我国FY?4A静止气象卫星的云顶高度(Cloud Top Height,CTH)、云顶温度(Cloud Top Temperature,CTT)和云顶气压(Cloud Top Pressure,CTP)三个产品的精度进行了对比,并分析了其在台风应用中的表现。结果表明:FY?4A卫星云顶参数产品与MODIS和Himawari?8同类产品均具有很好的线性相关关系,其中FY?4A与MODIS的相关系数最大(r≥0.98),平均值偏差最小,特别是在具有深厚密蔽云的台风中心和内雨带区,各卫星反演参数的精度更加接近,如在台风中心,FY?4A与Himawari?8的CTT、CTH和CTP分别相差0. 78℃、30 m和0. 2 hPa。FY?4A云顶参数产品质量可靠,与MODIS和Himawari?8等国际同类卫星精度相当,适合深厚的台风云系分析。偏差产生主要受透明薄卷云和小尺度云存在的影响,这与仪器的空间分辨率、不同仪器对云的探测能力以及云检测算法相关。     

全球海洋资料同化系统ZFL_GODAS的研制和初步评估试验

本研究发展了一个全球海洋资料同化系统ZFL_GODAS。该系统是一个短期气候数值预测业务系统的子系统,为短期气候预测海气耦合模式提供全球海洋初始场。系统能够同化的观测资料包括卫星高度计资料、卫星海表温度(SST)资料,以及Argo、XBT、TAO等各种不同来源的现场温盐廓线资料。系统使用的海洋模式为中国科学院大气物理研究所大气科学和地球流体力学数值模拟国家重点实验室开发的气候系统海洋模式LICOM1.0,同化方案为集合最优插值(EnOI)方案。系统使用一个由海洋模式自由积分得到的静态样本来估计背景场误差协方差。这样的基于集合样本的背景场误差协方差具有多变量协变、各向异性的特征,且能反映海洋物理过程固有的空间尺度特征。针对EnOI同化程序的特点,开发了一套特色鲜明、负载均衡、高效的并行化同化程序。本文通过与不同类型观测资料的比较,对同化系统的性能进行了评估。通过比较海表温度和海面高度的年际变率,海表温度异常随时间的变化,SST、海面高度异常(SLA)以及次表层温盐预报产品的均方根误差,5年平均温度偏差廓线、平均盐度廓线、平均纬向流速廓线等发现:系统工作正常、同化效果较好;经过同化以后,各变量都更加接近观测,误差更小,与观测场的相关性更好,可以为短期气候预测系统提供较好的海洋初始场,也可以为物理海洋学的研究提供有效的再分析资料。     

由METEOSAT卫星红外窗口辐射率估计海上可降水分

对由地球静止卫星METEOSAT观测的晴空红外(IR)窗口(10.5-12.5μm)辐射率反演海上可降水分(PW)的可行性进行了探讨.此方法是以对考虑到水汽谱线及水汽连续谱吸收的IR窗口通道作前向辐射计算为基础的.辐射计算应用有关海面温度(SST)和温度廓线的相关资料.通过改变湿度廓线建立起卫星观测的亮度温度和PW之间的相互关系.对面积相当于约20km×20km的32×32IR象素区段进行反演.METEOSAT反演与大西洋岛上常规无线电探空站PW测量的比较表明,均方根(RMS)差约为0.59gcm~(-2),几乎与两通道IR方法的结果相同,然而比文献中报道的微波反演差.这种利用由地球静止卫星提供的频繁观测数据的METEOSAT基本方法可能是有潜力的.把无线电探空仪的PW与只利用SST和直接建立SST与PW关系的克劳修斯-克拉珀龙型方程得出的简单的估计值进行了比较,得到的RMS差为0.73gcm~(-2).欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWT)短期预报与岛屿无线电探空站的PW之间的RMS差为0.55gcm~(-2).     

FY3地面业务系统关键信息短信报警平台的设计及实现

FY3卫星地面业务系统关键信息短信报警平台为高可靠极轨业务系统运行提供了保障。从报警监视关键监视点的选取、轨道接收圈的智能判别,平台报警信息的处理以及保证软件的高时效性出发,讨论了FY3卫星轨道可能出现的情况,提出了两种判别算法并进行了取舍。针对平台报警信息处理以及保证软件高时效性,对FY3卫星的接收时间特性进行了分析并基于此设计报警短信过滤逻辑及基本软件结构。该平台已在实际工程中应用并取得了良好效果,本文最后给出了运行统计数据。     

西太平洋暖池对夏季华东海面日最大风速变化的影响

利用1979—2018年ERA Interim地面10 m风场、位势高度场、温度场和风场,Hadley中心HadISST再分析海温资料,采用SVD分析、合成分析等方法,研究了夏季（6—8月）西太平洋暖池关键海域海表面温度（Sea Surface Temperature,简称SST）对华东海域夏季10 m日最大风速变化的影响关系。SVD分析结果表明,夏季华东近海风速变化与菲律宾以东海域SST有明显负相关,第一模态左、右空间向量的时间系数相关达0.58,通过了置信度为95%的显著性检验。当西太平洋暖池SST正异常时,暖池海域SST增高,西北太平洋副热带高压（以下简称副高）加强,副高脊线北进（西北太平洋副高脊线纬度位置与暖池SST相关系数达到0.46,通过置信度为95%显著性检验）。此时华东近海正处于副高控制,近海下沉运动增强,大气温度垂直剖面有普遍增温现象,10 m风场有偏北风异常,海面风速减小约占40 a平均风速的约30%;当暖池SST负异常时,副高东撤南退,华东近海冷空气活动加强,温度垂直剖面存在显著降温现象,华东近海风速增加占40 a平均风速的20%以上。本研究进一步说明了暖池SST异常是一个有效的预报因子,可用于华东近海海面风速预测预报。     

1979—2017年南海SSTA时空特征及其与沃克环流异常的相关

利用1979—2017年HadISST月平均海面温度资料、ERA-Interim大气资料以及GPCP Version 2.3集合降水资料,分析了南海海面温度距平（SSTA）场的时空分布特征,并从南海降水异常的角度探讨了在ENSO期间,沃克（Walker）环流异常对南海海面温度异常（SSTA）的影响过程。结果表明,南海SSTA场分别存在全海域一致模态、东西反位相的偶极子模态以及纬向三级子正负位相三个主要模态,且三个模态都具有显著的准2 a及4 a左右的年际振荡周期,反映了南海SSTA与ENSO现象的高度相关性。对Walker环流异常的分析表明,Walker环流异常与ENSO事件及南海SSTA存在较好的相关。ENSO事件发生时,Walker环流异常移动通过“云辐射反馈过程”,使得南海海面温度（SST）发生改变,因此Walker环流在ENSO影响南海SST异常过程中起到“大气桥”的作用。     

2000年夏季福建、广东沿海上升流的遥感与船舶观测分析

通过对卫星遥感数据和航次资料的分析, 对粤东沿岸2000年7月份的上升流现象进行了综合分析.结果表明: 观测期间, 珠江冲淡水向东扩展的趋势很明显, 与此同时, 粤东沿岸(116°E)以东附近沿岸海域的水团具有低温、高盐的性质, 显示了沿岸上升流的存在.通过对卫星遥感海表温度(SST)和风场的比较可知, 上升流强度和风场的变化密切相关, 海面风场平行岸分量的变化是夏季该上升流强度发生改变的重要原因.     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.