Implementing a Spatial Model to Derive Potential Fishing Zones in the Northern Bay of Bengal Lying Adjacent to West Bengal Coast,India

Potential fishing zones (PFZ’s) are those regions where the fishes aggregate due to an abundance of food and they are demarcated by tracing those regions in the ocean, where a sharp sea surface temperature (SST) gradient along with optimal chlorophyll (Chl) concentration co-exists at a given time. In this regard, Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS) disseminates the daily PFZ forecasts in Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea to aid the fishermen community. The present study is an endeavor to develop a local spatial model derived Potential Fishing Zone (PFZ) in the northern Bay of Bengal (nBoB) lying adjacent to the West Bengal coast. Satellite derived SST and chlorophyll data obtained for two consecutive winter seasons of 2010–11 and 2011–12 were used to generate line density (LD) raster. Shapefiles of INCOIS predicted PFZs were overlaid on these LD raster to extract the corresponding pixel values. Histogram ranges of the extracted pixels were fixed and same values lying in the LD raster of both SST and chlorophyll other than INCOIS PFZs were detected by a spatial model in ERDAS. The PFZs thus derived were validated against the ground fish catch data and it was observed that good fish catch was seen in the model derived additional PFZs also. The catch per unit effort (CPUE) values was found to be very close to that of the CPUE value of PFZ advisories of INCOIS. However, the CPUE in the non PFZ areas were significantly lower than the former two categories.     

利用MODIS图像反演海岸与海岛的地物光谱反射率

提出一种利用MODIS图像,用查找表反演海岸与海岛地物光谱反射率的方法。该方法首先借助AHMAD辐射传输模型,由MODIS图像的水体像元反演出气溶胶的光学特性;在所选影像为晴空无云条件下,假设一定范围内的海岛与海岸上空的大气和水体上空的大气一样,借助6S辐射传输模型计算基于地物光谱反射率的查找表,然后由MODIS图像的陆地像元的反射率和几何条件加上反演的气溶胶光学厚度,用插值法可求得地物光谱反射率。还给出了厦门地区实际卫星图像的反演结果,并就反演误差进行了分析。     

近区地形直接与间接影响的棱柱模型算法

基于Helmert第二压缩法进行边值解算时需要计算地形压缩对重力的直接影响和对（似）大地水准面的间接影响。计算近区直接、间接影响的传统积分算法仍是二重积分形式。该算法以网格中心点处的积分核作为网格积分核的平均值的计算模式在一定程度上引入了近似误差。另外,直接、间接影响的传统积分算法在中央区存在奇异性,需单独计算中央网格地形影响,因而增加了计算的复杂性。为此,本文推导了近区地形直接、间接影响的棱柱模型公式,一方面提高了地形影响的计算精度;另一方面中央区不存在奇异性,从而简化了计算过程。为避免棱柱模型存在的平面近似误差,可使用顾及地球曲率的棱柱模型算法计算地形影响。最后通过试验得出结论,在（似）大地水准面精度要求较高的应用中,应尽量使用顾及地球曲率的棱柱模型算法计算地形影响。     

地形直接、间接影响的中央区棱柱模型

地形影响的积分算法在中央区存在奇异性,为避免奇异问题可将中央区地形近似为与计算点等高的圆柱体。基于此,提出使用更接近实际网格地形的棱柱模型计算地形影响,并通过推导给出了中央区直接、间接影响的棱柱模型算法公式。当地形网格较小时,棱柱模型与圆柱模型计算的中央区直接影响的差异为正;当地形网格较大时差异为负,但对于中央区间接影响,棱柱模型与圆柱模型计算结果的差异总为负值。当地形高分别取1 000、2 000和3 000 m时,棱柱模型与圆柱模型计算的直接影响差异的极值分别约为±0.3、±0.5和±0.8 m Gal,而间接影响差异的极值分别约为-0.02、-0.12和-0.27 cm。对于高精度的应用需求,当区域海拔较高时建议采用本文提出的更符合实际地形的棱柱模型计算中央区直接、间接影响。     

Long-term shoreline changes of Mulki-Pavanje and Nethravathi-Gurupur estuaries,Karnataka

Significant morphological changes are noticed in the Nethravathi-Gurupur and Mulki-Pavanje estuaries. Satellite images of IRS-1A and 1B on multispectral bands and multidates (1988–1993) were made use of in addition to aerial photographs (photographed in 1979) and Survey of India Topographical maps (surveyed during 1910 and 1967). The Nethravathi-Gurupur estuary has slightly shifted northward whereas the Mulki-Pavanje estuary has shifted northward considerably. The multidated data product study reveals advancement of land.     

湖南常宁水口山经济开发区土地集约利用潜力测算

土地集约利用潜力分析被视作土地集约利用评价的重点内容。本文选取湖南常宁水口山经济开发区作为研究对象,测算其主区和发展方向区范围内的各类土地集约利用潜力,计算其潜力规模和尚可供地年数,定性分析其土地集约利用潜力的主要特征。结果表明:1)水口山经济开发区土地集约利用潜力规模较大,扩展潜力数量最大,第二位的是强度潜力,结构潜力数量较小,没有管理潜力;2)发展方向区内潜力规模大于主区范围内的潜力规模;3)尚可供应土地主要分布在发展方向区范围里面,未来几年工矿仓储用地的发展重心将向发展方向区范围内转移。针对水口山经济开发区土地集约利用潜力现状给予挖掘潜力的建议。     

Synergistic Application of Optical and Radar Data for Archaeological Exploration in the Talakadu Region,Karnataka

Talakadu is a well known historic place situated on bank of the river Cauvery in Mysore district of Karnataka. The place is close to concave side of a prominent meander where large amount of sand has accumulated. It is believed that after construction of a reservoir upstream, sand was exposed to wind action burying the structures of Ganga dynasty and other later kingdoms. A number of buried sites have been identified by archaeological excavations conducted so far. Presently the area forms sand dunes with thick plantation cover. Analysis of RADAR data (fine beam RADARSAT and ENVISAT ASAR) led to identifying a hitherto unknown buried channel through the Old Talakadu town adjoining the excavated archaeological sites. The study suggests that RADAR penetration through the plantation canopy seems to have occurred as observed by comparing with corresponding optical data of LISS-IV. Below the canopy, sand and shrubs on top of the channel (topographically low area) are acting as smooth surface providing dark tone on radar imagery. During field validation GPS was extensively used to navigate through the forest canopy and locate the buried channel, excavated archaeological sites as well as other anomalous patterns. Synergistic application of optical (RESOURCESAT-1 LISS-IV and CARTOSAT-1 & 2) and radar (fine beam RADARSAT and ENVISAT ASAR) data led to identifying remote sensing based guides for archaeological exploration. Integration of known archaeological sites with the identified anomalous patterns was done in GIS environment. This study adds on to the knowledge base of the site and compliments already known information and suggested new areas for further archaeological exploration.     

Retrieval and Validation of Chlorophyll-a Concentrations in the Coastal Waters Off Yanam and Kakinada (Godavari) Basin Along East Coast of India

In this study chlorophyll measurements were made during March 2012 in the estuarine waters of Off Kakinada and Yanam coast, Bay of Bengal onboard a coastal vessel. In-situ water samples and optical data was collected at 21 stations (surface to 150 m depth) using Underwater radiometer (Hyperpro-II). In-vivo chlorophyll profiles were collected using wet labs fluorometer integrated with underwater Hyperspectral radiometer. Chlorophyll-a concentrations were estimated using HPLC by collecting the water samples at each sampling location. And also chlorophyll-a concentrations were retrieved from the OCM-2 data of OCEANSAT-2 satellite, processed using SeaDAS v.6.2 with the available global ocean colour algorithms namely, OC2 and OC4V4. A total of 33 samples used covering all the stations for chlorophyll-a estimation, and surface water samples of all the stations only being used for direct comparison among chlorophyll concentrations of HPLC, in-situ (fluorometrically integrated to Hyperpro-II) and retrieved from OCM-2. A good correlation found between the Fluorometer derived and HPLC measured chlorophyll-a concentration with an R² value of 0.78. The relation between Chlorophyll-a concentration measured from HPLC and retrieved from OCM-2 (OC2 and OC4V4 algorithms) using SeaDASv.6.2 for 10 samples has been compared for validation and obtained an R² value of 0.6. Also comparisons done with the in-situ measured (fluorometer) Chlorophyll-a concentration with OCM-2 chlorophyll data (OC4-V4 and OC2 algorithms) and validation with 10 concurrent in-situ surface measurements showed a significant overestimation by OCM-2 at low chlorophyll-a concentrations and underestimation at high chlorophyll-a concentrations.     

Morphometry using remote sensing and GIS techniques in the sub-basins of Kagna river basin, Gulburga district, Karnataka, India

The study area is a part of Kagna river basin in the Gulburga district of Karnataka, India. It covers an area of 1320 km² and it has been subdivided into 4 sub-basins namely Wadi, Chitapur, Sedam and Kurkunta, which range in area from 184 to 537 km². The drainage pattern of these sub-basins are delineated using Geo-coded FCC bands 2,3,4 of IRS 1C and 1D(LISS III+PAN merged) on 1:50,000 scale and Survey of India toposheets as reference. The morphometric parameters are computed using ArcInfo and ArcView GIS softwares. The drainage pattern of the study area is dendritic to sub-dendritic with stream orders ranging from IV to VII orders. Drainage density ranges from 1.40 to 1.86 km/km² suggesting coarse to moderate drainage texture. The change in values of stream length ratio indicate their late youth stage of geomorphic development. The values of bifurcation ratio ranging from 2.00 to 4.71 indicate that all the sub-basins fall under normal basin category. The values of form factor and circulatory ratio, suggest that the Kurkunta sub-basin is elongated and the remaining sub-basins are more or less circular in shape. Elongation ratio indicates that the Wadi sub-basin is a region of very low relief whereas the other sub-basins are associated with moderate to high relief and steep ground slopes. It is concluded that remote sensing and GIS have been proved to be efficient tools in drainage delineation and updation. In the present study these updated drainages have been used for the morphometric analysis.     

Geology of the area around Gokak,Belgaum district,Karnataka a study based on aerial photointerpretation

The paper gives the results of the investigations carried out, both in the laboratory as well as in the field, aided by aerial photointerpretation on the scale of 1:55,000. The are investigated is to the west of Gokak, town, Belgaum district, Karnataka state. The study helped in demarcating the areal limits of the major lithounits exposed within the area. However it was not possible to delineate all the numerous basic and acidic intrusive bodies, which are exposed in the area, intruding the Dharwarian metasediments. This interpretative exercise has also thrown significant light on the palaeotopography of the basement on which the Kaladgi sediments were deposited.     

Estimation of LAI and above-ground biomass in deciduous forests: Western Ghats of Karnataka, India

This study demonstrates the potentials of IRS P6 LISS-IV high-resolution multispectral sensor (IGFOV  6 m)-based estimation of biomass in the deciduous forests in the Western Ghats of Karnataka, India. Regression equations describing the relationship between IRS P6 LISS-IV data-based vegetation index (NDVI) and field measured leaf area index (ELAI) and estimated above-ground biomass (EAGB) were derived. Remote sensing (RS) data-based leaf area index (PLAI) image is generated using regression equation based on NDVI and ELAI (r² = 0.68, p ≤ 0.05). RS-based above-ground biomass (PAGB) image was generated based on regression equation developed between PLAI and EAGB (r² = 0.63, p ≤ 0.05). The mean value of estimated above-ground biomass and RS-based above-ground biomass in the study area are 280(±72.5) and 297.6(±55.2) Mg ha⁻¹, respectively. The regression models generated in the study between NDVI and LAI; LAI and biomass can also help in generating spatial biomass map using RS data alone. LISS-IV-based estimation of biophysical parameters can also be used for the validation of various coarse resolution satellite products derived from the ground-based measurements alone.     

海岸带修复地形变形监测探讨——以北海市廉州湾东岸整治修复为例

为了解廉州湾东岸海滩修复前后海岸地形的变化规律,本文以分析沙滩测量特性为前提,对修复沙滩特定剖面进行变形监测;并运用高程-距离绘制剖面图,同时对潮下带进行水下地形测量;应用GIS建立DEM,对比等高线,还重点分析了台风对沙滩地形的影响。结果表明,修复沙滩经过2年的时间,海岸线向陆域方向移动,滩肩变窄;0 m等高线向海方向移动20 m,-0.5 m等高线向海方向移动30 m;台风对沙滩的侵蚀是直接性的,且形成垂直断面;台风过后经历0.5年时间沙滩基本处于平衡状态。     

Evaluation of groundwater potential zones in the sub-watersheds of north pennar river basin around Pavagada, Karnataka, India using remote sensing and GIS techniques

The study area is one of the watersheds of North Pennar basin, covering an area of 570 km² in Pavagada taluk of Tumkur district. The watershed has been subdivided into nine sub-watersheds namely Dalavayihalli, Maddalenahalli, Talamaradahalli, Puluvalli tank, Nagalamadike, Gowdatimmanahalli, Naliganahalli, Devadabetta and Byadanur. These nine sub-watersheds have been evaluated to delineate groundwater potential zones based on the characteristics of geomorphic units together with slope, geology, lineaments, borewell data using Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques. Slope varies from nearly level (0–1%) to very steep (>35%). The different geomorphic units in each sub-watershed consist of denudational hills, residual hills, inselbergs, pediment inselberg complex, pediments, shallow weathered pediplains, moderately weathered pediplains and valley fills. The lineament map for each sub-watershed has been prepared and the trends were analysed with rose diagrams. The analysis of borewell locations and their yield data in association with lineaments at subwatersheds level reveals that the lineaments are acting as a pathway for groundwater movement. The integrated map comprising groundwater potential zones prepared by “Union” function using GIS indicate that valley fills and moderately weathered pediplains are very good to good, shallow weathered pediplains are good to moderate, pediment inselberg complex and pediments are moderate to poor and denudational hills, residual hills and inselbergs are poor to very poor groundwater prospect zones.     

FAO 56 Model and Remote Sensing for the Estimation of Crop-Water Requirement in Main Branch Canal of the Bhadra Command area, Karnataka State

Remote sensing and FAO 56 crop water model are used for estimating crop water requirement for paddy crop located in the main branch canal of Bhadra Command Area in Karnataka, India. The estimation of crop-water requirement depends on the meteorological factors, soil type and crop coefficients. The result obtained showed that water requirements of rabi crops higher than those of the kariff crops. The total irrigated area estimated from the IRS image is 29,353 ha. It is found that the total paddy crop acreage is 18,257 ha covering 62 % in the total irrigated area of the command area, Arecanut 20 %, coconut 15 % and sugarcane with other crops 3 %. The water requirement for paddy is 1180.4 mm for its entire growth period. The total water requirement for irrigation supply for crops in the entire command area is 5,790 at a demand of 0.10501 cusecs per ha.     

东南极Amery冰架与陆地冰分界线的重新划定及验证

根据无线电回波测厚(RES)数据对东南极Amery冰架与陆地冰分界线进行了重新划定,指出该冰架的接地线位置最南一直向内陆延伸到73.2°S处,距冰架末端最远距离约500km。并在该流域选取了两条具有代表性的剖面,分别用水面以下的冰厚度与总的冰厚度的比值、流体静力学平衡理论等进行了验证。同时对该地区所在的整个冰流系统用5km ERS-1/DEM数据和1km RAMP/DEM数据,GPS实地测量值等对这一结论进行了验证。最后按流体静力学平衡条件对该流域的漂浮冰部分重新进行了标定。     

Shoreline Change Analysis along the Coast of South Gujarat,India, Using Digital Shoreline Analysis System

Shoreline changes along the south Gujarat coast has been analyzed by using USGS Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) version 4.3. Multi-temporal satellite images pertaining to 1972, 1990, 2001 and 2011 were used to extract the shoreline. The High water line (HTL) is considered as shoreline and visual interpretation of satellite imageries has been carried out to demarcate the HTL based on various geomorphology and land use & land cover features. The present study used the Linear Regression Method (LRR) to calculate shoreline change rate. Based on the rate of shoreline changes, the coastal stretches of study area has been classified in to high erosion, low erosion, stable, low accretion and high accretion coast. The study found that about 69.31 % of the South Gujarat coast is eroding, about 18.40 % of coast is stable and remaining 12.28 % of the coast is accreting in nature. Field investigation was carried out which confirmed the coastal erosion/accretion derived from the analysis. The high erosion area are mostly found along the Umergaon (near Fansa, Maroli, Nargol, Varili river mouth, Umergaon light house) and Pardi (Kolak, Udwara)Taluka in Valsad district. Stable coastal length of the study area is 21.59 km and mostly found in Nani Dandi and near Onjal. High accretion (3.70 %) was only found near Hajira and low accretion (8.58 %) are distributed the study area. The main causes of coastal erosion of the study area were the strong tidal currents accompanied by wave action and reduced the sediment load of the river.     

Geospatial Application in the Study of Beach Placer along the Coast of Gulf of Mannar,India

Abstract

Geospatial analysis of marine mineral placer deposits along the Gulf of Mannar is attempted. This study develops a method for the spatial anlaysis of data using geographical information system (GIS). Specifically, creating attribute data base structure, data encoding, data interpolation, and view shed analysis are attempted to delineate the opaque and garnet occurrences in the beach sediments. Data integration including the creation of digital files using TNT Mips software is performed. The interpolation of the spaced data is achieved by inverse distance weighed interpolation to define the zone of heavy mineral enrichment. This study has established the digital elevation model (DEM) capability to identify the potential beach placer zones in the study area.     

Application of multidate satellite imagery for land use planning and management in the drought prone areas of Karnataka

Based on visual interpretation of Multidate Landsat Imagery, the spatial distribution of land use/land cover over 45,000 sq.km, spread over the three drought prone districts of Bijapur, Belgaum and Dharwar in NW Karnataka, has been mapped. The land use/land cover is classified into five Level-I and twelve Level-II classes. The pattern of change in land use/land cover during the period October, 1980 and January, 1982 has been one of decline in all the land use classes (except for agricultural use, which is more due to seasonal change) which highlight the land use/land cover changes in the drought prone area. An optimum land use plan requires that all the cropland should be zoned for cultivation while marginal lands like scrub land and mixed barren land (from the view point of cultivation) should be zoned for pasture/grazing and animal husbandary. There is a case for flexibility here, depending upon the pressure of population on land. The accuracy level of the ‘information base’ of the thematic map(s) obtained from Landsat imagery is 94 percent.     

考虑开放度的树冠层辐射传输模型及实验验证

基于树冠层的结构特征,从方向间隙率定义了冠层中不同空间位置对天空散射入照的开放度及其在冠层中的分布,建立了入射辐射在冠层中的衰减与传输模型。应用对冠层结构、总入射辐射、辐射在冠层中衰减等的野外观测数据,对模型进行了验证。模型成功地解释了光在树冠层中辐射传输的变化规律。     

Delineation of ground water potential zones in a hard rock terrain of Mysore district, Karnataka using IRS data and GIS techniques

In the present study, the ground water prospect of Mysore district has been delineated using remotely sensing data, base map of GSI, ground truth data, and geographic information system. Based on these integrated studies, it has been noticed that the lithology of the area mainly represents by amphibolite schists, hornblende-biotite gneiss, chamockite, quartzite and granite belonging to Archean to Lower Proterozoic. Resent alluvial deposits mainly occur as valley fills. Major lineaments are mainly confined to valley regions. Structurally the erosional and depositional landforms are occurring as hills, ridges, weathered pediments, weathered pediplains and valley fills. Geonaorphology, lineaments, drainage density, type of lithology and surface water bodies are directly influencing the ground water conditions and it is very good iu valley regions and in remaining area, it is moderate to poor.