基于卫星高度计和浮标漂流轨迹的海洋涡旋特征信息对比分析

本文基于Chelton提供的涡旋数据集和浮标漂流轨迹提取的涡旋结果,对1993—2015年的全球涡旋进行特征信息对比分析。结果表明,在全球范围内高度计涡旋数据集中的欧拉涡旋和浮标漂流轨迹提取的拉格朗日涡旋的配对成功率在空间分布上并不均衡,在中纬度(20°—60°S,20°—60°N)配对成功率最高可达25%,而在20°S—20°N区域内配对成功率不到10%。由于低纬度地转效应并不显著,卫星高度计无法有效观测到涡旋,但通过浮标漂流轨迹识别出的拉格朗日涡旋却大量存在,这说明在低纬度区域内,采用漂流浮标手段对涡旋进行观测,能够有效地弥补卫星高度计识别涡旋的区域限制。进一步分析表明,总体而言,提取的欧拉涡旋半径要大于拉格朗日涡旋闭合回路半径。两种识别方法获得的涡旋(闭合回路)在20°—50°S, 20°—50°N的副热带和中纬度海区半径大致相当; 20°S—20°N度以内(特别是近赤道区域)、高纬度区域以及西边界流区域,欧拉涡旋半径是同期拉格朗日涡旋闭合回路半径的3倍或更多。此外,对配对涡旋的Rossby数分析结果显示,拉格朗日涡旋较小的闭合回路对应较大的平均相对涡度,这表明浮标在被中尺度涡俘获后,更容易在相对涡度较大的地方(如中尺度涡中心、中尺度涡边缘等)形成闭合回路。     

台湾岛西南部一个暖涡的跨海盆粒子输运

台湾岛西南部是暖涡产生的源地之一, 以往的研究集中于讨论暖涡本身的运动特征和规律, 如暖涡的半径、产生位置、寿命、移动路径等, 暖涡生成机制也引发了深入的研究和探讨, 但关于该地区暖涡导致的物质输运, 仅有少量的观测且结果较为离散。文章通过AVISO(Archiving Validation and Interpretation of Satellite Oceanographic Data)卫星高度计的地转流场、海表高度异常数据以及区域海洋环流模式(ROMS)结果, 得到一个暖涡从2003年秋季至2004年春季的生消过程, 并在涡旋内10m、50m、100m层各放入10000个示踪粒子, 追踪它们的运动轨迹, 从而讨论暖涡的跨海盆粒子输运特征。该暖涡的寿命为121d, 平均半径50.4km, 移动路程1437.5km, 平均移动速度 13.5cm·s^-1。研究表明, 该暖涡具有较好的物质保守性, 可以将大部分的粒子裹挟在涡旋内部并携带着沿1000~2000m等深线向西南方向运动, 在该暖涡的消亡阶段, 由于地形的阻隔以及与流的相互作用, 涡的不稳定性和形变增加, 大量的粒子被甩出涡旋, 最后仅有18.6%~35.6%粒子随暖涡运动至海南岛南部。尽管这个比例并不大, 但涡致输运的积累作用不容小觑。示踪粒子的数目与位涡具有较好的相关性, 相关系数为0.63, 暖涡内的物质被位涡线裹挟着前行。示踪粒子在暖涡内呈螺旋状下沉, 大部分粒子在释放后的5d内基本在起始的深度上下浮沉, 仅有3.9%的粒子沉降至15m以下。在10m、50m和100m层释放的粒子平均深度最大值分别为48.7m、88.7m和130.6m。     

卫星跟踪浮标和卫星遥感海面高度中的南海涡旋结构

选择4个南海卫星跟踪Argos漂流浮标及同期的TOPEX／Poseidon卫星遥感海面高度资料，研究了南海海域涡旋的活动及空间结构。这4个Argos漂流浮标的轨迹除了基本符合各季节海盆尺度环流趋势外，分别在菲律 宾以西、越南外海、南海中部等海域呈现出中尺度旋转轨迹。这些尺度涡旋现象在同期的TOPEX卫星遥感海面高度异常（SSHA）分布中得到了准确印证，并在诊断得到的地转流场中对应了一系列瞬变的中尺度涡旋运动。     

黑潮延续体区域多源观测资料的海洋涡旋的统计对比分析

本文首次利用海面温度、海面高度异常和表面漂流浮标数据等多元观测资料定量比较了获取的涡旋特征要素。结果表明：虽然不同数据源得出的涡旋统计特征具有一定的差异,但具有相似的分布特征。在此基础上,还发现该研究区域存在异常涡旋（逆时针旋转的暖涡和顺时针旋转的冷涡）。     

西北太平洋反气旋涡的Argos浮标观测结果分析

结合卫星高度计异常资料和2003年10月上旬投放在西北太平洋的25个Argos表层漂流浮标资料,分析观测海域的中尺度涡特征及浮标漂移路径上的温度和流速变化,结果表明:(1)7个浮标受强劲的黑潮流影响直接进入台湾岛以东黑潮表层的主流轴;(2)16个浮标在反气旋涡内旋转,并随中尺度涡向西运动,到达黑潮的东边界,由于中尺度涡旋的消亡,浮标脱离其影响后由黑潮带动向东海运动,浮标的移动轨迹呈螺线型;(3)仅有2个浮标在(123°E、20°N)附近通过吕宋海峡进入南海,且41490号浮标受台湾岛西南外海反气旋涡的影响作了2周旋转后再进入南海。比较分析表明,黑潮在冬季应该存在入侵南海的分支,但浮标能否顺利进入南海受多种随机因素控制,如风生流、潮流和波浪等。另外,西北太平洋向西传播的中尺度涡难以越过强劲的黑潮流屏障继续向西传播通过吕宋海峡进入南海。     

基于漂流浮标观测分析日本福岛以东表层海洋物质的散播轨迹

认识海洋中的物质如何散播对于理解海洋环境变化和人类活动污染在海洋中的扩散过程具有非常重要的意义。利用历史海表漂流浮标观测数据,对日本福岛以东海域的表层物质散播轨迹进行了拉格朗日示踪分析和观测模拟试验研究。结果发现,福岛以东海域海表浮标的散播路径主要分为东、南两支,其中速度较快的东支为主要通道,沿黑潮延伸体汇入北太平洋流,最短用时大约22个月即可到达北美西海岸;南支则沿黑潮延伸体以南的大范围南向流向西南方向运移,速度较慢且明显受涡旋活动影响,最快大约5个月即可到达吕宋海峡和中国台湾以东海域,进而进入南海和东海等中国近海海域。通过开展观测模拟试验,发现海表浮标散播的概率密度分布呈现以福岛附近海域为核心、向西南和正东方向递减扩展的形态,其中,到达中国近海的浮标主要通过吕宋海峡进入。文章详细讨论了研究结果的局限性、不足之处,以及因基于大量现场观测而具备的重要参考价值。     

西太平洋黑洞涡旋物质输运能力分析

基于椭圆型拉格朗日拟序结构（elliptic Lagrangian Coherent Structures, eLCSs）可以提取出黑洞涡旋,它具有较强的输运能力并且随流场长时间运动后仍保持连贯,类似于海洋中的“黑洞”,故被称为黑洞涡旋。本文基于地转流速度场数据,针对西太平洋中一个典型的黑洞涡旋（Eddy A）使用eLCSs的方法提取涡旋边界,并进行分析研究。利用海表温度、海表盐度和叶绿素浓度数据分析验证Eddy A水平方向上物质输运的连贯性;使用Argo浮标得到的不同深度的温度、盐度和溶解氧数据对Eddy A垂直方向的物质相干性进行分析验证。通过分析证明,在较长的时间尺度上,黑洞涡旋边界较欧拉涡旋边界的连贯性更强,能更加客观地描述物质输运。     

基于回归模型的南海表层漂流浮标轨迹模拟研究

分别利用地转流、风海流和ROMS模式表层海流中的一项或者多项作为自变量,建立了关于表层漂流浮标漂移速度的回归模型,模拟了2017年12月—2018年2月和2019年12月—2020年2月的南海海域表层漂流浮标轨迹。根据回归模型结果对浮标进行72 h的漂移轨迹模拟,对比结果显示:基于地转流、风海流和ROMS模式表层海流3项作为自变量的回归模型(M_EGR)效果最好,其浮标模拟轨迹的72 h平均距离误差为38 km,平均角度误差为35°,平均综合技术得分为0.34。将风海流和地转流作为自变量加入到以ROMS模式表层海流结果为自变量的回归模型中,浮标模拟轨迹的72 h平均距离误差减少10 km,平均角度误差减少5°,平均技术得分提高0.09,特别是在涡旋附近区域的模拟效果得到显著提升。该方法对利用ROMS模式结果进行漂移浮标轨迹预测具有较好的校正效果。此外,风海流叠加地转流数据和ROMS模式数据在南海漂流浮标轨迹的预测方面具有较好的互补性;在南海流速相对稳定的区域,利用M_EGR模型得到的拟合流速可以较为准确地模拟漂移浮标轨迹,在南海涡旋活跃的区域,该模型效果有待进一步提升。     

太平洋低纬度西边界流和涡旋结构季节变化的观测分析

利用漂流浮标、ADCP和Argo等观测资料,对太平洋低纬度西边界流和涡旋结构的季节变化进行了分析.根据漂流浮标资料计算的北赤道流、棉兰老海流和北赤道逆流具有明显的季节变化,而且北赤道流/棉兰老海流和北赤道逆流在冬春、夏秋之间具有明显的反位相变化,这一特征造成了气旋式棉兰老冷涡强度的季节变化很弱,水团分析表明,该冷涡的水团特性主要是北太平洋热带水.反气旋式的哈马黑拉暖涡强度具有明显的季节变化,其水团特性主要是南太平洋热带水.给出了棉兰老涡和哈马黑拉涡强度的垂直结构,表明这两个涡旋的强度在0～30 m迅速减弱,在30～450 m近似线性减弱,在450 m以下涡旋消失.     

中国东部海域潮汐余流特征及其动力分析

潮汐余流对中国东部海域物质输运过程起着重要作用。通过对中国东部海域的三维数值模拟,计算了潮汐余流并从潮余涡量角度分析了其形成机制。中国东部海域的欧拉余流在水深较浅的朝鲜半岛沿岸、苏北浅滩、长江浅滩、闽浙沿岸,以及冲绳海槽附近海域,流速量级较大,以余流涡旋的形式呈现,其机制为局部地形差异和潮汐水位高度波动下,科氏效应或摩擦效应导致潮周期内存在净涡量。斯托克斯漂流量级在浅水区较大,而在深水海域则远小于欧拉余流。拉格朗日余流在深水区域与欧拉余流相似,在浅水区域由欧拉余流和斯托克斯漂流共同决定。输运余流和拉格朗日余流分布特征更接近,特别是在近岸海域,但两者的物理意义并不相同。潮汐余流由于常年稳定存在,且在许多海域的流动方向同已知的沿岸流系的方向基本一致,是中国东部海域沿岸流的重要组成部分。估算出了输运余流对沿岸流的贡献率或抑制率,输运余流对近岸陆源沉积物输运和沉积物分布具有不可忽略的作用。     

Anticyclonic eddies in the northeastern South China Sea during winter 2003/2004

The origins and evolutions of two anticyclonic eddies in the northeastern South China Sea (SCS) were examined using multi-satellite remote sensing data, trajectory data of surface drifting buoys, and in-situ hydrographic data during winter 2003/2004. The results showed that buoy 22918 tracked an anti-cyclonic warm-core eddy (AE1) for about 20 days (December 4–23, 2003) in the northeastern SCS, and then escaped from AE1 eventually. Subsequently to that, buoy 22517 remained within a different anti-cyclonic warm-core eddy (AE2) for about 78 days (from January 28 to April 14, 2004) in the same area. It drifted southwestward for about 540 km, and finally entered into the so-called “Luzon Gyre”. Using inference from sea level anomaly (SLA), sea surface temperature (SST), geostrophic currents and the buoys’ trajectories, it is shown that both eddies propagated southwestward along the continental slope of the northern SCS. The mean speeds of AE1 and AE2 movements were 9.7 cm/s and 10.5 cm/s, respectively, which are similar to the phase speed of Rossby waves in the northern SCS. The variation of instantaneous speeds of the eddy movement and intensity of anticyclonic eddy may suggest complex interactions between an anticyclonic eddy and its ambient fluids in the northern SCS, where the eddy propagated southwestward with Rossby waves. Furthermore, SLA and SST images in combination with the temperature and salinity profiles obtained during a cruise suggested that AE1 was generated in the interior SCS and AE2 was shed from the “Kuroshio meander”.     

Spatial information recognizing of ocean eddies based on virtual force field and its application

A new approach to detecting ocean eddies automatically from remote sensing imageries based on the ocean eddy's eigen-pattern in remote sensing imagery and "force field-based shape extracting method" is proposed. First, the analysis on extracting eddies' edges from remote sensing imagery using conventional edge detection arithmetic operators is performed and returns digitized vector edge data as a result. Second, attraction forces and fusion forces between edge curves were analyzed and calculated based on the vector eddy edges. Thirdly, the virtual significant spatial patterns of eddy were detected automatically using iterative repetition followed by optimized rule. Finally, the spatial form auto-detection of different types of ocean eddies was done using satellite images. The study verified that this is an effective way to identify and detect the ocean eddy with a complex form.     

Air-sea carbon-dioxide flux estimated by eddy covariance method from a buoy observation

Precise measurements of the CO2 gas transfer across the air-sea interface provide a better understanding of the global carbon cycle.The air-sea CO2 fluxes are obtained by the eddy covariance method and the bulk method from a buoy observation in the northern Huanghai sea.The effects of buoy motion on flux calculated by the eddy covariance method are demonstrated.The research shows that a motion correction can improve the correlation coefficient between the CO2 fluxes estimated from two different levels.Without the CO2-H2 O cross-correlation correction which is termed as PKT correction,the air-sea CO2 fluxes estimated by eddy covariance method using the motion corrected data are nearly an order of magnitude larger than those estimated by the bulk method.After the CO2-H2 O cross-correlation correction,some eddy covariance CO2 fluxes indeed become closer to the bulk CO2 flux,whereas some are overcorrected which are in response to small water vapor flux.     

基于复杂网络的海洋涡旋移动特征研究——以南海为例

海洋涡旋作为一种快速连续变化的海洋现象,如何分析和挖掘其移动特征成为当前海洋涡旋定量研究的重点。本文引入空间数据挖掘的社区网络划分方法,将涡旋过程看作复杂的移动网络,对涡旋移动的聚集性特征进行探索和分析。首先,以网格为统计单元对1992-2011年近20年南海海洋涡旋移动数据进行组织,基于图论模型构建了涡旋瞬时移动（TP）,涡旋移动起止点（OD）,涡旋最小描述距离的特征点移动网（MDL）和涡旋过程移动再生数据（RSP）4种状态的海洋涡旋的移动网络图;其次,采用基于快速模块度优化的区域划分方法分别得到4种状态下涡旋移动的聚集性区域;最后,利用弦图对区域内和区域间涡旋移动规律进行了可视化分析,发现海洋涡旋的RSP数据能够弥补原始涡旋移动数据在区域划分方法中呈现的数量不足的问题,能够在足够数据量的情况下,有效地发现从起点到终点的主要移动通道和涡旋移动的聚集性区域,这些区域反映了南海涡旋从其产生、发展到结束整个演化过程的聚集性特征。     

Drifter Observations of Anticyclonic Eddies near Bussol' Strait, the Kuril Islands

Hydrographic surveys and satellite imaging reveal that mesoscale anticyclonic (AC) eddies are common features of the area south of Bussol' Strait, the deepest of the Kuril straits connecting the western North Pacific and Sea of Okhotsk. To examine the velocity structure of these eddies, we deployed groups of 15-m drogued satellite-tracked surface drifters over the Kuril-Kamchatka Trench in the fall of 1990 and late summer of 1993. Drifters in both groups entered large AC eddies centered over the axis of the trench seaward of Bussol' Strait and subsequently underwent a slow northeastward translation. One drifter (Drifter 1315) deployed near the center of the “Bussol' eddy” in 1990, remained in the eddy for roughly 45 days and made five loops at successively greater distances from the eddy center. Large-amplitude (80–100 cm/s) storm-generated inertial oscillations were observed during the first two loops. The vorticity field associated with the eddy resulted in a Doppler “red-shift” of inertial frequency motions such that the “effective” inertial period of 21 hours was roughly 4 hours greater than the nominal inertial period for the drifter latitude (45°N). In 1993, a second drifter (Drifter 15371) was retained in the Bussol' eddy for about 40 days. This eddy had characteristics similar to those of the 1990 eddy but was devoid of significant high-frequency motions until the drifter's final half loop. The observed spatial scales, persistence, and slow poleward translation of the eddies suggests that they play an important role in the dynamics of the East Kamchatka and Oyashio current systems. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Dynamics and role of the Durban cyclonic eddy in the KwaZulu-Natal Bight ecosystem

The semi-permanent Durban Eddy is a mesoscale, lee-trapped, cold-core cyclonic circulation that occurs off the east coast of South Africa between Durban in the north and Sezela, some 70 km to the south. When present, strong north-eastward countercurrents reaching 100 cm s^–1 are found inshore. It is hypothesised that the cyclone is driven by the strong south-westward flowing Agulhas Current offshore of the regressing shelf edge near Durban. Analysis of ADCP data and satellite imagery shows the eddy to be present off Durban approximately 55% of the time, with an average lifespan of 8.6 days, and inter-eddy periods of 4 to 8 days. After spin-up the eddy breaks loose from its lee position and propagates downstream on the inshore boundary of the Agulhas Current. The eddy is highly variable in occurrence, strength and downstream propagation speeds. There is no detectable seasonal cycle in eddy occurrence, with the Natal Pulse causing more variability than any seasonal signal. A thermistor array deployed in the eddy centre, together with ship CTD data, indicates upward doming of the thermal structure in the eddy core associated with cooler water and nutrients being moved higher in the water column, stimulating primary production. Together with the use of satellite imagery, our findings indicate a second mechanism of upwelling, viz. divergent upwelling in the northern limb of the eddy. Satellite-tracked surface drifters released in the eddy demonstrated the potential for nutrient-rich eddy water to be transported northwards along the inshore regions of the KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) Bight, thus contributing to the functioning of the bight ecosystem, as well as southwards along the KZN and Transkei coasts – both by the eddy migrating downstream and by eddy water being recirculated into the inshore boundary of the Agulhas Current itself.     

A motion correction on direct estimations of air-sea fluxes from a buoy

A flux system deployed on a moored buoy has been described, which is capable of directly estimating the airsea fluxes after removing the contamination in the signal due to buoy motion. A triple loop fitting method has been demonstrated for determining the three angular offsets between measurement axes of the sonic anemometer and motion pack. The data collected in an experiment in the Northern Huanghai Sea is used to correct the three sonic anemometer measurements of turbulent wind for buoy motion. The effective removal of wave-scale motion from the spectra and cospectra are demonstrated. Estimates of along-wind momentum flux, sensible heat flux and latent heat flux calculated by the eddy correlation method based on data obtained by sonic anemometer 81000V are shown to be in the same trend and scale with those determined by the bulk aerodynamic method after motion correction. The motion correction not only greatly improve the estimation of the momentum flux but also has a great impact on the calculated sensible heat flux.     

Comparison of surface velocities determined from altimeter and drifting buoy data

Surface velocities determined from trajectory of a drifting buoy from March through November 1987 are compared with surface geostrophic velocities determined from sea surface dynamic topography (SSDT) obtained from altimetry data with the aid of long-term hydrographic observation data. In general, these velocities show similar temporal variations in both zonal and meridional components, except in a period when obvious error is found in the altimetric SSDT field. When the buoy was trapped by several mid-ocean meso-scale eddies, the comparison is especially good. Systematic discrepancy is found, however, when the buoy was in the Kuroshio region, because of using both temporally and spatially smoothed mean SSDT estimated from hydrographic data; instead, surface geostrophic velocities determined from the altimetric SSDT referred to the improved geoid model result in better comparison.     

The model of tracing drift targets and its application in the South China Sea

A Leeway-Trace model was established for the traceability analysis of drifting objects at sea. The model was based on the Leeway model which is a Monte Carlo-based ensemble trajectory model, and a method of realistic traceability analysis was proposed in this study by using virtual spatiotemporal drift trajectory prediction. Here,measured data from a drifting buoy observation experiment in the northern South China Sea in April 2019,combined with surface current data obtained from the finite volu...