小洋山码头潮间带地区海水及生物体内重金属污染特征的分析与评价

为探明洋山港运行对周边海域的环境影响,本文对洋山港码头所在地小洋山港潮间带地区表层海水及生物体内重金属的污染程度进行深入分析与评价。结果表明,表层海水中重金属以Zn和Hg的污染为主;生物体内主要累积重金属为Cu和Zn,其中小结节滨螺体内重金属含量最高,富集系数最大,可作为小洋山码头地区海水重金属生物可利用性的指示物种;生物体内重金属形态和组织分布的结果表明,Cu、Pb、Cd和Zn以水溶态存在的比例较小,且主要存在于肌肉组织中,而As和Hg主要以不溶态的形式存在于非肌肉组织中;重金属在不同生物种类体内分布的差异显著,粗糙滨螺体内重金属以水溶态存在的比例最大,海蟑螂的重金属大多都存在于其肌肉组织中。食用僧帽牡蛎肌肉部分的日限制量(265.80g)明显高于食用其全部软组织(46.74g),且前者还与背景海水的重金属污染特征有较好的一致性,能较准确的反映海水重金属的污染程度。     

沙埕港多种环境介质中重金属的含量分布及来源分析

通过2013年8月对福建沙埕港海域海水、沉积物及贝类体内重金属进行的调查,结合历史资料对重金属的含量分布及来源进行了讨论和分析.结果表明:沙埕港表层海水中Cu、Cd、Hg和As等溶解态重金属含量整体处于较低水平,但Pb含量在大部分海域略超海水水质一类标准.沉积物中Pb、Cd、Hg和As含量均低于海洋沉积物一类标准,而Cu在上段八尺门海域及中段罗唇溪入海口附近存在超标现象.地积累指数评价表明Pb和Cd处于无污染状态,而Cu、Hg和As 3种重金属在不同区域存在轻微污染.港内八尺门点头镇附近海域采集的2种贝类均存在不同程度的重金属污染.其中缢蛏(Sinonovacula constrzcta)体内重金属污染较轻,而褶牡蛎(Ostrea plicatula)体内重金属污染较重,Cu和Cd污染指数均在10以上.浙闽沿岸流是沙埕港Pb、Cd、Hg和As等重金属的主要来源,而白琳石材加工排放的污水是造成沙埕港上段八尺门浅滩区重金属Cu污染的主要原因.此外,中段罗唇溪入海口附近海域Cu、Pb和Cd含量较高,可能同罗唇港修造船厂的污染排放有关.     

东海沿岸海域牡蛎体内的重金属含量及其污染评价

利用火焰原子吸收光谱法、石墨炉原子吸收光谱法、冷原子吸收光度法对2007年6月份在东海沿岸海域采集的牡蛎(Ostreasp.)样品中的Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、As、Cr、Hg、Ni共8种重金属进行了分析。结果表明:牡蛎体内重金属含量之间存在明显差异,Cu和Zn的含量显著高于其它重金属的含量,且两者之间存在有显著的正相关关系。与海洋贝类的生物质量标准相比,牡蛎体内的重金属含量基本上都还没有超过各自的第二和第三类评价标准,这说明当前东海沿岸海域牡蛎的生物质量总体上尚较好。各类重金属在东海沿岸海域的空间分布基本上以长江口含量为最高,其余海域含量较低,各海域重金属污染程度可分为三类,第一类环境质量较好,第二类环境质量一般,第三类海域环境污染程度较严重,人类活动是污染的主要来源。     

大亚湾内、外海域重金属分布对比及其潜在生态风险评价

为促进大亚湾区的海洋生态环境保护和可持续发展,文章以铜等9种重金属为指标,根据相关规范和标准,分别调查大亚湾内、外海域的海水、表层沉积物和生物质量,并采用单因子污染指数和内梅罗综合污染指数,对比重金属的污染程度,具有创新性;同时,以表层沉积物为代表,采用潜在生态风险指数,评价大亚湾海域的潜在生态风险。研究结果表明:大亚湾海域海水、表层沉积物和生物中的重金属含量大部分符合相关一类或推荐的标准;海水中的主要重金属为铅,综合污染指数湾外低于湾内,可能与人类活动和海水交换有关;表层沉积物中的主要重金属为钒,综合污染指数湾内低于湾外,可能与钒的最大值超标有关;生物体内重金属的综合污染指数,甲壳类和头足类湾外低于湾内,而鱼类和贝类湾内低于湾外,但差距均不明显;大亚湾海域多种重金属的潜在生态风险等级为很高,其中汞为首要潜在生态风险因子,须引起高度关注。     

泉州大港湾海水、沉积物及水产生物体内重金属的含量分布

根据1997年7月大港湾海域环境调查资料,着重分析了大港湾海水、表层沉积物及水产生物体内重金属的含量及分布。结果表明：大港湾海水中Cu,Pb,Cd,Zn的含量均低于渔业水质标准,大港湾湾顶水域,海水和表层沉积物中Cu,Pb,Cd,Zn的含最明显高于湾口水域：湾南部水域高于北部水域。文中还根据《海洋沉积物质量》、《无公害食品》、《食品中锌限量卫生标准》、《海洋生物质量》标准对表层沉积物和6种水产生物的重金属污染程度进行评价,结果大港湾的水产生物体内的重金属含量均未超标,但沉积物中的Cd含量已超标。     

灰色聚类法评价长江口、杭州湾海域表层海水中的重金属污染程度

通过2007年秋季航次我国近海海洋环境的综合调查,研究了长江口与杭州湾海域表层海水中重金属汞、砷、铜、铅、锌、镉、总铬的含量与分布,利用灰色聚类法对海水中的重金属元素进行评价。参照《国家海水水质标准GB3097-1997》,通过灰类白化权函数确定海水水质分级界限及各参评指标对不同等级的聚类权,构建了海水中重金属的灰色聚类法综合评价模型。该模型能够较客观、合理地评价海水中的重金属。评价结果表明,长江口与杭州湾海域表层海水中的重金属总体情况良好,但是汞、铅含量偏高,尤其是汞。长江口外以北、杭州湾北岸口外及舟山群岛邻近海域的海水水质相对较差,陆源排污为主要影响因子。     

汕头港及其邻近水域潮间带海产动物体内重金属污染的调查

调查了汕头港及邻近水域潮间带常见海产动物体内的重金属含量。结果表明，翡翠贻贝(Perna viridis)体内的Ni、鳞笠藤壶(Tetraclita squamosa squamosa)体内的Cr和Zn、近江牡蛎(Crassostrea rivularis Gould)体内的Cu和Zn含量高于海洋生物污染评价标准。近江牡蛎的Cu污染因子质量分指数最高达6．01。可食性贝类中疣荔枝螺(Thais clavigera)体内的Cd、Zn，翡翠贻贝体内的Cd、Ni和Pb，小荚蛏(Siliqua minima)体内的Cd、Ni，近江牡蛎体内的Cd、Cu、Ni和Zn的含量高于人体食用限量标准。其中近江牡蛎体内的Zn含量最高，为限量标准的23．5倍。港内比港外污染严重，远离港口站位的生物体内重金属含量仍有超标现象，表明汕头港及其邻近水域的重金属污染严重。     

Hg对锦州湾表层沉积物异养细菌代谢酶活性的影响研究

为了解重金属Hg对锦州湾海域表层沉积物中异养细菌的主要代谢酶的影响,采用Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法对锦州湾表层沉积物中重金属Hg开展潜在生态风险评价,利用平板扩散法测定了9个站位沉积物中异养细菌四种水解酶活性。结果显示:锦州湾海域表层沉积物中重金属污染严重,Hg的含量和潜在生态危害河口最为严重,向外逐步递减,表明本海域表层沉积物中的Hg主要由陆源输入;表层沉积物中异养细菌水解酶活性与抗性异养菌比例均表现为西南部河口区高于东北部外海海域,与重金属Hg的含量分布及Hakanson潜在生态危害指数基本相似,这表明长期高浓度的重金属污染,改变了锦州湾海域表层沉积物中的异养菌的生理代谢过程,在生理或遗传物质上对重金属产生了一定的抗性;磷酸酶、蛋白酶、脂肪酶与沉积物中Hg的含量具有显著正相关性,说明其对重金属Hg较为敏感,在一定程度上可作为反映锦州湾海域沉积物中重金属Hg污染状况的生物学指标。     

厦门西海域海水和养殖动物污染物初步调查

1999年2月和4月对厦门西海域海水和两种养殖动物的重金属（Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb)、石油类和大肠杆菌数量进行了调查。结果表明：西海域海水的重金属（Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb)、石油类含量基本符合国家一类海水水质标准，养殖动物鲈鱼和僧帽牡蛎也基本符合国家食品卫生标准。海水中的大肠杆菌数量超过了国家海水卫生标准，显示该海域有一定程度的有机质污染，其养殖产品不宜生食。马銮湾内海水和养殖动物的污染物含量较海外高。养殖鲈鱼的肝脏对重金属和石油类的浓集系数远较肌肉为高，而僧帽牡蛎对污染物的浓集能力又明显比鲈鱼强。     

湛江港海域海水和表层沉积物重金属分布特征及其污染评价

根据2013年01月(冬季)和2013年06月(夏季)的调查数据对湛江港海域海水和表层沉积物中的重金属(铜、锌、铅、镉、砷和汞)进行了研究,调查结果显示调查海域海水和表层沉积物中重金属含量呈现岸边海域高于深海海域,东海岛北面海域高于东面海域;对比冬季和夏季的调查结果,调查海域海水中重金属平均含量夏季高于冬季。用单项污染指数对海水中的重金属进行了评价,结果表明,冬、夏两季海水中的Pb污染较明显,Cu和Zn轻度污染,其余元素(Cd,As和Hg)均未超过相应的国家海水水质标准限值,夏季重金属污染指数高于冬季,可能与陆源重金属污染物入海的影响有关;表层沉积物中重金属均低于相应的标准限值,沉积物环境质量状况良好。采用瑞典科学家H覿kanson的潜在生态危害指数法进行评价,沉积物中重金属的潜在生态危害较轻,生态危害程度HgAsCdPbCuZn。     

Preformed Cd and PO4 and the relationship between the two elements in the northwestern Pacific and the Okhotsk Sea

Preformed Cd and PO₄ were investigated in the northwestern Pacific (Station CM05) and the Okhotsk Sea (Station CM06), and the relationship between the two elements was examined. At CM05, from the apparent oxygen utilization (AOU)–Cd and PO₄ plot, the different molecular ratios of consumed O₂ to regenerated Cd and PO₄ were calculated to be 254,000 (Cd) and 96 (PO₄) for the shallow layer (30–99 m) and 613,000 (Cd) and 170 (PO₄) for the deep layer (below the oxygen minimum layer), which suggested the preferential remineralization of Cd and PO₄ in the shallow layer. At CM06, regeneration ratios of O₂/Cd, PO₄ were obtained only in the shallow layer (29–124 m) as 227,000 (Cd) and 75 (PO₄). The calculated preformed Cd and PO₄ concentrations in the shallow layer were 0.59 nM of Cd and 1.6 μM of PO₄ at CM05 and 0.35 nM of Cd and 0.95 μM of PO₄ at CM06. These concentrations were much higher than those (close to 0) in the low-latitude area, which was attributable to the supply of these constituents from deep water by the strong winter convection. In the deep layer, at CM05, preformed concentrations were 0.64 nM of Cd and 1.4 μM of PO₄. Preformed PO₄ generally agreed with previously reported values in the Pacific, which suggested that the concentrations of the initial PO₄ in the deep water were preserved as preformed through the movement to the northwestern Pacific. On the other hand, obtained preformed Cd in the northwestern Pacific deep water showed a somewhat higher value than that in the southwest Pacific. The possibility of the terrestrial input and remineralization of Cd by CaCO₃ dissolution during the northward movement was considered. A plot of Cd and PO₄ showed a linear relationship with slopes of 0.34 and 0.40 (nM/μM) at CM05 and CM06, respectively, which generally agreed with the reported values in the North Pacific.     

海南省海岸带和海洋资源与环境问题及对策研究

在分析海南省海岸带和海洋资源与环境优势的基础上，指出当前存在的5个主要问题，即海洋资源的综合开发利用缺乏统一的规划、海洋防护林和生物资源破坏严重、水质富营养化、海域污染等，并对存在问题提出今后的对策。     

渤海、黄海、东海冬季海流场温度场数值模拟和同化技术

利用NASA高分辨率的卫星遥感资料SST,采用Nudging同化来模拟渤海、黄海、东海的三维温度场,减小用热通量作上边界条件所带来的误差.结果表明,模拟的海流场能较好地反映渤海、黄海、东海的环流特征.数据同化后的温度场优于未经同化的温度场.3个选择站点的同化值与实测值的均方根误差分别为1.307,0.526,0.744,用热通量资料模拟的水温与实测值的均方根误差分别为2.160,0.979,1.330.尽管只同化了海表温度,但数据同化对三维温度场结构都有影响.     

体现执法威力 维护海上权益

2004年，是我国海洋工作面临历史性机遇和挑战的一年。中国海监总队在国家海洋局的领导和关怀下，在局各有关部门和各分局、各沿海省(自治区、直辖市)海洋厅(局)的大力支持下，坚持以邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想为指导，认真贯彻党的十六大和十六届三中、四中全会精神，全面落实局党组2004年的重点工作，以执法能力建设为重点，以海盾系列专项执法、执法示范工作为主线，上下团结一致，与时俱进，开拓进取，认真履行职能，全力推进全国海监队伍建设和海洋执法监察工作。     

东海黑潮温、盐度与中国东部气温和降水的相互关系

采用东海黑潮主流段长时间序列的实测温盐资料,研究了东海黑潮上层温度、上层盐度的变化及其与中国东部降水和地面气温的关系.结果表明,在过去50 a内,东海黑潮上层海温呈上升趋势,而上层盐度略呈下降趋势.东海黑潮上层海温和我国东部地面气温的关系在冬季十分密切,呈现出大面积显著的正相关,这与冬季南下冷空气的整体降温作用有关.夏季,长江中下游江水的增多致使大量长江冲淡水入海,可能是导致黑潮上层水盐度下降的一个原因,此时东海黑潮上层盐度与我国大陆东部降水呈负相关.     

Environmental genotoxicity and cytotoxicity in the offshore zones of the Baltic and the North Seas

Micronuclei (MN), nuclear buds (NB) and fragmented-apoptotic cells (FA) were analyzed in mature peripheral blood and immature cephalic kidney erythrocytes of flounder (Platichthys flesus), dab (Limanda limanda) and cod (Gadus morhua) from 12 offshore sites in the Baltic Sea (479 specimens) and 11 sites in the North Sea (291 specimens), which were collected during three research vessel cruises in December 2002, 2003 and in September 2004. The highest levels of environmental genotoxicity (frequencies of MN up to 0.5‰, NB – up to 0.75‰) and cytotoxicity (FA – up to 0.53‰) were observed in flatfishes from areas close to oil and gas platforms in the North Sea and in zones related to the extensive shipping and potentially influenced by contamination from large European Rivers (Elbe, Vistula, Oder). In dab from the offshore zones of the North Sea, the levels of nuclear abnormalities were higher as compared to those in dab from the Baltic Sea. Responses in immature kidney erythrocytes were higher than in mature erythrocytes from peripheral blood. MN frequency lower than 0.05‰ (the Baltic Sea) and lower than 0.1‰ (the North Sea) could be suspected as a reference level in the peripheral blood erythrocytes of flatfish.     

Canada and the law of the sea

This is a historical review of Canadian policy at the Third UN Conference on the Law of the Sea. Canadian objectives with regard to the territorial sea, fisheries, pollution prevention and the continental shelf are outlined and the role played by the Canadian delegation at UNCLOS is described. The article then examines the impact of the Convention on Canada, particular attention being paid to the Canadian Exclusive Economic Zone and the Canadian role in the controversy over seabed mining. The author concludes by arguing that Canada was a major beneficiary of the Convention, but that US opposition has placed the future of the Convention in jeopardy.     

Comparison between the magnetic and petrological characteristics of the peridotites from the gorringe ridge and the peridotites from the mid-ocean ridges

The purpose of our work was to obtain the most possible detailed information about the composition, concentration, and structural features of the magnetic minerals contained in the rock to reveal the differences in the magnetic properties of the peridotites under various circumstances of the mantle magmatism and different conditions of metamorphism. To do this, we examined and analyzed the magnetic and petrographic characteristics of four collections of oceanic and alpinotype spinel peridotites. The main object for comparing the magnetic characteristics was the Gorringe ridge, which lies in the eastern part of the Atlantic Ocean. The peridotite samples from the Gorringe ridge differ from the other collections in many magnetic parameters: I _n , χ, Q, I _rs /I _s , H _c , H _cr , and H _m . The principal question of our work was to clarify the nature of the Earth’s crust where the Gorringe ridge formed. This subject was studied many times in the literature, but the researchers did not reach a common opinion. In accordance with our data, the spinel peridotites from the Gorringe ridge represent a subcontinental lithosphere mantle of the Iberian continental margin. During the metamorphism, the formation of magnetite occurred in the peridotites of the Gorringe ridge in several stages and had a regressive character. Our investigations explain the results of the analysis of the anomalous magnetic field over the Gorringe ridge, which is characterized by sharp roughness and high intensity of the local signchanging anomalies.     

金塘大桥桥轴线优化及建桥对水流和航道的影响

金塘大桥跨越灰鳖洋,连接金塘岛沥港镇与宁波镇海新泓口,全长18.5 km,为舟山连岛工程的主体.该大桥工程所在海域潮汐为非正规浅海半日潮,历年最大潮差为3.67 m,多年平均潮差为1.91 m;潮流呈往复流特征,且基本平行于峡道走向.金塘大桥水域东侧微冲,西侧微淤,深泓摆幅较小,深槽稳定.在海床演变分析的基础上,运用数学模型进行了桥轴线的优化,由实体定床与动床模型探讨了建桥对水动力的影响.数学模型选用2002年3月和11月实测水文测验资料对模型进行率定和验证.物理模型选取中值粒径为0.2 mm的塑料沙作为动床试验的模型沙,选用2002年11月实测水文测验资料对定床模型进行验证,选用2002年11月和2003年4月两次水下地形资料对动床模型进行河床冲淤验证,验证精度均满足相关规范要求.研究结果表明,以推荐的方案建桥对桥位近区的潮位、流速与潮量的影响均较小.建桥后,下游高潮位有所抬高,上游高潮位有所降低;上游低潮位有所抬高,下游低潮位略有降低.由于桥墩的阻水作用,使该桥所在海域海流流速整体上略有减小,减小量一般在5%以内;桥墩间因海流集中使流速有所增加.建桥使主航道航深有所增加,桥位近区与远区分别冲刷0.6～0.8 m和0.1～0.2 m;西航道桥轴线近区冲刷0.4～0.5 m,远区淤积0.1～0.2 m.建桥对甬江口、金塘锚地、七里屿锚地均无明显的不良影响,对北仑港区基本没有影响.     

On the large-scale variability of the circulation and heat state of the ocean and atmosphere in the North Atlantic

A conclusion about two extreme regimes existing in the large-scale circulation in the North Atlantic has been drawn based on an analysis of the inter-annual variability of the analogue to the Rossby index, as well as that of the heat and dynamic characteristics in separate areas of the north subtropical circulation. The former is defined by a high level of circulation both in the atmosphere and in the subtropical water circulation. In the current century this regime was realized mainly in the years pertaining to the middle and end of a 22-year solar activity cycle (a 22-year cycle). The relatively low level of atmospheric circulation and the slackened water mass transport are typical of the second regime. It dominated mainly during the years relevant to the beginning and second half of a 22-year solar activity cycle.Translated by Mikhail M. Trufanov.