江西宁都葛藤嘴浅变质岩离子吸附型稀土矿成矿模式

江西宁都葛藤嘴离子吸附型稀土矿床是新近发现的新类型稀土矿床,成矿母岩为一套浅变质岩系。本文对矿区内的浅变质岩岩石类型、稀土元素含量及风化壳中稀土分布特征进行了研究,总结了成矿模式。矿区内岩石类型有变质砂岩、变质凝灰岩、千枚岩及片岩类。稀土元素含量普遍偏高,平均为384×10-6,变质凝灰岩类可达723×10-6,属于LREE型。风化壳钻孔样品中稀土含量增高,稀土配分继承了母岩特征。此类矿床最为特殊的是成矿母岩呈层产出,母岩的岩石类型、厚度及层位是重要的找矿要素。宁都地区浅变质岩类中良好的成矿母岩主要为变质砂岩和变质凝灰岩,两者不仅稀土含量较高,产出厚度较大,风化壳矿体也较为连续。     

中国不同沉积类型页岩生烃有机孔发育差异

生烃有机孔的发育本质上受有机质化学结构以及生排烃规律的控制。腐泥型干酪根在"生油窗"内因对液态烃的滞留溶胀作用导致有机孔可见率低;腐殖型干酪根受制于自身弱的生烃潜力,无论成熟度高低有机孔发育均很差。另外,腐泥型干酪根在生油窗阶段释放到页岩基质中的沥青(原油)在高-过熟阶段因热裂解脱挥发分形成大量气孔,并成为有机孔发育的主导载体。但进入变质阶段后,有机质在碳化作用下有机孔发育变差,出现线性、针孔状有机孔。据此,原始干酪根类型为腐泥型的北方中、新生界陆相生油窗页岩因干酪根滞留烃效应导致有机孔可见率低;原始干酪根类型为腐泥型的南方下古生界海相过成熟页岩因基质滞留烃热裂解可见大量脱挥发分孔;而原始干酪根类型为腐殖型的二叠系过渡相页岩受Ⅲ型干酪根化学惰性结构的影响,无论成熟度高低有机孔均很少见。     

伸展剪切带体制中流体的平流:以科迪勒拉变质核杂岩为例

变质核杂岩中伸展剪切带的特征是外来未变质盖层系或上部岩板叠覆在高级变质的中部地壳岩石或下部岩板之上。这与碰撞带的典型构造型式,即上老下新的外来体堆叠构造明显不同。伸展剪切带(沿着这些带中地壳岩石受到拉伸并同时抬升),其标志为由韧性晶质塑性经韧性流动与颗粒破裂作用至纯碎裂变形,这反映了抬升过程中流动机制对温度与围压的依赖关系。在科迪勒拉变质核杂岩中,上部岩板与下部岩板的不同流动体制中有一条系统的分界沿伸展韧性剪切带或拆离断层出现。下部岩板角闪岩相韧性糜棱岩约550℃,由顺应(Compliance)全岩δ~(18)O值及糜棱岩与其母岩间矿物对δ~(18)O分馏显示出它是一个封闭体系。糜棱岩与其母岩的主元素与痕量元素丰度值也是等化学的。     

油气消亡界线应重新认识

<正> Tissot 等人70年代建立的“干酪根晚期热降解生烃说”,揭示了常规油气的形成演化和分布规律。该理论认为,在 R_o 大于0.9%(温度为125℃)时,石油发生裂解;R_o 为1.35%(温度为200℃)时,石油完全裂解,形成凝析油和湿气;当 R_o 为2.0%～4.0%时,形成以甲烷为主的干气;R_o 大于4.0%时,进入变质作用阶段。     

苏北盆地古近系阜三段物源特征及其形成的构造背景分析

综合碎屑组分、砾石成分、稀土元素、砂岩含量分布和砂砾岩分布特征的分析,并借鉴前人的研究成果,可以得出,苏北盆地古近系阜三段的物源区主要有6个。(Ⅰ,Ⅱ)建湖隆起分别向南北两侧供源:向南为金湖东部凹陷、高邮北部凹陷和海安凹陷供源,母岩成分主要为中酸性火成岩、石英岩和花岗岩;向北为盐城凹陷供源,母岩成分主要为中酸性火成岩、石英岩、基性火成岩和花岗岩,与建湖隆起南侧相比,存在基性火成岩的混入。(Ⅲ)张八岭隆起向东为金湖西部凹陷供源,母岩成分主要为中酸性火成岩和石英岩,与建湖隆起南侧母岩相比,缺少花岗岩成分。(Ⅳ)苏南隆起向北为高邮南部凹陷供源,母岩成分主要为碳酸盐岩和中酸性火成岩,与高邮北部凹陷母岩成分有差异,存在大量碳酸盐岩成分的混入。(Ⅴ)滨海隆起向南为阜宁凹陷供源,据调研,母岩主要为中深变质岩和古生界沉积岩。(Ⅵ)据调研,鲁苏隆起东段为涟北凹陷供源,主要为浅变质酸性火成岩。结合Bhatia稀土元素特征参数对比和Dickinson构造背景判别图解,认为源区构造背景属于与大陆岛弧相关的活动大陆边缘和再旋回造山带。     

高压变质作用中的稀土元素行为

研究高压变质作用中稀土元素(REE)行为估计可能用于确定榴辉岩母岩的地球动力学环境。本文研究了乌拉尔—蒙古褶皱带(哈萨克北部的科克切塔夫地块和苏联境内的天山中部的Atbashi地区)变质杂岩中显示各种程度的闪石化榴辉岩,同时还调查了奥地利阿尔卑斯山脉Koralpe的榴辉岩化变质辉长岩和科克切塔夫地块的由辉长岩转变的石榴石角闪岩。分析资料表明,榴辉岩中轻稀土元素约30～60％是存在于粒间的孔隙中。调查结果证明,在榴辉岩形成过程中REE实际上是不活动的。它们的低活动性既解释了变质杂岩缺少流体相,又解释了低流体/岩石比值。     

中国软玉矿床类型及其矿物学特征

文章将中国11个产地的软玉（透闪石玉）矿床分为岩浆热液型和变质热液型两大类。其中岩浆热液型又根据侵入体的性质分为中酸性岩型、基性岩型、超基性岩型;变质热液型根据母岩特点分为碳酸盐岩型和蛇纹岩型,并从围岩和侵入岩体特征、矿体产状及大地构造背景等方面,对比分析了软玉矿床的相似性和差异性,总结了各产地软玉的品种、矿物成分、结构构造等矿物学特征;简单分析了软玉的找矿远景。     

非洲西北部晚元古代安山岩中的金

引言火山岩的变质作用,在许多金矿床的形成中是经常发生的一种主要作用。但缺乏有关金从母岩中迁移的实际机理和火山岩中金背景含量方面的资料。本文的目的是要确定晚元古代霍加尔(非洲西北部)安山岩中金的背景值,估计低级变质作用时这些岩石中金分布的影响,以及这种作用在金矿床形成期间的可能影响。     

大别造山带超高压变质岩稳定同位素地球化学

通过对大别造山带超高压变质岩的氢、氧和碳同位素地球化学研究，发现了显著的稳定同位素异常。结果对扬子板块向华北板块的俯冲提供了如下化学地球动力学制约： (1)北大别榴辉岩和基性麻粒岩与南大别超高压榴辉岩和片麻岩一样，具有较低的δ 18O值，表明它们在板块俯冲前经历了高温地表水热液蚀变，在超高压变质阶段流体以亏损 13C为特征； (2)部分低δ 18O值榴辉岩的共存矿物对之间保存了氧同位素平衡分馏，记录了榴辉岩相变质温度，指示这些榴辉岩在地幔的居留时间较短，折返初期的冷却速率较大； (3)退变质作用过程中存在显著的差异性氢氧同位素交换，早期阶段流体具有内部缓冲性质，而晚期则具有外部来源； (4)东大别大理岩显著富集 13C，反映出其母岩灰岩的沉积环境为封闭的大陆边缘盆地，西大别苏家河大理岩的δ 13C值接近于正常海相碳酸盐，指示其母岩形成环境为宽广开阔的海洋。     

大别山榴辉岩氢氧同位素组成及其地球动力学意义

碧溪岭榴辉岩石至少经历了５个阶段的变质作用，矿物对氧同位素地质测温结果与通过岩石学方法计算的温度吻合得非常好，表明碧溪岭榴辉岩体中大部分同位素体系接近或达到平衡，且退变质作用未明显破坏这种平衡，榴辉岩全岩δ＾１８Ｏ为３‰～５‰指示其母岩玄武岩曾与地表水在变质作用之前发生过一定程度的交换作用。     

Deformation inside a paleosubduction channel – Insights from microstructures and crystallographic preferred orientations of eclogites and metasediments from the Tauern Window,Austria

The Eclogite Zone, of the Tauern Window is an exhumed subduction channel comprising eclogites with different grades of retrogression in a matrix of high-pressure metasediments. The rocks were exposed to 600 °C and 20–25 kbars, and then retrogressed during their exhumation, first under blueschist facies and later under amphibolite facies metamorphism. To gain insights into the deformation within the subduction channel during subduction and exhumation, both fresh and retrogressed eclogites, as well as the surrounding metasediments were investigated with respect to their deformation microstructures and crystallographic preferred orientations (CPOs). Pristine and retrogressed eclogites show grain boundary migration and subgrain rotation recrystallization microstructures in omphacite. A misorientation axes analysis reveals the activity of complementary deformation mechanisms including grain boundary sliding and dislocation creep. The omphacite CPOs of the eclogites correspond to dominant SL-fabrics characteristic of plane strain deformation, though there are local variations towards flattening or constriction within the paleosubduction channel. The glaucophane CPOs in retrogressed eclogites match those of omphacite, suggesting that a constant strain geometry persisted during exhumation at blueschist facies conditions. Plastic deformation of the host high-pressure metasediments outlasted that of the eclogites, as indicated by white mica fabrics and quartz CPO. The latter is consistently asymmetric, pointing to the operation of non-coaxial deformation. The microstructures and CPO data indicate a continuous plastic deformation cycle with eclogite and blueschist facies metamorphism related to subduction and exhumation of the different rock units.     

贵州中三叠统烂泥沟金矿有机质的初步研究

烂泥沟金矿是以浊积岩为容矿岩石的微细浸染型金矿。有机岩石学分析表明,矿石与围岩中干酪根类型无明显差别,同属腐泥-腐植型。与围岩相比,矿石中干酪根成熟度(R₀=2.74%-3.06%)和含金性(6.15-24.8μg/g)均较高;干酪根总含金量在全岩中所占的比例是围岩高于矿石。氯仿沥青“A”的检测说明,矿石样品中可溶性有机质形成于强还原和高盐度环境,沥青质和含硫有机化合物发育。研究认为,干酪根含金性与碳的活化有关;不饱和的有机基因对金的动一定转换可能具有重要意义。     

The arditurri Pb-Zn-F-Ba deposit (Cinco Villas massif,Basque Pyrenees): A deformed and metamorphosed stratiform deposit

Stratiform banded and massive Pb-Zn-F-Ba mineralizations in metasediments of the Westphalian Cinco Villas formation (Basque Pyrenees) show several features related to Hercynian deformation and low-grade regional metamorphism. However, some primary depositional textures and structures are preserved. Minerals like pyrite reveal preregional metamorphic textures (framboidal-colloform pyrite with automorphic overgrowths, dendritic and atoll textures), typical of rapid precipitation from supersaturated solutions during hydrothermal-sedimentary activity. Deformation and subsequent micro- and mesoscale remobilization have caused morphological and textural changes in the mineralizations producing folding, mineral foliation, transposition, boudinages, piercements, etc., as well as the development of veinlike orebodies. Pyrite shows a general tendency toward cataclasis whereas sphalerite, galena, and chalcopyrite exhibit a variety of microstructures (subgrains, twining, recrystallization, etc.) indicative of ductile deformation. Microscopy suggests the deformation of more plastic sulfide occurred mainly by a dislocation-type mechanism at low temperatures (350°C), which are compatible with the regional metamorphism recorded in the host rocks.     

Evolution of perthite composition and microstructure during progressive metamorphism of hypersolvus granite,Rhode Island,USA

The Scituate Granite in central Rhode Island, USA contains very coarse alkali feldspar mesoperthite and has been subjected to prograde metamorphism subsequent to original igneous cooling. The modal abundance and grain size of relics of alkali feldspar mesoperthite decrease systematically as metamorphic grade increases. The composition and microstructures of coexisting phases in the relict perthite grains also vary systematically with increasing metamorphic grade. Microstructures coarsen and become more complex, and compositions record increasing metamorphic temperatures.We suggest that the microstructures and compositions have been produced by exsolution, either during post-igneous cooling or early metamorphism, followed by partial homogenization during prograde metamorphism. The principal control on the evolution of the microstructures and compositions was probably the maximum temperature achieved during prograde metamorphism, with the abundance and size of perthite relics determined by recrystallization during deformation.     

Release of bound aromatic hydrocarbons from late Archean and Mesoproterozoic kerogens via hydropyrolysis

Hydrogen-lean kerogens (atomic H/C<0.4) isolated from the 2.5-billion-year-old (Ga) Mt. McRae Shale, Hamersley Group, at Tom Price, Western Australia, were studied via hydropyrolysis, a continuous-flow technique that degrades organic matter in a stream of high-pressure hydrogen assisted by a dispersed Mo catalyst. The hydropyrolysates yielded predominantly phenanthrene and pyrene, and higher polyaromatic hydrocarbons and alkylated homologues were generated in low relative concentrations. Saturated hydrocarbons were not detected. The molecular and carbon isotopic compositions of the hydropyrolysates are very similar to aromatic hydrocarbons obtained by solvent extraction of the host rocks. Because molecular structures covalently attached to kerogen are unaffected by contamination, this indicates that both the bound and extractable aromatic fractions are syngenetic with the host rocks. Therefore, the results of the hydropyrolysis experiments provide compelling evidence for preserved bitumen of Archean age. The very high proportion of nonalkylated polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the hydropyrolysates is consistent with hydrothermal dehydrogenation of the kerogen, and a marked concentration difference of pyrene in rock extracts and hydropyrolysates might be explained by hydrothermal redistribution of the bitumen. The kerogen and bitumen composition is therefore consistent with models suggesting a hydrothermal origin for the giant iron ore deposits at Mt. Tom Price. Comparison of the Archean samples with hydropyrolysates from immature Mesoproterozoic kerogens from the Roper Group, McArthur Basin, Northern Territory, and with pyrolysis experiments on Proterozoic kerogens in the literature suggests that Precambrian kerogens are frequently highly aromatic and lipid-poor regardless of their degree of thermal preservation.     

Mica Inclusions inside Host Mica Grains from the Sutlej Section of the Higher Himalayan Crystallines, India—Morphology and Constrains in Genesis

Abstract: Biotite and muscovite inclusions inside mica host minerals from the Sutlej section of the Higher Himalayan Crystalline were studied under an optical microscope. These inclusions formed possibly by local recrystallization of mica grains during regional prograde metamorphism, with some affected by top-to-SW shear leading to parallelogram shapes. Recrystallization may have been assisted by solution transfer along the cleavage planes of the host grains. The relative competency of deformed phyllosilicate inclusions with the same or different composition to the host depends on the size and orientation of (001) cleavage planes of the inclusions relative to the host. Shearing of mica inclusions led to their parallelogram geometries within the contained mica inclusions. Some of the sheared inclusions deflect cleavage planes in the host minerals and define flanking microstructures. Trapezoid-shaped inclusions are a new finding that deserves more attention for their genesis. These structurally anisotropic inclusions did not originate from sub-grains, secondary infillings or retrogression. These inclusions are also not related to pseudomorphism, isomorphism, folding of the bulk rock etc. Some of the inclusions formed by recrystallization of the host mineral during top-to-SW ductile shear.     

我国北方前寒武区域变质岩区变质作用对镁铁云母成分的影响

辽宁鞍山、冀东、密云和内蒙古地区镁铁云母的寄主岩石类型有变沉积岩和变火山岩。其镁铁云母的Al_2O_3含量和Mg/(Mg+Fe~(2+))比值随寄主岩石类型不同而有明显的差异。而在同类寄主岩石中,镁铁云母的成分,特别是Mg/(Mg+Fe~(2+))比值,则随变质作用强度而出现规律性的变化。 研究表明,从鞍山-冀东-密云、内蒙古、变质作用强度(主要是温度)升高;在翼东水厂矿区,从南至北,变质作用强度也有增加的趋势。镁铁云母成分可为变质岩区的地层对比、确定构造形迹和找矿提供有益的信息。     

Microstructural records of multiple retrograde local H2O supplement in the pelitic gneiss,Lützow-Holm Complex at Akarui Point,East Antarctica

The alkali-feldspar and biotite in the sillimanite-biotite-garnet gneiss from East Antarctica preserves characteristic microstructural evidence of multi-stage H₂O supplement during the retrograde metamorphism. The first microstructural evidence is the “zoned feldspar,” in which the mesoperthitic zone, the anti-perthitic zone, and lamella-free plagioclase zone coexist within a single crystal. They are occasionally found next to biotite, and are always depleted in orthoclase (Or) component toward the biotite. The formation process of this microstructure could be explained by the diffusion that oversteps the solvus. The second microstructural evidence is the serrate boundary between alkali-feldspar and biotite. The projections of biotite are selectively developed next to Or lamellae of alkali-feldspar every 3–5 μm. These two microstructures would have formed as the biotite grew by consuming potash in alkali-feldspar when H₂O-bearing fluid locally passed through the grain boundaries. The former microstructure was formed at 825–900 °C before lamella formation, and the latter microstructure was formed after the lamella formation. These microstructures are the indicators of fluid pathways formed under two different temperature conditions. The common coexistence of these microstructures implies that the fluid used similar pathways during the retrograde metamorphism.     

地球内部物质、能量交换与资源和灾害

通过对凤凰山岩体接触带的变质与变形特征、显微构造及变形缩短量的计算 ,分析了凤凰山岩体侵位与接触带变形及区域变形的关系。通过接触带变质矿物变形特征的研究 ,揭示了热变质作用与侵位变形的同时性 ;接触带构造变形研究表明 ,岩体周围发育的流变褶皱、韧性剪切带、压溶缝合线等与岩体左旋上升与汽球膨胀侵位有关 ;围岩缩短量的计算结果表明 ,岩体侵位过程造成强烈的围岩缩短是一种强力侵位机制。研究表明 ,凤凰山岩体侵位是在区域NNE向水平左旋剪切应力场作用下完成的。岩体接触带变形是NNE向水平左旋剪切应力与横向推挤的侵位应力联合作用下形成的。     

前寒武纪铀金矿床的主要类型及在我国的成矿特点

前寒武纪铀金矿床主要类型有:古砾岩型铀金矿床,层状或层控型铀金矿床,不整合脉型铀矿床(不含或少含金),绿岩型金矿床。我国主要发育绿岩型,并具有时代新、变质程度高、成岩成矿时差大等特点;空间上,金矿床常分布在隆起带,铀矿床分布在坳陷带,二者均受区域断裂制约。