哈尼梯田遗产区乡村聚落景观及其演变——以云南元阳全福庄中寨为例

以2013年6月列入世界文化景观遗产的红河哈尼梯田文化景观区内的乡村聚落景观--云南省红河州元阳县全福庄中寨为研究对象,通过实地调查、访谈和GIS制图分析等方法,分析了哈尼聚落景观的组成要素与内部结构、景观空间格局及其演变。结果表明：1）哈尼聚落景观的边界以实际存在的树带和树门来分离精神世界里人和鬼魂的地域空间;聚落内部受地形和血缘关系影响形成组团式结构,传统民居以蘑菇房为代表;2）聚落具有独特的文化景观要素--用于祭祀和祈福的寨神林、用于娱乐和晾晒粮食的磨秋场以及用于生活取水和祭祀的水井,它们体现了哈尼族崇拜自然的宗教文化体系;3）哈尼聚落景观的空间格局具有森林在上、村落居中、梯田在下、水系贯穿其中的特点,聚落的选址正是基于景观空间格局与适宜人居和便于到达梯田耕作的特点选定;4）哈尼聚落景观在空间演变方面具有独特的分寨和“地名连名”制特点,聚落用地在50 a间扩大了近10倍,而蘑菇房的周边和内部结构则出现了多向演变的趋势,其中现代砖混房屋的比例正呈急剧增加趋势;5）哈尼聚落景观作为哈尼梯田文化景观遗产的组成要素之一,在维系遗产稳定性方面具有重要作用。因此,如何传承与保护哈尼聚落景观成为当务之急,未来应注重聚落空心化等的研究。     

Natural-resource potential of the trans-boundary territory of Russia and the PRC within the Upper and Middle Amur basin

The specific natural-geographical system of the Upper and Middle Amur basin, including the right-bank area (PRC) is investigated. The system is characterized by a single-type landscape and geological structure, and by mineral resources similar in composition. An analysis is made of the natural-resource potential, and the strategic directions of its economic utilization with due regard for the trans-boundary factor are predicted.     

Landscape in the sagas of Icelanders: The concepts of land and landsleg

This article presents a study of the Icelandic landscape concept, and its meaning and embedded connotations. The present-day understanding of the concept provides the point of departure to some of the oldest preserved examples of the term. The analysis thus centres upon the sagas of Icelanders that were written in the Middle Ages. The paper reveals that in the 14th century the concept referred to morphological qualities of land, and was often associated with an aesthetic appreciation thereof. The meaning of landscape as natural scenery has been explained as the outcome of artistic articulations of social relations in the wake of the Renaissance and Romanticism. Such accounts, however, do not explain the aesthetic connotations associated with the Icelandic landscape concept in the Middle Ages, described in this article. The results of the study thus indicate that there may be more to the landscape concept within the cultural domain defined by the Germanic languages than hitherto revealed, particularly in terms of aesthetic experiences of the natural environment. Subsequently, this article emphasises the importance of identifying the culturally embedded meaning of landscape as a concept in the Icelandic context, for successful implementation of the concept in planning practices.     

滴哨沟湾地层沉积特征记录的毛乌素沙漠变迁

毛乌素沙漠的盛衰变化明显地受到全球变化特别是东亚夏季风变化的影响。根据毛乌素沙漠东南缘萨拉乌苏河流域滴哨沟湾地层沉积物的物质组成、粒度参数等,结合孢粉研究结果,将沙漠演化过程划分为若干阶段：中更新世晚期沙漠萎缩期,气候温暖半干旱-半湿润,沙漠缩小,为森林草原或灌丛草原;中更新世晚期沙漠稳定期,气候在寒冷干旱-半干旱间波动频繁,自然景观在荒漠、荒漠草原与干草原间变化,并有河流和小湖存在;晚更新世早期沙漠固定期,气候温暖半湿润至半干旱,期间自然景观经历了森林草原、灌丛草原、草原、荒漠草原多种变化;晚更新世晚期沙漠扩张期,气候干旱寒冷,自然景观以荒漠和荒漠草原为主,同时也有草原乃至灌丛草原出现;全新世沙漠频繁变化期,气候变化频繁,沙漠出现多次盛衰变化,自然景观在荒漠、荒漠草原、草原、疏林草原间变化。     

GIS-based Analysis of Temporal Evolution of Rural Landscape: A Case Study in Southern Italy

The apparent features of a rural landscape are the final result of the interaction among several natural and anthropic factors. The analysis of a landscape, as well as the identification of its best management strategies, can be improved when useful information about its modifications along a wide time period is available, so as to assess the effect of the transformations that have taken place there. The implementation within a geographic information system (GIS) of geographical information derived from ancient historical maps, combined with modern digital cartography and recent remote sensing images may provide a very powerful tool for a better-informed analysis and targeted decision-making strategies about the most appropriate rural landscape planning. With the purpose to detect the land use changes in a typical rural landscape in the Basilicata Region (Southern Italy), spatial analysis using free and open-source GIS tools, in which data covering a period of about two centuries, from 1829 to 2017, were implemented. This multi-temporal analysis was carried out to investigate the landscape structure transformations through the assessment of land use change and the implementation of a methodology for the identification of areas in which there has been a natural evolution of the rural landscape. Then, using landscape metrics and spatial analysis tools, some areas in which the landscape has naturally evolved without any anthropic intervention during these 188 years have been identified, and changes occurred on the rural landscape were assessed quantitatively.

     

为生态建设服务的吉林省西部景观类型研究*

在GIS技术支持下,依据有关原则,对吉林省西部景观类型进行了划分;选取地形和地貌、人类对景观的利用水平以及沙碱化程度三个指标对景观类型进行了稳定性评价。在此基础上,结合景观生态学的有关理论,采用类型重要值、嵌块体密度和平均内缘比率分析了吉林省西部各小区(东部区,中部区和西部区)内不同稳定类型的景观空间结构,提出了重建不稳定类型应以西部区为重点并要注意其内部结构的协调性、防止亚稳定类型向不稳定类型过渡也应以西部为重点、东部区的景观生态建设应注意增加其异质性等建议。     

陕西省人口空间分异研究

基于第六次乡镇级人口普查数据,利用GIS技术展示陕西省人口信息的空间分异格局,通过计算Moran’s I指数、信息熵、分异指数、隔离指数等空间自相关和空间分异指标,结合地貌、资源、产业等地域特征,得出陕西省人口数量、属性及不同社会群体的空间分异特征,探讨其内在机理并提出政策建议。     

新疆地质遗迹空间格局区划系统构建及其特征的定量表征

受地质条件和地理环境的影响和制约,新疆地质遗迹分布具有明显的空间分异特征。本文以影响地质遗迹空间格局的关键因素--深大断裂和大地构造单元为主要依据,首次建立了包括5个地质遗迹带、13个地质遗迹区和35个地质遗迹亚区的新疆地质遗迹三级区划系统,设计了地质遗迹的数量、级别、类型、保护开发条件等4类定量表征指标和8项具体指标因子,对新疆地质遗迹的空间格局特征进行全面刻画和定量表征,最终根据各项指标数值的优劣程度对二级区划单元进行分类,为基于地质遗迹资源与人地关系耦合的新疆地质遗迹保护开发布局研究奠定基础。结果表明,二级区划单元中北天山、西昆仑、南天山、北阿尔泰地质遗迹区为优异(Ⅰ级),吐哈、准中、塔东、东昆仑－阿尔金、中昆仑、塔西区为良好(Ⅱ级),南阿尔泰区为一般(Ⅲ级),准西、准东区为较差(Ⅳ级)。     

从地缘政治角度论冷战后资源的战略地位——以石油和水资源为例

从地缘政治的角度论述了冷战后资源的战略地位。冷战结束以后 ,世界格局朝着多极化方向发展 ,和平与发展成为时代的主题。美国等西方大国都相应提出了新的地缘政治经济战略 ,其中 ,资源战略是其地缘战略的重要组成部分。资源相对有限性这一经济学的最基本原理并没有过时 ,相反 ,资源短缺性表现得更加突出 ,特别是一些战略性资源对全球和地区的地缘政治经济格局将会产生深刻的影响。中国作为世界上最大的发展中国家 ,发展经济是目前最重要的战略任务。中国应积极利用世界资源 ,同时 ,要积极维护自身的经济和资源主权。     

伊犁河三角洲景观结构的影响机制研究

在遥感和水文数据的支持下,根据伊犁河三角洲作为典型的中亚干旱区内陆河流域尾闾区域特点,确定了伊犁河三角洲的景观分类系统。通过采用景观结构梯度分析法、景观干扰度指数和景观Kappa指数等方法,系统地分析了近32 a（1975-2007）伊犁河三角洲景观结构的时空演变特征,并对景观结构的影响机制做了充分地探讨。结果表明：（1）沿着一定的地形梯度和水文梯度,伊犁河三角洲流域景观表现出特殊的纵向结构、横向结构的梯度特征和景观内部特征,与地表水直接关联的景观类型表现尤为明显,如湖泊、沼泽、漫滩。（2）在人为活动和自然环境的双重影响下,近32 a伊犁河三角洲景观结构的空间变化具有一定的周期性和不稳定性,主要体现为景观类型面积和空间位置的变化,其中以湿地景观类型的变化最为显著。（3）生态干扰对景观结构的影响因景观类型的不同存在显著的差异性和时空变异性,以湖泊和沼泽受干扰作用最为明显。高、中、低三种干扰强度区域的空间分布及面积变化同样具有一定的周期性和不稳定性。（4）水利工程建设和自然环境是影响伊犁河三角洲景观结构的主要驱动力。水利工程对伊犁河的拦蓄引起景观结构变化的作用最为深远,它通过改变三角洲上游的水文情势直接影响整个区域的景观结构。而自然环境因素中的地形和水文条件主要影响湿地景观类型的时空分布,气候因子则直接影响河川径流量。     

Monitoring directions and rates of change in trees outside forests through multitemporal analysis of map sequences

This study explores the potential of historical maps to detect, measure and monitor changes of trees outside forests. The main goal is to assess local-level changes of scattered trees and orchards and their land-use determinants in two areas in Southern Germany between 1901/1905 and 2009. Firstly, overall landscape changes are recorded. Secondly, the spatial-temporal trajectories of scattered trees and their land-use determinants are identified. Thirdly, changes in quantity and fragmentation patterns of traditional orchards are analyzed in their relationship to overall land-cover change. The results confirm major losses in scattered trees, mainly due to urbanization, agricultural intensification, and land abandonment. They further reveal that, while orchards have persisted in total area, they have undergone critical changes toward a simplified landscape structure and loss of the traditional land-use mosaic, which is a characterizing feature of high nature value landscapes. Multi-temporal assessment showed that most trends have been continuous and did not change directions over time, but rather accelerated during periods of rapid change (most dramatically in the 1950-1990 period). The case of orchards and scattered trees illustrates a major problem of cultural landscapes in Europe: Semi-natural landscape features of high nature value are threatened by both intensification and abandonment of land uses. This makes their conservation a potentially costly enterprise, as both opportunity costs for lost alternative land uses and for conservation management costs arise.     

Early Middle Miocene broken foreland development in the southern Central Andes: evidence for extension prior to regional shortening

Most authors suggest that the main contraction phases in the southern Central Andes started in the Late Miocene. Along the flat‐slab segment, deformation has progressively involved basement and a broken foreland has developed. Recent work suggests that construction of the Andes by late Neogene shortening may have been controlled by lithospheric thinning and crustal structure generated during mid‐Tertiary times in the Southern and Central Andes. Exposures at the eastern border of the Famatina Ranges in western Argentina in the flat‐slab segment document basement involved extension of approximately this age. The Del Abra Formation, the lower unit of a major Andean synorogenic cycle (Angulos Group), reveals a distinct and previously unrecognized early Middle Miocene tectonic event. This is suggested by a 505‐m‐thick thinning‐ and fining‐upward megasequence. Dominantly conglomeratic facies record a continuous progression from fault‐scarp‐related high‐gradient colluvium to relatively distal terminal‐fan facies. The fining–thinning upward megasequence characterizes progressive scarp backstepping and decreasing relief after active extension. Interpretation of the stratigraphic fill and the associated structure (high‐angle hinterland‐dipping fault) favours tectonic inversion of an originally normal fault. This allows reappraisal and new understanding of the early‐stage architecture of the Central Andean foreland. Early Middle Miocene extension may have had an important bearing on the later evolution of the broken foreland.     

Synsedimentary tensional features in Upper Triassic shallow-water platform carbonates of the Carnian Prealps (northern Italy) and their importance as palaeostress indicators

The extensive shallow-water carbonate platform deposits of the Dolomia Principale Formation (Southern Alps, northern Italy) accumulated during the Late Triassic, a time of plate-scale reorganization and rifting. Synsedimentary tensional features such as fractures, neptunian dykes, normal faults, shatter breccias and laterally discordant intraformational breccias have been studied within a well-preserved platform-to-basin transition in the Monte Pramaggiore area (Carnian Prealps). These tensional features follow three preferential orientations: N–S, E–W and NE–SW. To fully explain these different arrays it is proposed that the study area experienced during the Late Triassic the waning rifting phase connected to the westward propagation of the NeoTethys (N–S extension) and the onset of the rifting phase that led in the Middle Jurassic to the opening of the Central Atlantic (E–W extension), with a contemporaneous reactivation of Early–Middle Triassic NE–SW-orientated faults. This palaeostress analysis reveals the good potential of tensional features as reliable palaeostress indicators.     

三江平原湿地景观结构的时空变化

基于湿地是流域中重要的景观和生态系统的思想,结合已有历史资料和遥感资料进行不同时段景观制图和GIS分析,对三江平原挠力河流域湿地景观结构和50年 (1949~2000) 来时空变化进行了系统研究,得出的主要结论为：(1) 流域湿地具有特殊的纵向结构、横向结构的景观梯度特征和内部结构特征,并且景观梯度特征与流域地形梯度、水文梯度以及地貌结构特征相协调;(2) 流域湿地景观结构在人类活动干扰下发生了巨大变化：景观纵向结构从连续的基质景观变化为河岸带景观,横向结构从明显的景观类型梯度特征变化为单一类型景观,而景观内部结构特征则表现为镶嵌斑块体的不断丧失;(3) 大规模土地开发活动和水利工程建设是流域湿地景观结构变化的主要驱动力。     

景观功能网络的等级与结构探讨

景观生态系统由多个层次水平的等级体系所组成,在不同的时空尺度下,其结构与功能间具有不同的相互依存关系,透过网络的概念有助于整合景观的等级性与复杂性。为探讨景观功能在空间中的相互作用,本文将其区分为以经济发展为目标,城市中心为主体,交通干线为主要联系廊道的城市功能网络;及以生态保护为目标,保护区或未开发区为主体,河流或绿带为主要联系廊道的生态功能网络,同时进一步阐明不同尺度中景观功能网络的结构、功能及其间的相互关系,期望为未来景观结构调整与功能协调提供理论与实践依据。     

敦煌雅丹国家地质公园景观美学研究

以敦煌雅丹国家地质公园雅丹地貌景观作为审美对象,提出了雅丹地貌景观的斑-廊-基复合式景观结构体系,认为雅丹景观单元要素形式包括密群、疏群、独体和残丘4种。在分析敦煌雅丹地貌景观空间组合结构基础上,研究探讨了敦煌雅丹地貌的美学价值特征,得出雅丹地貌景观美感度的空间分布状况。结果表明,雅丹密群、雅丹疏群和雅丹独体对于雅丹地貌景观美学价值有较大贡献。雅丹地貌区的雅丹体易受破坏,具有稀缺性和独一无二的垄断性地位,应加强对雅丹地貌的保护,并充分挖掘其旅游价值潜力。     

南方“红层荒漠”旅游开发价值分析

“红层荒漠”是一种分布在红层母岩上的特殊土地退化景观,又称为“红层劣地”。其形成过程被称为“红层荒漠化”,指红层区受人为干扰,地表原有的生态结构遭到破坏,在外动力综合作用下,土层快速侵蚀,基岩或其风化壳裸露,土地生产力衰竭的极端土地退化过程。红层荒漠在粤、赣、湘等南方湿润区有较多的分布,荒漠化严重的区域一般是经济欠发达的区域,研究红层荒漠及其合理开发利用具有重要意义。结合多年丹霞地貌的研究成果,认为作为一种旅游资源,红层荒漠具有景观独特、资源稀缺、颠覆常识、生态科普、综合构景等特性,具备很高的旅游开发价值与很强的开发可行性。开发过程中,应当遵循开发服从保护、特色强化、综合效益最大化的原则,重视生态农业旅游和科普旅游等开发方向,可开发成为红层荒漠观光、红层荒漠科教旅游、生态农业示范旅游、红层荒漠山水旅游、红漠乡村旅游以及摄影主题旅游等景区。同时,要注意因地制宜,从资源特点、市场需求、环境保护等实际进行合理的谋划,与周边同类景区错位发展,与邻区其他景区加强联合,实现区域旅游互补发展。     

湖南省传统聚落景观基因的空间特征

湖南省有着悠久的历史文化和优越的自然地理环境,是全国传统聚落相对集中和保存较为完好的省区之一.本文以国家和湖南省政府正式公布的30 个历史文化名村名镇为研究对象,结合传统聚落景观基因理论,建立了包括建筑特征、文化特征、环境特征、聚落布局特征4 大类共14 项指标的传统聚落景观基因识别指标体系;根据要素提取法、图案分析法、结构提取法、含义提取法等景观基因提取方法,建立了湖南省传统聚落景观基因的识别流程,并进行了传统聚落景观基因的识别与提取.在此基础上,从建筑基因的特征、选址布局基因的特征、图腾文化基因的特征3 个角度分析了该省传统聚落景观基因的空间特征.本文对湖南省传统聚落的保护与合理、可持续开发利用具有参考意义,对开展全国其他省份传统聚落的相关研究同样具有借鉴意义.     

Stratigraphic evolution of the Triassic–Jurassic succession in the Western Southern Alps (Italy): the record of the two-stage rifting on the distal passive margin of Adria

The Triassic–Lower Jurassic succession of the Southern Alps is characterized by rapid thickness changes, from an average of about 5000 m east of Lago Maggiore to about 500 m in the Western Southern Alps. The stratigraphy reflects the Triassic evolution of the Tethyan Gulf and the Early Jurassic rifting responsible for the Middle Jurassic break‐up of Adria from Europe. The succession of the Western Southern Alps starts with Lower Permian volcanics directly covered by Anisian sandstones. The top of the overlying Ladinian dolostones (300 m) records subaerial exposure and karstification. Locally (Gozzano), Upper Sinemurian sediments cover the Permian volcanics, documenting pre‐Sinemurian erosion. New biostratigraphic data indicate a latest Pliensbachian–Toarcian age for the Jurassic synrift deposits that unconformably cover Ladinian or Sinemurian sediments. Therefore, in the Western Southern Alps, the major rifting stage that directly evolved into the opening of the Penninic Ocean began in the latest Pliensbachian–Toarcian. New data allowed us to refine the evolution of the two previously recognized Jurassic extensional events in the Southern Alps. The youngest extensional event (Western Southern Alps) occurred as tectonic activity decreased in the Lombardy Basin. During the Sinemurian the Gozzano high represents the western shoulder of a rift basin located to the east (Lombardy). This evolution documents a transition from diffuse early rifting (Late Hettangian–Sinemurian), controlled by older discontinuities, to rifting focused along a rift valley close to the Pliensbachian–Toarcian boundary. This younger rift bridges the gap between the Hettangian–Sinemurian diffuse rifting and the Callovian–Bathonian break‐up. The late Pliensbachian–Toarcian rift, which eventually lead to continental break‐up, is interpreted as the major extensional episode in the evolution of the passive margin of Adria. The transition from diffuse to focused extension in the Southern Alps is comparable to the evolution of the Central Austroalpine during the Early Jurassic and of the Central and Northern Atlantic margins.     

Influence of geothermal energy on the formation of forest in the insular volcanic landscape

A case study is made of the Mendeleev volcano (Kunashir Island, Southern Kuril Chain) to carry out a quantitative assessment of the influence of magmatic energy of an active volcano on the thermal regime of the soil and the ground-level air level as well as on the water balance and forest formation processes in the insular volcanic landscape. It is established that the influent channels of steam-hydrotherms cause an anomalous rise in soil temperature thereby having a substantial influence on the structure and functioning of forest ecosystems. Using a specially developed method, we calculated the geotherm-caused temperature anomalies in the soil. Calculations showed that the forest communities of the Mendeleev volcanic landscape evolved into existence and persist under the same heat and energy conditions as their zonal marginalmainland counterparts. The active volcano compensates for a deficiency in the climatic resource and ensures a stable functioning and a structural configuration of these “climatically unjustified” (extrazonal) island-arc ecosystems. We have empirically substantiated the proposition that geothermal energy of passive volcanoes serves as the factor for acceleration evolution of the insular phytobiota. This constitutes the phenomenon of biogeocenological organization of the volcanogenic landscape in the continent-to-ocean transition zone. It is shown that the magmatic geotherms of the Mendeleev volcano promoted the transgression of species and whole communities from southern areas to this boreal-forest region. We examine the rearrangement of the forest cover toward an increase in its floro- and phytocenotic diversity, the formation of relatively stable boreal-subboreal forest ecosystem with subtropical relicts as well as rudimentary buffer forest communities. It is demonstrated that a geothermal heating of the soil on the slopes and at the foot of the volcanoes of the Kuril Ridge is a large-scale (rather than an exceptional) phenomenon in the hydrothermal regime of forest ecosystems of island-arc ecoregions.