天然气水合物孔底冷冻取样器储冷腔的设计与试验研究

孔底冷冻取样是一种有效的钻取天然气水合物岩心的方法,绳索取心式孔底冷冻取样器的制冷能力由可存储冷源干冰和制冷酒精的储冷腔决定。本文就不同内部结构的储冷腔进行了储冷能力和制冷效果的设计与试验研究,计算了储冷腔的保冷层厚度,并设计了分层式、螺旋阶梯式和带孔管式3种储冷腔内部结构;通过对储冷腔保冷能力的试验研究,干冰存储1 h后平均损失率为31.3%,能满足后续制冷酒精的要求;并对不同结构的储冷腔开展试验研究,试验结果表明,带孔管式储冷腔可在短时间内完成对酒精的冷冻,酒精降温幅度达36.3 ℃,可满足水合物冷冻取样的能量要求。     

煤田井温测量与煤层一、二级热害区的圈定

目前国内煤田地质勘探中垂直深度达1200～1500m,部分省区采煤深度也达到了1000m,地层温度都比较高。一般情况下,一级热害区可以通过通风可以达到降温的效果,而二级热害区就必须在井底进行人工制冷,才能确保工人的生命安全。以陶乐南部勘查区测量井温为例,确定了该区恒温带的深度为60m,温度为14.55℃,并将96.0%作为孔底温度校正系数,计算出各简易测温钻井孔底的校正温度及平均地温校正系数;据此计算平均地温梯度和煤层底板温度。依据煤层底板深度与温度作出的井温等值线,圈定煤层一级热害区（地温达到31～37℃）与二级热害区（地温大于37℃）的分布范围并计算其面积：该勘查区9-1煤层底板一级热害区0.46km2;二级热害区6.05km2。     

超千米大直径煤矿降温井钻井技术

热害是深部煤矿开采中的一个灾害,煤矿送冰降温井是地面至井下输送降温冷介质的通道,是实现矿井井下降温的关键系统之一。结合沈煤集团红阳三矿一组超千米大直径降温井工程实例,介绍了煤矿降温井的施工目的及钻井和完井工艺技术。     

长江中下游地区双季早稻冷害、热害危险性评价

为分析农业气象灾害对长江中下游地区双季早稻生产的影响,选取对双季早稻影响最大的冷害、热害作为致灾因子研究长江中下游地区双季早稻生产的危险性。以长江中下游地区双季早稻种植区48个农业气象站点1961—2012年的气象资料为基础,结合1981—2010年的农业气象资料,判别并量化冷害和热害,以发育期为研究尺度构建双季早稻冷害、热害综合危险性评价模型,研究长江中下游地区双季早稻生长季冷害、热害的发生情况、危险性大小以及各发育期危险性比重。结果表明:1冷害在分蘖期最强,热害在灌浆期最强;冷害变弱,热害变强;山地和丘陵地区多冷害少热害,平原地区多热害少冷害,但靠近大面积水域的平原地区在孕穗或开花期时常有冷害发生。2各发育期的危险度高值区与灾害值的高值区范围相似;从全生育期危险性来看,浙江是危险最高的地区,其次是湖北,而湖南和江西种植条件较好。3从各发育期危险比重来看,整个研究区在灌浆期危险比重最高,其次是分蘖期,然后是开花期,孕穗期最低。湖北主要在孕穗、灌浆期危险,湖南主要在分蘖、开花和灌浆期危险,江西主要在分蘖和灌浆期危险,浙江在开花和灌浆期危险。     

浅源异层采灌井群循环开发利用技术——以天津市海河商贸区古文化街供热制冷项目为例

天津市古文化街利用不同地热成井深度的浅源异层采灌对井的温度差异,通过热泵技术,采取夏灌冬用、冬灌夏用的循环利用方式,为建筑物供热制冷。二个供暖制冷期的运行工况表明冷热源井在采灌前后水质、水位基本稳定,流体回灌率达到100%。其环保节能、维持储水层压力、提高资源利用率的综合效应非常明显。     

简论矿区地热场及其区域特点

矿井下温度过高,便会形成热害。煤田地质勘探阶段,要查明矿区有无热害及热害的范围、程度和热害产生的原因,为防治矿山热害提供基础资料。研究矿区地热场及其区域特征,对指导煤矿区的地热勘探及矿山热害的防治都具有积极意义,本文试图对此作一些初步探讨,以供讨论。      

北京市深井人工回灌现状调查与前景分析

北京市地下水人工回灌研究始于1965年。1981年开始生产性深井人工回灌。由于种种原因，至1999年底实际回灌单位由64个缩减至13个。其间累计回灌量为10734.37×104t。据调查，停灌原因主要有回灌单位停产、转产、回灌井被占，回灌井阻塞，泵改调频，单位搬迁和改换制冷设备等。本文通过对北京市三十几年来地下水人工回灌工作的总结，分析了人工回灌在近年来发展停滞的原因，并对其在城市可持续发展建设中的节水潜力和今后的发展前景作出了论述。     

地温中央空调系统提水及回灌井设计方案探讨

为节能、降低消耗、减少废弃物排放,利用地下水水源的水温潜能作为地温空调系统的冷、热源,以实现为建筑物制冷和供热目的提供技术参数依据。因此本文通过抽水及回灌试验所获成果计算含水层的渗透系数及回灌渗透系数,从而使中央空调井的设计合理,并求得最佳抽、灌井数量比及合理布井方案。     

采灌条件下中低温热储温度场动态特征初探

中国四大直辖市之一的天津具有较高地温场背景,地热开采历史长、规模大,回灌式循环开采发展势头喜人。由连续开采多年的地热井井口稳定流温监测数据证实:各储层地热流体温度并没有因长期开采而出现明显变化;而由同一眼基岩回灌井、停灌前后不同时段进行的井温测试结果表明:以比热储温度低得多的原水进行回灌,虽然井管内同一井段不同时期井温有0.1～0.76℃/a的微弱降幅,但主要取水层段在一个停灌周期内的井温则呈逐月恢复势态,数据显示停灌期间回灌井区域基岩热储温度回升迅速,并在下一个回灌期来临之前即可逐渐回复至前年同期的热储原始温度水平。     

广西合山里兰矿地热特征

随着煤炭工业的发展,深部矿井的开发,与热害作斗争的问题在我矿日益突出。分析地热与地质因素的关系,查清热源,为矿井通风及降温提供设计依据,探索与热害作斗争的措施是非常必要的。兹将合山里兰矿地热特征及下一步与热害的斗争措施介绍如下:     

Review: Deep groundwater research with focus on Germany

While research focuses mainly on the intensively used shallower aquifers, only a little research has addressed groundwater movement in deeper aquifers. This is mainly because of the negligible relevance of deep groundwater for daily usage and the great efforts and high costs associated with its access. In the last few decades, the discussion about deep geological final repositories for radioactive waste has generated strong demand for the investigation and characterization of deep-lying aquifers. Other utilizations of the deeper underground have been added to the discussion: the use of geothermal energy, potential CO₂ storage, and sources of potable water as an alternative to the geogenic or anthropogenic contaminated shallow aquifers. As a consequence, the fast growing requirement for knowledge and understanding of these dynamic systems has spurred the research on deep groundwater systems and accordingly the development of suitable test methods, which currently show considerable limitations. This review provides an overview of the history of deep groundwater research. Deep groundwater flow and research in the main hydrogeological units is presented based on six projects and the methods used. The study focuses on Germany and two other locations in Europe.     

上海地区更新统承压含水层沉积机制（模式）探讨

区内更新世古河道变迁,具有暖期向南摆动,冷期向北摆动的规律。一、三期古河道暖期向南摆,河床中沉积的砂层形成了含水层,其间所夹持的隔水层(粘土、亚粘土)是二期古河道冷期向北摆动时的边滩或心滩沉积,从而形成了含水层与隔水层。无论是冷期或暖期的古河道都形成各自的含水砂层及隔水牯土、亚粘土层。对暖期形成含水层,冷期形成隔水层的看法,笔者认为值得商榷。     

Assessment of the Capoterra coastal plain (southern Sardinia, Italy) by means of hydrogeological and geophysical studies

Hydrogeological and geophysical surveys confirm that the aquifers of the Capoterra plain in Sardinia (Italy) constitute a complex, multilayer system. In the north-east of the plain, this system is composed of a shallow aquifer of recent alluvium and a deeper aquifer separated from the former by a clay layer; in the south-west there is no separation between the two aquifers. The deepest and most important member of the multilayer aquifer system is situated at the transition from Quaternary to Miocene sediments. With respect to deep structures and stratigraphy, several differentiations inside the Miocene sedimentary filling, whose overall thickness is in the order of 300 m, have been found. The combined interpretation of several datasets allows the Capoterra plain to be reliably modelled from surface to a depth of several hundreds of metres and provides the possibility of finding deeper groundwater resources. Concerning the latter, since Miocene materials are known to be impermeable in the middle of the plain, in contrast to the aquifers hosted in the Quaternary sediments and alluvium, the probability of finding fresh water at a depth of less than 350–400 m is very low. The condition of seawater intrusion affecting the aquifers is also elucidated.     

规模化深部咸水含水层CO2地质储存选址方法研究

本文依据中国沉积盆地CO2地质储存潜力评价结果,认为深部咸水含水层是实现规模化CO2地质储存的主体,进而对适宜CO2地质储存的深部咸水含水层属性进行了界定。提出了深部咸水含水层CO2地质储存选址原则,合理划分了选址工作阶段。建立了选址技术指标、安全性评价指标、经济适宜性和地面地质-社会环境选址指标4个指标层,60余个指标的选址指标体系,提出了基于层次分析(AHP)的多因子排序选址评价方法。本文的研究成果对中国深部咸水含水层CO2地质储存场地选址具有一定的指导意义。     

深层含水层地下储热技术的发展现状与展望

深层含水层储热是一种利用深度>500 m的深层含水层作为储热介质的储热技术,储热对象通常为50~150 ℃的热水。它通过地下水井从深层含水层中抽取和灌入地下水,实现热能储存和回收。深层含水层储热技术是弥补能源供需时空分布的不平衡,综合利用多种可再生能源,实现节能减排的有效途径,是国内外研究的前沿和热点。文中首先阐述了深层含水层储热系统在世界范围内的历史发展,归纳储热系统的热工性能,在总结前人研究工作的基础上分析影响其热回收效率的关键参数,并对各个参数对热回收效率的敏感性做了综述。在此基础上,本文还讨论了限制深层含水层储热系统发展的技术瓶颈,并针对系统的经济效益和市场潜力做了预测和展望。     

压缩空气地质储能研究现状及工程案例分析

压缩空气地质储能可为大规模部署风能、太阳能等间歇性清洁能源提供灵活、高效的储能方案,从而促进能源结构转型,加快碳达峰、碳中和战略目标的实现.在介绍压缩空气地质储能概念与分类的基础上,从理论分析、技术方法、经济成本等方面总结了该领域的研究现状与发展趋势,详细叙述了利用盐腔、含水层、枯竭油气田作为储气库的典型储能工程案例及...     

高矿化度矿井水深部转移存储介质条件及影响机制

我国西部干旱-半干旱矿区既面临水资源匮乏,又面临矿井涌水量大、矿井水矿化度高等难题。为减少采煤过程中水资源浪费、保护西部地区水生态环境,基于保水采煤和煤-水双资源协调开采等理论基础与技术方法,围绕“矿井水深部转移存储”这一核心科学理念,提出将处理后的矿井水进行高压深井转移存储,转移至煤层底板深部含水层中存储。在鄂尔多斯盆地东部某矿实施试验井工程,通过开展野外岩样采集、室内电镜扫描、岩石成分分析、压汞等实验与定量-定性方法,研究目的转移存储层的水文地质条件和特征,分析不同高压水力压裂增渗试验主控因素,对比矿井水水质、转移存储层原生地层水水质和转移存储后混合水质,获取了矿井水高压持续深井转移存储的水文地质效应。结果表明:目前试验井单井累计转移存储矿井水量已满足设计预期,且持续高压水力压裂增渗方式可不断改善和渐次增强目的存储层的矿井水存储能力,延长服役时效。因此,高矿化度矿井水深部转移存储在技术和经济上具有可行性,将对西部地区水资源保护、水生态环境可持续发展产生重要意义;同时,相比高矿化度矿井水处理成本,能够有效缓解矿井水处理经济负担,为西部煤矿区矿井水转移存储提供典型示范。      

基于岩相的鄂尔多斯白垩系盆地含水层系统的结构研究

依据岩性岩相研究、孔隙度研究、物探测井解译等成果,对鄂尔多斯白垩系盆地含水层系统的结构进行了划分与研究。结果表明：盆地北部沙漠高原区为单一结构,表现为强富水与中等富水含水层在垂向上叠置与组合,无区域性连续稳定的隔水层,由下到上构成含水统一体;南部黄土高原区为多层结构,表现为含水层与隔水层上下叠置,垂向水文地质分层明显;盆地南、北含水层结构的结构类型明显不同。利用孔隙度、渗透系数、单位涌水量3个参数,对含水层的富水性级别进行了划分,盆地中共划分出7个强富水含水层、7个中等富水含水层和2个弱富水含水层。盆地南、北比较,北部含水层孔隙度大,富水性强,地下水主要富集于盆地北部地区。垂向上比较,盆地北部由上到下,孔隙度由大变小,富水性由强变弱,地下水主要富集于浅层和中层;南部上部罗汉洞组和下部洛河组孔隙度较大,富水性好,中部环河组相对较差,地下水主要富集于罗汉洞组和洛河组。     

The application of isotope and chemical analyses in managing transboundary groundwater resources

Managing transboundary groundwater resources requires accurate and detailed knowledge of aquifers and groundwater bodies. The Pannonian Basin is the largest intracontinental basin in Europe with a continuous succession of more than 7 km of Miocene to Quaternary sediments and with an average geothermal gradient of about 5 °C/100 m. Geographically the Pannonian basin overlaps eight countries (Hungary, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, Austria, Slovakia and Ukraine), so the issue of transboundary cold and thermal water resources is regionally very important. The T-JAM bilateral Hungarian–Slovenian (HU–SLO) project is the first to apply modern isotopic and chemical analyses in the characterization and correlation of a number of shared groundwater resources in the Mura-Zala Sub-basin of the Pannonian. The aims of this work were the identification of groundwater flow paths, the delineation of transboundary aquifers based on thermal and cold groundwater geochemical and isotope properties in the Mura-Zala Basin, and providing input to calibrate a hydraulic numerical model. Following a common groundwater sampling campaign, 24 cold and thermal groundwater samples from seven aquifers were collected for chemical, isotope, gas and noble gas analyses. Chemical analyses, and D, O and C isotopes were used to correlate cross border aquifers. A regional groundwater flow is hydrogeologically possible in some aquifers in the Mura-Zala Basin, and has been confirmed by hydrogeochemistry. The Újfalu (HU) and Mura (SLO) Formations are a part of the active regional thermal groundwater flow system, probably hydraulically separated from the shallower flow system of the Ptuj-Grad (SLO), Zagyva and Somló-Tihany (HU) Formations. The thermal water is of meteoric origin, reductive and alkaline. The predominant water type in the Quaternary and Pliocene aquifers is Ca–Mg–HCO₃, changing to Na–HCO₃ in the main Pannonian geothermal aquifer, and Na–Cl brine in deeper and older Miocene aquifers. Total dissolved solids and Na content generally increase with depth. Deuterium is in the range −87‰ to −75‰, ¹⁸O from −11.9‰ to −10.4‰, while ¹⁴C values are less than 6.1 pmC in the samples of the active regional thermal groundwater flow system. These and results of noble gas analyses indicate recharge during the Pleistocene interglacial period with temperatures around 6–7 °C. Regional thermal water resources are limited and environmental isotopes can be used as an early warning in the management of thermal water.     

A study on the hydrogeology and hydrogeochemistry of groundwater from different depths in a coastal aquifer: Annamalai Nagar,Tamilnadu, India

Chemical characterization of groundwater is essential to bring out its nature and utility. Samples from shallow and deep ground water of the same location were collected and studied for their geochemical characteristics following standard procedures (APHA 1998). Sediment samples from different depths were collected and analysed for minerals using FTIR and SEM. Resisitivity logging was carried out in the bore well to understand the variations in depth to fresh water potential. The shallow ground water is dominated by Na–Cl–HCO₃–SO₄ and deeper groundwater by Na–HCO₃–SO₄–Cl types. It is observed that there is a significant ionic variation with depth. The ionic strength of the deeper samples is lesser than in the shallower samples. Wide pH variations in the shallow water samples are due to ion exchange process. Thermodynamic stability plot was used to identify the state of stability. It is inferred that there is no major significant difference in the thermodynamic state of stability in the shallow and the deeper aquifers as the aquifer matrix for the shallow and deeper aquifers are almost similar. Saturation index of Gibbsite, Kaolinite, Calcite, Dolomite and anhydrite, were studied for shallow and deep aquifers, to identify the difference in hydro chemical signatures. The Si/Al ratios of shallow samples are less when compared with the deeper samples. Leaching of secondary salts was the chief mechanism controlling the ground water chemistry of the region.