深圳湾和茅洲河湿地浅层沉积物孔隙水中营养盐和金属元素赋存特征及其界面扩散通量研究

为了解湿地微环境中营养盐和金属元素的分布特征及其内在联系,并进一步估算两者在沉积物-水界面的扩散通量,本文借助薄膜扩散梯度技术获取深圳湾和茅洲河红树林湿地浅层沉积物孔隙水中营养盐和金属元素浓度以及二维高分辨有效态硫浓度分布。研究结果表明：除了NO₃^-和 Mo 外,茅洲河沉积物孔隙水中NH₄⁺、P 与 S_2-和重金属 Cd、Co、Cu、Fe、Ni、Pb 与 Zn 的平均浓度均高于上覆水和深圳湾水体中平均浓度,这说明茅洲河沉积物孔隙水的污染程度更高,但深圳湾水体中营养盐和金属元素等污染物来源多于茅洲河。茅洲河有效态硫浓度空间分布不均匀,存在明显的生物扰动通道,浓度值也随着沉积物深度逐渐增高。深圳湾在沉积物-水界面处营养盐和金属元素的扩散通量为-0.27～0.006 5 μg/(cm²·d),茅洲河的扩散通量为-0.061～0.069 μg/(cm²·d)。     

苏北浅滩营养盐的分布特征与控制因素

本文根据2017年3、5、9月对苏北浅滩海域3个航次的调查数据,分析了调查海域溶解态营养盐的浓度与时空分布特征,并探讨了影响苏北浅滩营养盐分布变化的控制因素及其与浒苔暴发之间的关系。结果表明NO^-₃-N从3月至5月平均浓度略微降低,而9月NO^-₃-N平均浓度又降低至17.5μmol/L;PO₄^3--P、SiO₃^2--Si平均浓度从3月到5月再到9月均先降低后升高。NH⁺₄-N平均浓度从3月的2.38μmol/L上升至5月的7.44μmol/L,整个调查海域浓度较高,尤其是南部海域,9月又下降至1.28μmol/L。5和9月DON平均浓度显著低于3月。苏北浅滩海域NO^-₃-N、PO₄^3--P、SiO₃^2--Si浓度均呈现由近岸向远岸梯度递减的...     

光谱法测定海水中溶解态无机氮的研究进展

溶解态无机氮(dissolved inorganic nitrogen,DIN)主要由亚硝酸盐-氮(NO^-₂-N)、硝酸盐-氮(NO^-₃-N)和铵氮(NH⁺₄-N)组成,它们在海洋的生物地球化学循环过程中起重要作用。但人类活动向海洋输入了大量无机氮,导致一系列环境问题。为了更好地开展海洋氮循环研究和环境污染管理,需对海水中的DIN进行测定。在众多分析方法中,光谱法因其通用性好、适用范围广、所需设备简单,成为测定海水DIN的首选。本文总结了近10年来基于光谱法测定海水DIN的研究进展,包括紫外分光光度法测定NO^-₃-N、萘乙二胺分光光度法测定NO^-₂-N和NO^-₃-N、次溴酸盐氧化-分光光度法测定NH⁺₄-N、靛酚蓝分光光度法测定NH⁺₄-N...     

春季长江口崇明东滩沉积物-水界面营养盐交换过程研究

2005年3-5月,选取位于长江口崇明东滩的3个典型站点,对沉积物间隙水中营养盐剖面进行了观测;同时,通过模拟现场环境培养的方法测定了营养盐在沉积物-上覆水界面的交换通量.结果表明,间隙水中NH4+和SiO32-浓度比PO43-和NO2-+NO3-一般要高2-3个数量级.沉积物-水界面交换过程在春季表现为对NO3-和SiO32-的吸收,吸收的量在很大程度上取决于上覆水中这两种营养盐的浓度;由上覆水和表层间隙水浓度梯度所决定的分子扩散通量对实际交换通量的控制有限.对NO3-,分子扩散通量占交换通量的比例为到21%;对SiO32-,前者和后者的方向相反;对NH3+,较大的浓度梯度支持显著的释放通量,而在培养过程中并没有发现上覆水中NH4+浓度持续的增长.以上结果都说明其它因素,如浮游植物吸收、颗粒物吸附以及底栖动物扰动在更大程度上决定着崇明东滩沉积物-水界面营养盐的交换过程.     

大亚湾沉积物间隙水的无机磷硅氮营养盐化学

1988～1989年对大亚湾14个站的沉积物间隙水和上覆水中的溶解性磷酸根、硅酸根、氨氮和硝酸根+亚硝酸根进行了3次调查研究.它们在间隙水及上覆水中的浓度表现出不同的空间和时间变化:除个别情况外,间隙水中的营养盐浓度比上覆水高.间隙水中的营养盐除硝酸根+亚硝酸根浓度随沉积物深度而降低外,其他的随深度增加.根据沉积物界面上的营养盐浓度梯度计算了它们的扩散通量.     

大亚湾营养物质变异特征

利用大亚湾现场调查和室内模拟数据,以及大亚湾生态网络17～18年8个航次的现场调查资料,采用营养状态质量指数(NQI)的方法评价大亚湾海域富营养化水平,结果表明,大亚湾海域除部分养殖海区为中营养状态外,大部分为贫营养状态;溶解态的无机磷和硅在过去10a多有较大幅度的下降,而溶解态的无机氮、溶解氧和叶绿素a则上升;浮游植物生长由过去认为由氮控制转变为现在由磷控制.分析了养殖海区底层海水、上覆水、沉积物间隙水中营养盐的含量及其化学形态.估算了沉积物-海水界面营养盐扩散通量,NH₄+,NO₂-,NO₃-,HPO₄2-,H₄SiO₄平均通量分别为302.0,-0.06,-1.82,2.53,47.6μmol/(m2·d).室内模拟了天然海水体系表层沉积物营养盐的吸附-解吸及其磷酸盐在沉积物上的吸附等温线.论述了大亚湾海域营养盐与赤潮的关系.     

高盐环境下ANAMMOX-UASB反应器启动特性

在高盐环境下(含盐量3%)以耐高盐厌氧反硝化颗粒污泥作为接种污泥启动ANAMMOX-UASB反应器,研究其启动特性。结果表明,高盐环境下ANAMMOX-UASB启动成功仅耗时186 d,总氮(Total Nitrogen, TN)去除率在87.5%以上,NH⁺₄-N和NO^-₂-N消耗量之比(Rs)、NH⁺₄-N消耗量与NO^-₃-N生成量之比(Rp)分别为1.13和0.26。启动成功后反应器中污泥由黑色逐步变为红褐色,污泥颗粒化形态较为明显。高盐环境下ANAMMOX-UASB启动成功后污泥中Heme c含量、硝酸盐还原酶(Nitrate reductase, Nar)活性、亚硝酸盐还原酶(Nitrite reductase, Nir)活性、联氨氧化酶(Hydrazine oxidase, HZO)活性、联氨合成酶(Hydrazine synthase, HZS)活性较接种污泥的增幅分别为8.00、6.74、8.34...     

象山港大黄鱼(Pseudosciaena crocea)网箱养殖区及邻近海域沉积物中异养细菌生态分布

调查了投饵期(8月)和越冬期(11月)象山港大黄鱼(Pseudosciaena crocea)网箱养殖区及周围海域沉积物中有机物含量、异养细菌数量和群落结构。结果表明:养殖区沉积物(0—5cm层)中总磷、总有机氮含量在投饵期和越冬期均显著高于邻近对照海域(P0.05)。沉积物中异养细菌、弧菌数量分别在3.2×104—5.2×105 CFU/g和2.2×103—1.7×105 CFU/g之间,养殖区沉积物细菌数量大于周围邻近海域。16S r DNA法分析结果表明,研究区域投饵期的优势属均为弧菌属,越冬期为芽孢杆菌属。各采样区异养细菌的多样性表现为养殖区周围邻近区域、投饵期越冬期。异养细菌数与沉积物中TON、TP含量呈显著正相关,表明象山港大黄鱼养殖区沉积物中可培养异养细菌数可能受有机氮和磷酸盐含量的限制。研究表明,大黄鱼网箱养殖对象山港沉积物中的有机积累、异养细菌群落结构组成及多样性影响显著。     

南海神狐海域水合物发育区浅表层沉积物甲烷周转定量模拟

在天然气水合物发育区海底沉积物中甲烷厌氧氧化作用(AOM)是碳循环的重要组成部分。通过定量计算表层沉积物中甲烷迁移转化通量,可以更准确评估甲烷来源碳对沉积物碳库和海洋深部碳库影响。本文利用反应―运移模型对采集于南海神狐水合物发育区两个站位(SH-W19-PC、SH-W23-PC)采集的孔隙水SO₄^2-、溶解无机碳(DIC)、Ca²⁺剖面进行拟合,同时对DIC碳同位素进行分析,确定近海底沉积物中的碳循环。研究显示两个站位孔隙水中SO₄^2-和Ca²⁺浓度在剖面上随深度呈线性减少,DIC浓度随深度逐渐增加,其δ¹³C_DIC值随深度逐渐降低至约-25‰,表明两个站位存在一定程度的AOM。模拟计算两个站位沉积物孔隙水溶解甲烷向上的通量分别为25.9和18.4 mmol·m^-2 a^-1,AOM作用产生的DIC分别占其总DIC量的70.7%和60%。由沉积物向海水中释放的DIC通量占...     

用成岩模型计算沉积物-水界面营养盐的交换通量--以渤海为例

根据沉积物中营养盐的再生对水体中营养盐的收支循环动力学的作用.利用1998年秋季和1999年春季沉积物间隙水中营养盐的分析结果,建立了沉积物中营养盐的成岩模型,并由此计算了沉积物-水界面营养盐的交换通量.结果表明,硝化速率、反硝化速率、有机氮含量、硅质成分的溶解速率、生物扰动作用、孔隙率明显影响沉积物间隙水中营养盐的分布和沉积物-水界面的交换通量.对比了实验室培养法和扩散通量计算法测得沉积物-水界面营养盐的交换通量,表明2种方法所得NO3通量较一致,但NH4 ,PO43-,SiO32- 2种方法所得通量有一定差异,文中讨论了可能的原因.以渤海为例阐明了在用扩散通量法研究沉积物-水界面营养盐的交换通量时,表层沉积物分割厚度对界面交换通量影响显著,为了得到合理的与现场接近的结果表层沉积物的分割厚度以不超过1em为宜.     

纳米氧化锌和菲对长江口附近海域沉积物反硝化作用及功能菌群落结构的影响

本研究在长江口附近海域采集表层沉积物,采用实验室模拟培养与分子生物学手段相结合的方法,通过测定纳米氧化锌(ZnO NPs)和菲(Phe)胁迫下沉积物中NO-3-N和NO-2-N浓度和反硝化还原酶活性及反硝化细菌基因丰度和群落多样性变化,目的是比较研究ZnO NPs和Phe对河口区沉积物反硝化作用及功能菌群落结构的影响,...     

Exchange fluxes of nutrients between sediment and sea water in the Bohai Sea

IrocrIowThere is a linkage in shallow marine systerns between sea-noor biOgaxhemical pmeessesand water column pnductivity (Bereson et al., l998). Benthic fluxes provide a significantsource of nutrients to the overlying water tO supPOrt primary pnduction and play a role in de-.creasing oxygen concentrations (van et al., l999; Cowan and Boynton, l996; Berelson etal., 1998; Friedl et al., l998; Zabel et al., l998). TherefOre, it is imPOrtant to define theediment di8genetic pathways for the …     

Benthic trophic status and nutrient fluxes in shallow-water sediments

Proliferation of fast-growing ephemeral macroalgae in shallow-water embayments constitutes a large-scale environmental change of coastal marine ecosystems. Since inorganic nutrients essential for the initiation and maintenance of macroalgal growth may be supplied from the underlying sediment, we investigated the coupling between benthic inorganic nutrient (mainly N and P) fluxes and sediment properties in 6 bays representing a wide gradient of sediment characteristics (grain size, organic matter content, solid phase C and N). The initial characterization of bays was made in June and also included measurements of oxygen flux and microphytobenthic and macrofaunal biomass. In September, still within the growth season of the macroalgae, complementary experiments with sediment-water incubations for benthic flux measurements of oxygen and nutrients focused on trophic status (balance between auto- and heterotrophy) as a controlling factor for rates of measured benthic nutrient fluxes. Generally, sediments rendered autotrophic by microphytobenthic photosynthesis removed nutrients from the overlying water, while heterotrophic sediments supplied nutrients to the overlying bottom water. Estimations of the green-algal nutrient demand suggested that late in the growth season, net heterotrophic sediments could cover 20% of the N-demand and 70% of the P demand. As the benthic trophic status is a functional variable more closely coupled to nutrient fluxes than the comparably conservative structural parameter organic matter content, we suggest that the trophic status is a more viable parameter to classify sediments and predict benthic nutrient fluxes in shallow-water environments.     

碳氮比对移动床生物膜反应器处理海水养殖废水性能的影响

本文研究碳氮(C/N)比变化对移动床生物膜反应器(MBBR)处理海水养殖废水性能的影响.结果表明,当C/N比从7:1降至3:1,出水COD浓度无明显变化,平均去除率保持在90％以上.C/N比的变化对脱氮过程有较大影响,当C/N比从7:1降低至3:1,NH+4-N去除率由89.51％±1.24％增至92.70％±1.08...     

THE DIFFUSION FLUX OF NH4+ AND HCO3-

Some geochemical investigations of interstitial water in surface sediments were conducted at the Changjiang Estuary and the outer shelf of the East China Sea. It is found that the changes of alkalinity (≈ the concentration of HCO3-), and NH4 diffusion fluxes have a correlation with the actions of benthic fauna. The fluxes measured by gradient method may have a direct linear correlation with the sedimentation rate of this area.     

Pore Water Nutrient Regeneration in Shallow Coastal Bohai Sea, China

The regeneration of pore water nutrients was studied and the contribution of benthic nutrient fluxes to the overlying water was evaluated on the basis of field specific observations conducted in September–October 1998 and April–May 1999 in the Bohai Sea. Nutrient concentrations in sediment pore waters were examined by incubating sediment core samples with overlying seawater in air and/or nitrogen conditions. Nutrient diffusion fluxes calculated by diagenetic equations were within a factor of 2 during incubations. The factors affecting nutrient diffusion across sediment/water interface include bioturbation, nitrification, denitrification, adsorption, and dissolution. The regeneration of nutrients from sediments will increase nutrient loads of the Bohai Sea and affect nutrient atomic ratios in this region. Among nutrient sources from riverine input, atmospheric deposition and sediment regeneration, ammonium and phosphate mainly came from atmospheric deposition (>50%); nitrate was mainly transported by riverine input into the Sea, silicate from sediment regeneration accounts up to 60%. This demonstrates that nutrient regeneration in sediments contributes more silicate than riverine input and atmospheric deposition together, but benthic flux contributes very much less phosphate and nitrate relative to riverine input and atmospheric deposition. The benthic fluxes of nutrients may lead to a decrease of the amount of nitrate, an increase of phosphate, ammonia and silicate in the water column. The release of silicate from sediments may compensate the decrease of silicate due to the reduction of riverine discharge. Nutrient regeneration in sediment may have an important influence on the eutrophic character of coastal waters in this region. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

西北太平洋楚科奇海沉积物-水界面营养盐输送通量估算

陆架区沉积物间隙水的营养盐再生是水体营养盐补充的重要途径之一。楚科奇海陆架区中部沉积物间隙水中的营养盐分布,是物理和生物扰动较弱状态下的沉积物-水界面的典型分布。本文对中国第4次北极科学考察采集的4个多管短柱沉积物样品及多管样站位的上层水样进行分析,得到沉积物间隙水、上覆水以及水柱中营养盐数据。结果表明,沉积物间隙水各营养盐浓度均先随沉积深度增加而呈指数快速升高,记为Ⅰ层;然后进入沉积物再矿化作用与营养盐移出速率相互抵消的稳定变化层,营养盐浓度在该阶段基本不变,记为Ⅱ层;最后是营养盐缓慢递减层,记为Ⅲ层,由于该层有机质降解作用耗尽氧气,NO-3和PO3-4被还原细菌利用而失去氧离子。通过双层模式和Fick第一扩散定律,计算得出楚科奇海沉积物-水界面硅酸盐、磷酸盐和硝酸盐的扩散通量分别为1.660mmol/(m2·d)(以Si计量)、0.008mmol/(m2·d)(以P计量)、0.117mmol/(m2·d)(以N计量)(以R06站为例)。四个调查站位沉积物中硅酸盐的扩散通量分别为3.101mmol/(m2·d)(以Si计量,CC1站)、1.660mmol/(m2·d)(以Si计量,R06站)、1.307mmol/(m2·d)(以Si计量,C07站)、0.243mmol/(m2·d)(以Si计量,S23站),含量呈现明显的纬度分布特征。沉积物间隙水N*的分布表明,楚科奇海沉积环境具有很强的反硝化过程,沉积物脱氮作用是硝酸盐一个重要的汇。     

西太平洋WP02-1柱状样品有机地球化学特征及其与Fe、Mn成岩成矿作用

在较系统地定量分析了西太平洋WP02-1柱状样品中的有机碳、可溶有机质(氯仿沥青“A”)及其族组成(总烃、饱和烃、芳烃、非烃、沥青质)、正构烷烃分子组合指数(nC^-₂₃/nC⁺₂₄、CPI)、类异戊二烯烃(Pr/Ph、Pr/nC₁₇、Ph/nC₁₈)的基础上,研究了它们的组成来源、正构烷烃生物标志化合物的地球化学特征,同时结合成矿元素Fe、Mn含量进行相关性分析。研究发现,有机烃类组分与成岩成矿元素有密切的成因联系,这一区域在Fe、Mn成岩成矿过程中,有机质起到重要作用。     

Effects of fish farming on the biological and geochemical properties of muddy and sandy sediments in the Mediterranean Sea

The aim of this paper was to test how benthic fauna and biogeochemical properties of sediment will vary in response to similar levels of organic enrichment (induced by fish farming) as a function of bottom-habitat type (i.e., mud versus seagrass/coarse sediments), distance from the enrichment source and depth. Our results showed that samples from silty sediments in the vicinity of fish farms have higher TOC and TON values, higher oxygen consumption, higher PO₄ release and lower benthic diversity. In this context muddy sites are more likely to be identified as impacted/critical, than coarse sediment ones.