黄河典型流域分布式水文过程模拟

基于水循环物理过程的分布式水文模型的研究和应用已经成为当前水文学研究的热点之一。本文应用大尺度分布式水文模型SVAT&HYCY ,选择黄河的主要支流洛河卢氏以上流域进行实例研究。根据 1990～ 1996年的资料进行的模拟结果表明 ,模型可以反映流域蒸散发的空间分布特征以及径流的形成过程。但是在模拟的径流值与实测值之间还有一些差异。这种差别一方面是因为实际径流包含了人类活动的影响 ,另一方面 ,空间插值方法是否准确反映模型的输入量 (特别是降水 )的空间分布特征也将影响模拟精度。     

Problems and prospects for sustainable agricultural systems in the humid tropics

Rising pressures of population and resource use in the humid tropics make the establishment and maintenance of more productive yet sustainable agricultural systems ever more necessary. This is particularly so for the small-scale farmers who form the majority of the poor population in many countries. A range of agricultural practices that can improve output on a sustained basis are already well recognized. These include more effective fallow-management, fertilization and manuring, improving tillage practices, intercropping and agroforestry.While the scientific community has achieved much in the humid tropics, the potential contribution of indigenous cultivators is increasingly recognized and progress will demand their integration into the research and development process.The search for sustainable production must confront not only many ecological constraints but also many of an economic, social and political character. The wider development process discriminates against the strengthening of sustainable agriculture and tends to generate more exploitative forms of production. This is evident, for instance, with the spread of poor, inexperienced farmers into humid tropical colonization zones. Effective diffusion of ecologically sound agriculture in the humid tropics requires the inclusion of a full socioeconomic perspective as part of an interdisciplinary approach to this crucial problem of land management.     

气候变化和人类活动对中国地表水文过程影响定量研究

利用中国372个水文站月径流数据（1960-2000年）及41个水文站年径流数据（2001-2014年）,采用基于Budyko假设的水热耦合平衡方程,构建气候变化和人类活动对径流变化影响定量评估模型,在Penman-Monteith潜在蒸发分析基础上,进一步分析气象因子对径流变化的弹性系数,量化气候变化和人类活动对径流变化的影响。结果表明：① 中国北方地区流域径流变化对各气象因子弹性系数明显大于中国南方地区。就全国而言,径流变化对各因子的弹性系数为：降水>土地利用/土地覆盖变化（LUCC）>相对湿度>太阳辐射>最高气温>风速>最低气温;② 1980-2000年,气候变化总体上有利于增加中国年径流量,而降水对年径流量增加的贡献最为显著;③ 1980-2000年,中国南方流域中,气候变化对年径流变化的影响以增加作用为主,而北方流域,以减少年径流作用为主。对中国大多数流域径流变化而言,人类活动的影响主要以减少年径流量为主。2001-2014年,气候变化以减少径流量为主,人类活动对径流变化的影响程度明显增强,气候变化与人类活动对径流变化的贡献率分别为53.5%、46.5%。该研究对气候变化与人类活动影响下,中国水资源规划管理、防灾减灾及保障水资源安全具有重要理论与现实意义。     

The ecologo-hydrological problems of the transboundary basin of the Ural river,and the prospects for institutional collaboration

We examine the ecologo-hydrological characteristics of the transboundary basin of the Ural river. We highlight the main water-ecological problems facing the basin and determine the territorial features peculiar to them. The prospects for cooperation between nations within the framework of institutional collaboration are considered.     

分布式水文模拟汇流方法及应用

对于必须考虑汇流过程的分布式水文模型而言 ,其汇流模型可以分解为三个层次来讨论 :第一个层次是单元划分 ;第二个层次为汇流路径 ;第三个层次则是基于该汇流路径的汇流演算模型。基于栅格的分级运动波汇流模型是根据栅格DEM的网格单元水流流向来划分栅格等级 (汇流带 ) ,然后应用运动波模型进行逐级汇流演算。文中从可操作性的角度对栅格分级方法和运动波汇流模型进行了分析讨论 ,最后根据潮白河流域 1 981～ 1 990年资料进行了日径流过程模拟分析 ,说明该方法在理论上是合理的 ,并在应用中取得良好的模拟效果。     

延河流域景观格局与生态水文过程分析

延河流域作为典型的黄土高原丘陵沟壑区,水土流失是最主要的生态环境问题,其生态环境治理能为整个黄土高原生态恢复重建提供典型范例,因此评价延河流域景观格局变化对水文过程的影响,对流域景观格局与水文过程的研究具有重要的科学价值和现实意义。本文通过利用SWAT模型模拟的延河流域的41个子流域的水文响应单元,建立延河流域的“源—汇”水文响应单元景观格局指数,通过计算不同地形条件下水文响应单元随着坡度变化的面积累积百分比,构建了新的“地形—水文响应单元 (Slope-HRU) 综合景观指数”。并与SWAT水文模型所模拟获得的子流域径流量、产沙量进行相关性分析,评价“地形—水文响应单元 (Slope-HRU) 景观指数”对水文过程的表征能力和适用性。结果表明：在子流域尺度上Slope-HRU景观指数和产沙状况存在明显的区域分异规律,而且R值空间变异情况基本上与产沙量的空间变化规律相反,即R值呈现由南向北,由东向西递增,而产沙量由南向北,由东向西递减。R值与年产沙量在数值上呈显著相关关系,相关系数为-0.60;再将Slope-HRU景观指数与所选取的7个常用景观格局指数相结合,构成新的综合景观指数,发现它们与子流域的产沙量耦合关系明确,均显著负相关,相关系数绝对值范围为0.43~0.63。     

城市化对西安市降水及河流水文过程的影响

为探究城市化对西安市降水机制及城市河流灞河下游水文过程的影响,根据西安市及灞河1970-2015年水文气象资料以及由遥感影像解译得到的土地利用数据,在分析西安市降水、土地利用特征及灞河下游降水、径流变化特征的基础上,运用水文特征参数时间序列法分析城市化对西安市降水的影响以及灞河水文过程的影响。结果表明：1970-2015灞河降水量呈不显著下降趋势,而径流量呈显著下降趋势;西安市土地利用程度较高,土地利用变化表现为耕地及林地向建设用地转移;受城市化影响,西安市降水机制发生了改变,强降水频次呈增加趋势,且城区增幅大于郊区;降水年内分配不均匀,越来越集中于夏季,增加了城市内涝的威胁;城市化对灞河下游降水-径流关系产生了影响,降水对径流的影响呈减弱趋势,而城市化对径流的影响呈增强趋势;此外,受城市化影响,灞河下游径流量年内波动趋缓,特别是汛期;城市化是影响径流变化的主要因素（61.5%）,降水变化是影响径流变化的次要因素（38.5%）;灞河下游径流量的减流主要是水利工程的作用及过量开采傍河地下水。     

大尺度水循环模拟系统不确定性研究进展(英文)

The regional hydrological system is extremely complex because it is affected not only by physical factors but also by human dimensions.And the hydrological models play a very important role in simulating the complex system.However,there have not been effective methods for the model reliability and uncertainty analysis due to its complexity and difficulty.The uncertainties in hydrological modeling come from four important aspects:uncertainties in input data and parameters,uncertainties in model structure,uncertainties in analysis method and the initial and boundary conditions.This paper systematically reviewed the recent advances in the study of the uncertainty analysis approaches in the large-scale complex hydrological model on the basis of uncertainty sources.Also,the shortcomings and insufficiencies in the uncertainty analysis for complex hydrological models are pointed out.And then a new uncertainty quantification platform PSUADE and its uncertainty quantification methods were introduced,which will be a powerful tool and platform for uncertainty analysis of large-scale complex hydrological models.Finally,some future perspectives on uncertainty quantification are put forward.     

Classification of river basins and hydrological regionalization (as exemplified by Japan)

A set of problems related to formation of areas homogeneous in hydrological aspect is considered. A methodology of regionalization is proposed. New analytical methods of the methodology are intended of solving such problems as (i) the problem of regionalization and (ii) the problem of constructing of a classification for river drainage basins. Efficiency of the methods proposed has been tested on the problems, which arise in the process of constructing classifications for river drainage basins, and also on the problem of territorial regionalization of Japan islands. Investigations, which presume obtaining a set of morphometric and hydrographic characteristics of catchment areas, allow one to study conditions of extreme inundations. It has been discovered that boundaries of the areas have striking similarities in the spatial location of geological structures. Furthermore, these are coincide with the boundaries of the main tectonic fields.     

Dynamics of the Selenga river network and delta structure

The results of investigations for the Selenga river basin and delta are presented. The causes for the changes in the channel network structure are considered. The study revealed tendencies of erosion activity and plane deformations within the delta. An analysis is made of the distribution of water flow rate and sediment loads for the channel network, based on field measurements and existing research material.     

Cellular modelling of river catchments and reaches: Advantages, limitations and prospects

The last decade has witnessed the development of a series of cellular models that simulate the processes operating within river channels and drive their geomorphic evolution. Their proliferation can be partly attributed to the relative simplicity of cellular models and their ability to address some of the shortcomings of other numerical models. By using relaxed interpretations of the equations determining fluid flow, cellular models allow rapid solutions of water depths and velocities. These can then be used to drive (usually) conventional sediment transport relations to determine erosion and deposition and alter the channel form. The key advance of using these physically based yet simplified approaches is that they allow us to apply models to a range of spatial scales (1–100 km²) and time periods (1–100 years) that are especially relevant to contemporary management and fluvial studies.However, these approaches are not without their limitations and technical problems. This paper reviews the findings of nearly 10 years of research into modelling fluvial systems with cellular techniques, principally focusing on improvements in routing water and how fluvial erosion and deposition (including lateral erosion) are represented. These ideas are illustrated using sample simulations of the River Teifi, Wales. A detailed case study is then presented, demonstrating how cellular models can explore the interactions between vegetation and the morphological dynamics of the braided Waitaki River, New Zealand. Finally, difficulties associated with model validation and the problems, prospects and future issues important to the further development and application of these cellular fluvial models are outlined.     

Age and hydrological significance of lichen limits on sandstone river channels near Sydney,Australia

Trimmed lichen communities (lichen limits) are abrupt changes from a lichen community to a scoured bare rock surface and have been used to determine bankfull channel capacity on bedrock channels and their response to the combined disturbances of flow regulation and climate change. They can also be used to set flushing flows in bedrock channels. In sandstone gorges of the Nepean River, Australia, the crustose lichen, Lecidea terrena Nyl, was common at both gorge and cemetery (sandstone headstones) sites, enabling construction of growth curves for above and below dam areas. Growth curves were used to date lichen colonisation of sandstone surfaces in rivers. The oldest, highest lichen limit at all sites represented the pre‐flow regulation lichen community because its characteristics above and below Nepean Dam were similar and were trimmed to a level that produced consistent discharges across a range of catchment areas. They corresponded to return periods of less than 2 years on the annual maximum series and was developed during the flood‐dominated regime (FDR) of 1857–1900. Lichen limits form by the phycobiont dominating the mycobiont and hence degrading lichen thalli due to water inundation causing weak or dead thalli to be scrubbed from the rock surface. Trimming to the unregulated lichen limit represents a small flood of frequent occurrence appropriate for flushing bedrock channels. A lower lichen limit was only found below a diversion weir and was formed by frequent dam spills between 1950 and 1952 during an extraordinary wet period at the start of the FDR between 1949 and 1990. Lichens colonised exposed sandstone between the level of frequent flows from 1949 to 1952, and the high lichen limit. On the Avon River, an additional lower limit reflected a massive downward shift in flow duration following the start of interbasin diversions to Wollongong in 1962.     

Surface hydrological processes of rock glaciated basins in the San Juan Mountains,Colorado

Glaciers in the western USA contribute summer meltwater to regional hydrological systems. In the San Juan Mountains of Colorado, where glaciers do not exist, rock glaciers serve that function during the summer runoff period. Most rock glaciers in Colorado are located on northern slopes in mountainous areas; however, some rock glaciers in southwest Colorado have different aspects. In this study, we asked how slope aspect and rising air temperatures influence the hydrological processes of streams sourced from rock glaciers in the San Juan Mountains. We focused on three adjacent basins, Yankee Boy basin, Blue Lakes basin, and Mill Creek basin, which share a common peak, Gilpin Peak. Using HOBO® U20-001–04 water-level loggers, streamflow data were collected in each of these basins, below each rock glacier. Air temperature significantly influenced stream discharge below the rock glacier. Discharge and air temperature patterns indicate a possible air temperature threshold during late summer when rock glacier melt increases at a greater rate. The results also suggest that the aspect of rock glacier basins influences stream discharge, but that temperature and precipitation are likely larger components of melt regimes.     

基于遥感数据的叶尔羌河流域水文过程模拟与分析

在西北荒漠-绿洲生态系统中,山区水循环对下游水资源管理具有重要作用。为了准确地理解高寒山区水文过程,以降水、温度和潜在蒸散发的遥感数据为模型输入,建立叶尔羌河流域的MIKE SHE模型。根据模型输出,从径流、积雪和蒸散发三方面探讨了流域的水文过程。结果表明：经校正后的遥感产品在叶尔羌河流域的水文模拟中取得了良好的应用效果,出山口卡群站日径流的效率系数达0.71,相关系数达0.85。河道的年平均径流深为146.66 mm,其中稳定的基流补给占21.3%。流域的年平均降雪231 mm,占总降水的74%左右;73.9%的融雪发生在7-9月,积雪主要分布于5000 m以上区域。蒸散发以7-9月中低山区植被覆盖良好的针叶林和草地为主。选用合适的方法对遥感数据进行验证和率定,有助于提高对资料缺失的高寒山区流域水文过程的认识。对不同水文要素进行分析验证,可更准确地理解水资源的转化、储存方式及其时空分布,以便为下游水资源管理提供依据。     

Influence of large tributaries on biogeochemical processes in the Amur river

Presented are the results from experimental investigations into the influence of large tributaries (the Zeya, Bureya and Sungari rivers) on the water quality formation in the Amur river during the transformation of organic matter in bottom sediments. A spectral method and biochemical indication were used to show that toxic heavy metals (mercury, lead, and cadmium) accumulate in river sections of sedimentation of suspended load forming along the right bank from the mouth of the Sungari river to the city of Komsomolsk-on-Amur, and to substantiate the risk of emergence of hydrogen sulfide zones on the lower Amur.     

东南湿润区坡面土壤水文过程研究进展与展望

东南湿润区是我国生态环境问题最为突出的区域之一,水体的富营养化是困扰该区域经济和社会发展的主要问题。尤其近些年来,在政府鼓励和市场推动双重作用下,丘陵山区的开发力度逐步加强,越来越多的原生态竹林被开发为经济型用地(如茶园)。但该土地利用方式的转变在带来经济效益的同时,也改变了下垫面土壤孔隙结构和土壤水文过程,从而极大地影响着营养盐随土壤水分的迁移和转化。在国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目“太湖流域丘陵区坡面土壤水文过程物理机制及模拟研究”的资助下,在以下3个方面取得了重要进展：①不同土地利用坡面土壤水分时空变化与影响因素;②坡面水文过程与水量平衡;③坡面土壤水文过程影响机制。目前对太湖流域丘陵区土壤水文过程研究虽取得一些进展,但其影响机制仍不十分明确,有待进一步深入的探讨。上述成果的取得以及未来的持续探索,对于太湖水体富营养化与流域面源农业面源污染控制具有重要的环境意义,进而为推动我国流域生态文明建设提供理论支持。     

Morphodynamic river processes and techniques for assessment of channel evolution in Alpine gravel bed rivers

Over the past 10 years many restoration projects have been undertaken in Austria, and river engineering measures such as spur dykes and longitudinal bank protection, which imposed fixed lateral boundaries on rivers, have been removed. The EU-Life Project “Auenverbund Obere Drau” has resulted in extensive restoration on the River Drau, aimed to improve the ecological integrity of the river ecosystem, to arrest riverbed degradation, and to ensure flood protection. An essential part of the restoration design involved the consideration of self-forming river processes, which led to new demands being imposed on river management.This paper illustrates how model complexity is adapted to the solution and evaluation of different aspects of river restoration problems in a specific case. Point-scale monitoring data were up-scaled to the whole investigation area by means of digital elevation models, and a scaling approach to the choice of model complexity was applied. Simple regime analysis methods and 1-D models are applicable to the evaluation of long-term and reach-scale restoration aims, and to the prediction of kilometre-scale processes (e.g. mean river bed aggradation or degradation, flood protection). 2-D models gave good results for the evaluation of hydraulic changes (e.g. transverse flow velocities, shear stresses, discharges at diffluences) for different morphological units at the local scale (100 m–10 m), and imposed an intermediate demand on calibration data and topographic survey. The study shows that complex 3-D numerical models combined with high resolution digital elevation models are necessary for detailed analysis of processes (1 m–0.01 m), but not for the evaluation of the restoration aims on the River Drau. In conclusion, model choice (complexity) will depend on both lower limits (determined by the complexity of processes to be analysed) and upper limits (field data quality and process understanding for numerical models).     

流域生物地球化学循环与水文耦合过程及其调控机制

流域生态系统的水文和生物地球化学循环通过水文通量的物理作用紧密耦合,其时空尺度的物质和能量耦合为流域生物地球化学过程的物质平衡和能量流动提供重要基础。通过研究流域尺度生物地球化学循环—水文耦合过程,将更加深刻揭示水循环驱动下陆地—水生生态系统碳氮循环与人类活动及气候系统的生物学、物理学和化学过程的耦合机制。本文综合阐述了流域生态系统的时间、空间以及时间—空间尺度的生物地球化学循环与水文耦合特征,揭示营养元素循环在时间—空间尺度上的耦合特征,通过大气、陆地、河流、河口和海洋系统形成了一个连续体并由水、气体和气溶胶通量进行物理连接;分析流域营养物质的生物地球化学循环与水文耦合过程随着时空尺度在大气—陆地界面、陆地—河流界面以及河口—海洋界面的耦合变异性;最后通过流域生态化学计量特征及水陆交错带对营养物质输出的调控分析耦合过程的生物学调控机制,以提高对流域景观水平的生态水文、生物地球化学和生态动力学的理解。     

近50年来南四湖湿地水文特征及其生态系统的演化过程分析

湿地资源十分丰富,具有重大的生产、生态效应,但由于自然和人类两方面原因,目前湿地普遍退化。文章基于长期的南四湖水文监测数据以及实地调查、实验数据,研究了南四湖湿地近50年来的水文特征及其生态系统的演化规律。结果表明,作为我国华北平原地区最大的淡水湖泊湿地生态系统之一,近50年来南四湖湿地的来水量呈明显减少的趋势,其减少速率为5.5×10⁸m³/10a,加之大量泥沙和水生植物体堆积,造成南四湖水体逐渐萎缩,呈现消亡的趋势;同时,周边城市、矿区和工业的污染,使得南四湖水环境严重恶化,已经严重威胁到南四湖的生态系统安全。南四湖生态系统退化,究其原因有多年来的气候干旱,但更主要的还在于人类对湖泊不合理的开发利用。