The socio-economic role of vegetation in the cartographic substantiation of rational management of nature in the geobotanical forecasting system

Presented are the results from the final forecasting-recommendatory stage of conjugate cartographic investigations of vegetation on the Angara-Lena interfluve. The economic value of vegetation is determined according to its resource potential and ecological-protective potential. Recommendations are made with respect to an optimization of nature management on a forecasting-geobotanical basis.     

Functional organization of vegetation in the system of cartographic forecasting

Presented are the results from the assessment stage of forecasting-cartographic investigations into the vegetation in the Angara-Lena interfluve. An assessment is made of the main (preferred) and secondary ecological functions of vegetation within the geosystems. We demonstrate their changes with respect to native (reconstructed) vegetation.     

Vegetation as a factor in the system of natural environment preservation of Prebaikalia

A central role in the formation of the natural environment of Prebaikalia is played by vegetation having the environment-forming and environment-protective functions. Nowadays, it is experiencing ever increasing anthropogenic impacts which lead to disturbances in its structure and decrease its ecological potential. This creates certain challenges of a local and regional character, because the main territory of the region is within the zone of atmospheric influence and within the western portion of the central ecological zone of the Baikal natural territory focus on preserving the ecosystem of Lake Baikal as the UNESCO World Natural Heritage site. Therefore, the main direction of nature conservation activity aimed at improving the quality of the region’s natural environment remains focused on the preservation and recovery and of its primary vegetation. Some measures are suggested concerning ecologically oriented nature management in Prebaikalia. We have defined the goals for the scientific accompaniment of the measures for the preservation of vegetation as an important factor of the environmental quality. The paper demonstrates the effectiveness of integrated study into the entire florocenotic diversity of modern vegetation, its evolutionary-genetic basis and the ecological and dynamical potentials of plant communities for the purposes of forecasting the ecologically oriented development of the region’s natural environment. The recommendations are formulated in accordance with the State Ecological Program for the period until 2030. The map entitled “Protection of vegetation in Prebaikalia (recommendations for optimization of the ecological policy)” has been developed, which provides information on territories with a different environmental quality having regard to the ecological potential. The legend includes the following parts of the map: special preservation of primary vegetation (full and partial), recovery of disturbed vegetation (active and passive recovery of primary forests), and economic rational (ecologically oriented) use of vegetation.     

岷江干旱河谷植被分类及其主要类型

沿岷江干旱河谷(流域-海拔梯度)剖面线设置“U”形样带3条，对植被和环境因子进行了调查，就岷江干旱河谷调查的48个样方，151个物种创建样地一物种数据库，应用TWINSPAN植被数量分类方法进行分类，并根据中国植被的分类原则和调查的样地物种组成特征，对数量分类的结果进行适度调整，建立了岷江干旱河谷地区植被(生态系统)分类系统。将岷江干旱河谷的植被划分为11个群系，18个群丛，均为灌丛单一类型。11个群系分别为：绣线菊灌丛、小花滇紫草灌丛、黄花亚菊灌丛、莸灌丛、驼绒藜灌丛、小马鞍羊蹄甲-白刺花灌丛、瑞香灌丛、西南野丁香灌丛、檀子栎灌丛、金花小檗-忍冬灌丛、华帚菊-小黄素馨灌丛。     

Vegetation structure in the south of the Lena-Katanga plateau

Presented are the results from investigating the cenotic structure, structural-dynamical characteristics and spatial differentiation in vegetation of taiga geosystems in the south of the Lena-Katanga plateau of the interfluves between the Lower Tunguska and Nepa rivers. The 1:75 000 map for the present status of vegetation in the key area has been compiled.     

Vegetation cover of the Shantar Islands

We consider the compositional and structural regularities of the vegetation cover on the islands of the Shantar Archipelago and analyze the present state of vegetation.     

北京汉石桥湿地自然保护区植被分类与2003～2006年植被格局变化

采用样线法结合样方法对北京汉石桥湿地自然保护区的湿地植被进行调查和分类研究。汉石桥湿地共有湿地植被2个植被型组、4个植被型、22个群系组、31个群系。对研究区主要植物群系进行多样性分析发现,莲(Nelumbo nucifera)群系的Simpson多样性指数最高,而芦苇(Phragmites australis)群系的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和群系物种数最高。并对该湿地核心区2003年和2006年的主要湿地植被分布情况进行分析,结果表明,该湿地在2004年进行恢复工程的前后各区域土地利用和植被分布有较大变化,人为干扰及恢复工程是汉石桥湿地植被的分布变化的主要原因。针对目前的状况,保护区应该采取保障水源,营造不同的生境类型和保护湿地动植物资源等方法,维持湿地物种多样性和生态功能的稳定。     

青藏高原植被覆盖变化的地域分异特征

植被的空间分布及其变化都具有明显的地域分异特征。本研究以1981-2006年间的GIMMS/NDVI产品为主要数据源,在地理信息系统技术的支持下,分别从植被空间分布、植被波动和植被变化等方面,探讨了青藏高原植被覆盖变化的水平地域分异特征。研究结果显示,1981-2006年间,雅鲁藏布江河谷区、错那县和墨脱县的西北部、柴达木盆地南缘、三江源地区的顶端和青海南山北麓等区域地表植被年际波动较大。反映区域植被盖度时间变化趋势的SLOPE值以及植被盖度,具有从南部、东南部向北、西北部"下降—上升—不变"的规律。植被盖度下降显著的区域主要分布在喜马拉雅山南麓和青海湖南部,其次是三江源中南部地区;植被没有明显变化的区域主要分布在藏北高原和柴达木盆地。植被指数显著上升的区域集中在雅鲁藏布江河谷区,植被指数明显上升区域主要分布在人迹罕至的唐古拉山和念青唐古拉山等山间盆地区,轻微上升的区域分散在明显改善区的周围。依据SLOPE值的空间分异特征将整个高原划分为4个一级区:帕米尔高原植被指数上升区、藏北高原—阿里高原—柴达木盆地植被指数稳定区、高原中部—雅鲁藏布江中上游河谷植被指数上升区和三江源—横断山区植被指数下降区。     

青藏铁路格尔木至安多段沿线高寒植被、土壤特性与人工植被恢复研究

 对青藏铁路格尔木至安多段沿线不同海拔梯度下高寒植被与土壤特征进行研究。沿线高寒植被的主要分布种有91个,主要建群种为:紫花针茅(Stipa purpurea)、青藏苔草(Carex moorcroftii Falc)、藏异燕麦(Helictotrichon tibeticum)、黄芪(Astragalus)、棘豆(Oxytropis)、粗壮嵩草(Kobresia robusta Maximowicz)、矮嵩草(Kobresia robusta Maximowicz)等。高寒植被物种数、平均盖度、地下生物量和总生物量与海拔呈正相关性,而平均高度和地上生物量与海拔呈负相关性。沿线高寒植物群落主要可划分为海拔小于4 000 m的高寒荒漠植被、海拔4 000~4 500 m的高寒河谷灌丛植被、海拔4 500~4 700 m的高寒草原植被、海拔4 700~4 800 m的高寒垫状植被、海拔4 800~4 900 m的高寒草甸植被和海拔5 000 m左右的高寒沼泽和高寒流石坡植被。土壤全氮和有机质含量都与海拔高度呈正相关性,但全磷、全钾及pH值则在高海拔地区达到最低。沿线土壤颗粒组成主要以中、细沙(d＜0.4 mm)为主,占到了总含量的85%以上,因此,中、细沙是构成沿线土壤的最主要颗粒。沿线植被恢复比较有效的方法是选择紫花针茅、垂穗披碱草、燕麦、棘豆、黄芪、蒿草、梭罗草等当地草种,采取原生植物种子异地繁殖,再经沿线播种或栽培抚育,从而达到植被恢复的目的。该研究对青藏铁路沿线的植被恢复与植物防沙工程具有一定的指导意义。     

巴丹吉林沙漠边缘地区植被特征

通过在巴丹吉林沙漠野外植被调查,描述了植被的生活型和群落的空间分布特征,分析了植被多样性、优势度及均匀度指数,并探讨了历年来气候变化对植被分布的影响。结果表明：（1）巴丹吉林沙漠植物种类较少,可分为小乔木、灌木、小灌木、半灌木、多年生草本和一年生草本6类生活型。其中灌木种类最为丰富,小乔木最少。（2）巴丹吉林沙漠东南一带物种丰富度和多样性高于西北一带,南缘地区植被群落分布及植被群落多样性亦均高于北缘地区。（3）近53 a巴丹吉林沙漠气温发生显著变化,蒸发量增加。南缘地区增温而降水减少。这种变化对于以水分为主导因子的沙漠地区植被发育来说极为不利,有加剧沙漠南缘荒漠化的威胁。     

近10年重庆市归一化植被指数变化分析

运用1 km分辨率经过Savitzky-Golay滤波技术平滑处理的SPOT/VGT数据,通过对1998~2007年的归一化植被指数(NDVI)时间序列数据、NDVI与气象因子的关系、10 a来NDVI变化率的空间分布以及NDVI与海拔高度的关系等进行分析,研究重庆市植被变化及空间分布情况。结果表明,重庆市NDVI年变化相对稳定,在空间上变化较大,东北及东南部分地区植被退化,而西部地区NDVI变化率增加,表明植被覆盖有所增多。另外引起NDVI时空变化的原因中,温度远大于降水量,海拔高度也与NDVI有较好的相关性。     

中国暖温带山地植被生态学研究进展

山地生态学作为现代生态学研究的核心内容,主要研究在山地这一特殊的自然环境中,生物与山地环境之间的相互关系和各种生态过程的科学。而山地植被生态学始终是山地生态学研究重要的内容,目前已经成为一门独立的山地生态学分支学科。对中国暖温带山地植被数量分类和排序,植物群落多样性,植物区系,植被垂直分布,种间关系,植被带划分等方面的植被生态学研究现状进行了介绍和讨论,并对山地植被生态学未来的发展前景进行了分析和探讨。     

塔里木河荒漠植被光谱可分性模拟

以塔里木河典型植被为研究对象,分析胡杨、芦苇叶片及柽柳冠层的可分性,并计算背景的影响。首先用ASD光谱仪测新鲜叶片光谱,找出光谱特征点;然后模拟EO-1高光谱数据和TM多光谱数据;最后植被与土壤光谱按比例混合,分析背景的影响。以上三步分别计算植被指数（VI）。结果显示:叶片光谱特征位置430 nm、670 nm、750 nm附近,黄边斜率和红外平台平均高度,1 080~1 280 nm、1 430~1 650 nm能够区分塔里木河流域3个主要植被类型。模拟的EO-1波谱保持了控制波形的10个特征,TM 只有绿反射峰和红吸收谷、近红外1个反射峰3个特征,大部分特征都消失了。植被指数显示(R680-R500)/R750、(R680-R550)/R705、R1430+\:+R1650、D712/D688能够区分3类,且指数值差异较大,为绿峰、红谷和近红外波峰的组合;模拟的EO-1数据(R680-R500)/R750、(R680-R550)/R705、R1430+\:+R1650能分别区分植被,TM多波谱数据不能有效区分植被。     

试论贺兰山植物多样性的若干特点

通过实地考察,对贺兰山植物多样性特点进行了系统研究。研究结果表明,贺兰山植物多样性主要表现为植物种类丰富多样、区系地理成分复杂多样、山地植被垂直带类型多样和形态、生理生态适应性多样等一系列鲜明特点：根据中国植被分类标准,山体植被带分为山麓荒漠草原带、旱生乔灌木带、油松山杨林带和高山灌丛带：不同植被带由不同的植被类型组成;植被类型除了受海拔梯度影响外,水分条件也成为影响植被坡向分异的关键因子,从山麓到山顶,阴坡的植被类型依次为荒漠、荒漠草原、典型草原、疏林灌丛、亚高山灌丛、高山灌丛草甸,而阳坡的植被类型依次为灌丛、湿性针叶林、寒温性针叶林、亚高山针叶林和高山灌丛草甸。该研究对于了解中国干旱区草原和荒漠过渡区的山地植被空间分布特征具有重大意义。     

Geobotanical forecasting in the nature management ecological optimization in Baikalian Siberia

An analysis is made of the geobotanical forecasting technique. Mapping is known to be recognized as the most powerful method of forecasting-geobotanical investigations. A close interrelation between geobotanical forecasting and vegetation mapping is demonstrated. To improve objectivity of the findings used cartographic models of modern and predicted vegetation which most fully represent the entire structuralcenotic diversity of plant communities in Prebaikalia, the central region of Baikalian Siberia. The predictive constructions are based on analyzing modern vegetation which always includes structural features of its future that manifest themselves in primary and stable derivative communities. We developed the legend and compiled the map (sc 1:200 000) of the region’s modern vegetation. The state of the natural environment of the Lena- Angara interfluve is assessed having regard to the various functions of plant communities in geosystems. The 1:200 000 map of probability-forecasted (within 200 years) vegetation is presented for Lena-Angara interfluve. It is shown that complete recovery of the primary structure will not occur within 200 years. It is found that it is necessary to carry out predictive-cartographic investigations for the whole of Baikalian Siberia as vegetation of this region is characterized by a decreased activity of recovery processes occurring under the influence of anthropogenic factors. The reason has to do with the harsh natural conditions where it is not worthwhile to pursue extensive nature management, such as is universally the case to date, leading to undesirable economic consequences, because the degree of disturbance to vegetation in a number of areas of Prebaikalia has now reached as critical level. It is concluded that a further policy of nature management on this territory must be built upon the new principles to be approved by government documents.     

气候变化对中国植被可能影响的模拟

依据我国植被和气候的关系对生物地理模式MAPSS中的某些参数和过程进行了调整。将改进后MAPSS模拟的当前气候状况下潜在植被类型及叶面积指数的分布与我国植被区划图和多年平均的NDVI（NOAA／AVHRR）比较，发现结果有了很大的改进。将大气环流模式HadCM2对未来气候变化的预测结果应用于改进后的MAPSS对我国植被未来的变化进行了模拟。考虑到未来大气升高的CO2浓度对植物水分利用率（WUE）的可能影响，进行了WUE变化和不变化2种预测。结果发现未来气候变化可能导致我国东部森林植被带的北移，尤其是北方的落叶针叶林的面积减少很大，以至可能移出我国境内；华北地区和东北辽河流域未来可能草原化；西部的沙漠和草原可能略有退缩，相应被草原和灌丛取代；高寒草甸的分布可能略有缩小，将被萨瓦纳和常绿针叶林取代。同时模拟的结果表明模型对WUE非常敏感。最后对结果的不确定性进行了讨论。     

A multi-index coupling system of ice slope stability and its application

Based on the Simplified Bishop Method, the minimum safety factor of ice slope both with and without tension cracks is calculated in combination with triaxial compression tests. It is found that there exists a critical depth for each crack. Then, factors influencing ice slope stability such as slope ratio, slope height, ice cohesion, internal friction angle, unit weight and temperature were analyzed. Meanwhile, a regression equation between the aforementioned factors and safety factor is obtained, with which sensitivity analysis is carried out. The performance function is built in combination with random distribution of physical and mechanical parameters to analyze the reliability index. The Advanced First Order Second Moment Method is employed on the solution to the performance function. The one-way coupling system of ice slope stability is therefore formed based on safety factor and reliability index. Finally, an illustrated example of ice slope is provided, which shows that failure probability is relatively high, up to 6.18%, although safety factor is 2.77. Thus, it is objective and reasonable to apply the coupled system method to the slope stability rating.     

Vegetation of Central Transbaikalia in the Late Glacial period and Holocene

Presented are the latest findings from investigating bottom sediments in Lake Arakhlei, containing continuous records of the vegetation evolution in the Beklemishevskaya depression and its mountain surroundings for the last 13 500 years.     

2000-2009年黄土高原地区植被覆盖度时空变化

以MODIS NDVI为数据源,应用像元二分模型对黄土高原地区近2000 2009年植被覆盖度时空变化进行分析,并从气候变化和人类活动两个方面对植被覆盖度变化的原因进行探讨.结果表明:2000-2009年黄土高原地区植被覆盖度整体呈增加趋势,年增速为0.6％(p＜0.01);在空间上,黄土高原地区植被覆盖度整体呈现由西北向东南逐渐增加的趋势,这与黄土高原地区的水热条件分布基本一致;植被覆盖度明显改善地区的面积为6 717.35km2,主要分布在陕西延安的北部以及榆林的东北部;一般改善地区面积为180 176.90 km2;一般恶化地区面积为27 236.37 km2;明显恶化地区面积为852.62 km2,主要分布在内蒙古河套平原、银川、西安以及太原等地区;气温、降水的增加以及“三北”防护林和陕北地区退耕还林(草)等工程的实施是该地区植被覆盖度增加的主要原因.     

生态干扰度:一种评价植被天然性程度的方法

地球上现存的植物或森林群落都是植被与其环境长期适应及人类长期干扰影响的结果 ,因此 ,现实的植被反映着历史上人类对它们不同程度的影响。‘生态干扰’的概念常常被用来描述历史上人类对植被或森林影响的大小 ,即‘生态干扰度’;或用来表示现实植被离开它的‘天然植被’的距离 ,即现实植被的‘天然性程度’。如此的‘天然植被’可以是 :( 1 )历史上从未受过人类任何干扰的‘原始植被’;( 2 )基于当前立地的‘潜在的自然植被’。然而 ,成百上千年以来人类对自然的利用干扰 ,致使真正的‘原始植被’现在几乎无处可寻。因此 ,‘潜在的自然植被’被用来作为生态干扰度估计或植被天然性程度评价的参照系。作为一种很实用的生态分析手段 ,生态干扰度的方法已被广泛地应用在农、林、水、景观、城市及自然保护等诸多领域的生态评价上。为此 ,本文论述了生态干扰度的概念、原理、方法和应用实例。