现代大地测量参考系统

概述现代大地测量参考系统的定义及不同参考系统之间的关系。主要讨论我国当代大地测量界常使用的3种用以表示几何位置的参考系统－1980年国家大地坐标系、全球大地测量系统1984（WGS84）、国际地球参考系统（ITRS），和一种用以表示物理位置，高程的参考系统－1985年国家高程基准。并讨论大地测量中框架和基准的概念。     

1985年北美高程基准讨论会

<正> 美国国家大地测量局将于1985年4月21—26日主持召开关于北美高程基准国际讨论会。这次讨论会的的发起者是国际大地测量协会和美国商务部国家海洋与大气管理局。会议地点:Holiday Inn Crowne Plaza Hotel,Rockville,Maryland(Suburban Washington,D.C.)USA. 1985年北美高程基准第三次国际讨论会将提出与1988年北美高程基准重新定义和重新平差有密切关系的课题。会议着重讨论地     

《现代大地测量基准》内容简介

正本书由党亚民、章传银、陈俊勇、张鹏、薛树强著。主要介绍现代大地测量基准理论和现代大地测量基准建立与维持方法,涵盖现代大地测量基准的特点及地球动力学影响因素、地球参考系统与参考框架、地球重力场基本理论、高程基准与深度基准、地球参考框架建立与维持、垂直参考系统、垂直参考框     

2015年测绘地信跑步嘉年华在浙江开跑

本书由党亚民、章传银、陈俊勇、张鹏、薛树强著。主要介绍现代大地测量基准理论和现代大地测量基准建立与维持方法,涵盖现代大地测量基准的特点及地球动力学影响因素、地球参考系统与参考框架、地球重力场基本理论、高程基准与深度基准、地球参考框架建立与维持、垂直参考系统、垂直参考框架建立与维持等内容。     

区域与全球高程基准差异的确定

全球高程基准统一是继全球大地测量坐标系及其参考基准统一之后,大地测量学科面临和亟待解决的一个重要问题,也是全球空间信息共享与交换的基础。本文针对区域高程基准与全球高程基准间基准差异确定的理论、方法及实际问题开展研究。利用物理大地测量高程系统的经典理论方法,给出了高程基准差异的定义,并推导了计算基准差异的严密公式,该公式可将高程基准差异确定的现有3种方法统一起来。在此基础上,分析顾及了不同椭球参数对于计算基准差异的影响及量级,同时,高程异常差法还需考虑全球高程基准重力位与模型计算大地水准面位值不一致引起的零阶项改正。利用青岛原点附近152个GPS水准点数据,分别选择GRS80、WGS-84、CGCS2000参考椭球以及EGM2008、EIGEN-6C4、SGG-UGM-1模型,采用位差法和高程异常差法,确定了我国1985高程基准与全球高程基准的差异。其中,EIGEN-6C4模型计算的我国高程基准与WGS-84参考椭球正常重力位U0定义的全球高程基准之间的差异约为-23.1cm。也就是说,我国高程基准低于采用WGS-84参考椭球正常重力位U0定义的全球高程基准,当选取基于平均海面确定的Gauss-Listing大地水准面作为全球高程基准时,我国1985高程基准高于全球基准约21.0cm。从计算结果还可看出,当前重力场模型在青岛周边不同GPS/水准点的精度差别依然较大,这会导致选择不同数据对确定我国85国家高程基准与全球基准之间的差异影响较大,因此,若要实现厘米级精度区域高程基准与全球高程基准的统一,全球重力场模型的精度和可靠性还需要进一步提高。     

动态大地测量的平差基准

从平差基准的基本概念出发 ,说明动态大地测量的平差基准的意义和基准的数量 ,讨论动态高程系统的转换关系 ,建立等价于原观测值的坐标差与速率差的观测方程及基准方程 ,并通过分析说明 ,四维大地测量平差必须恰当地选取平差基准 ,才能得到具有参考价值的结果。     

面向数字中国建设中国的现代大地测量基准

在回顾我国大地测量基准建设历史的基础上,分析了在当前建设信息化社会,创建数字中国,对现代地理空间基础框架中测绘基准的需求。提出了在我国建设现代大地测量基准的建议。在平面基准方面,建议在国家GPS2000网(三网)的基础上,进一步加密国家GPS网点和永久性追踪站,构建有足够分布密度的三维高精度动态大地坐标框架,为我国今后建立新的大地坐标系统创造条件。在高程基准方面,建议在仪器设备和规范细则方面作好准备工作,依法定期对国家高程控制网进行复测。在重力基准方面,在国家2000重力基准网和国家2000(似)大地水准面的基础上,有步骤的按省或地区推算具有厘米级精度,10km级栅格分辨率的似大地水准面。在条件成熟时,我国应考虑采用三维地心坐标系统。     

全球高程基准研究进展

建立统一的全球高程基准是国际大地测量科学界的核心目标之一,也是全球尺度地球科学研究、跨境工程应用等的必要基础设施。国际大地测量协会（international geodesy association,IAG）2015年发布了国际高程参考系统的定义,并于2019年提出了建立国际高程参考框架的目标。从全球高程参考系统的理论基础和定义出发,对国际高程参考系统与框架的理论、方法和实际问题开展论述与研究,主要包括全球大地水准面重力位$W_{\mathrm{0}}$的确定、基于高阶重力场模型的重力位确定、基于区域重力场建模的重力位确定,并重点论述和分析了IAG组织的科罗拉多大地水准面建模试验和中国2020珠峰高程测量实现国际高程参考系统2项典型案例研究。结果表明,在平坦地区和一般山区,重力大地水准面模型精度能达到1 cm（重力位0.1 m2/s2）,即使在珠穆朗玛峰这样的特大山区,也有望达到2~3 cm精度（重力位0.2~0.3 m2/s2）。综合典型案例研究结果、观测技术、数据资源和区域分布等因素,提出了建立国际高程参考框架的初步策略,包括IHRF参考站布设、重力位确定方法、数据要求、应遵循的标准/约定和预期精度指标等,展望了光学原子钟与相对论大地测量对于全球高程基准统一的潜在贡献。     

高程基准历元及其统一状态归化

平均海面存在趋势性变化，对于四维大地测量定位而言，必须赋予高程基准以时间特征，本文认为最好是确定高程基准历元。文章提出了高程基准历元的定义，给出了计算公式，求得中国１９８５国家高程基准历元为１９６６．０。文章还讨论了平均海面趋势性变化的数学问题，及提出了高程基准归化至统一状态的概念，研究了由于海水密度不同引起的平均海面高度变化，计算得中国１９８５国家高程基准对于通常海水状态的修正值为－０．０１２ｍ     

永久性潮汐与大地测量基准

社会、经济和科技的发展,对大地测量基准的精度、历元、框架等方面的要求愈来愈高,因此必须顾及具有同等精度量级的地球动力现象如潮汐、极移、地壳运动、冰后期反弹等对大地测量基准的影响。本文仅讨论永久性潮汐对重力基准、高程基准、大地水准面、垂线偏差等方面的影响。对大地测量基准中使用的无潮汐、平均湖汐和零潮汐等概念和相关计算进行了推导和讨论。     

Geodesy and relativity

Relativity, or gravitational physics, has widely entered geodetic modelling and parameter determination. This concerns, first of all, the fundamental reference systems used. The Barycentric Celestial Reference System (BCRS) has to be distinguished carefully from the Geocentric Celestial Reference System (GCRS), which is the basic theoretical system for geodetic modelling with a direct link to the International Terrestrial Reference System (ITRS), simply given by a rotation matrix. The relation to the International Celestial Reference System (ICRS) is discussed, as well as various properties and relevance of these systems. Then the representation of the gravitational field is discussed when relativity comes into play. Presently, the so-called post-Newtonian approximation to GRT (general relativity theory) including relativistic effects to lowest order is sufficient for practically all geodetic applications. At the present level of accuracy, space-geodetic techniques like VLBI (Very Long Baseline Interferometry), GPS (Global Positioning System) and SLR/LLR (Satellite/Lunar Laser Ranging) have to be modelled and analysed in the context of a post-Newtonian formalism. In fact, all reference and time frames involved, satellite and planetary orbits, signal propagation and the various observables (frequencies, pulse travel times, phase and travel-time differences) are treated within relativity. This paper reviews to what extent the space-geodetic techniques are affected by such a relativistic treatment and where—vice versa—relativistic parameters can be determined by the analysis of geodetic measurements. At the end, we give a brief outlook on how new or improved measurement techniques (e.g., optical clocks, Galileo) may further push relativistic parameter determination and allow for refined geodetic measurements.     

湖南省CGCS2000国家大地坐标系统转换方法

基于湖南省大地控制点布设现状、各等级控制点成果以及信息扩散估计理论,分析现有CGCS2000坐标成果和北京54、西安80两类坐标系建模共点的数据质量,为后续模型优选和模型质量保障奠定基础.在此基础上,研究各类大地坐标系统转换算法,实例计算各类算法的坐标转换结果,进行精度比较与分析,提出适宜于湖南省CGCS2000坐标系...     

我国毫米级框架实现与维持发展现状和趋势

主要从技术实现和维持方面讨论了我国CGCS2000框架与当前ITRF框架的不同。随着空间技术的进步,特别是我国自主的北斗卫星第三代卫星将实现信号的全球覆盖,发展以北斗卫星为主的毫米级全球基准将是我国基准发展的未来目标。毫米级站点坐标涉及两个因素:一是地球质心变化反演;二是站点的非线性运动建模。本文就国际上采用的地心反演方法进行了讨论、分析、比较。非线性运动建模部分重点介绍了奇异谱非线性建模技术,此方法相比地球物理效应分析建模方法有很明显的优势,可为我国CGCS2000框架点非线性运动维持提供依据。     

Transformation of coordinates between two horizontal geodetic datums

The following topics are discussed in this paper: the geocentric coordinate system and its different realizations used in geodetic practice; the definition of a horizontal geodetic datum (reference ellipsoid) and its positioning and orientation with respect to the geocentric coordinate system; positions on a horizontal datum and errors inherent in the process of positioning; and distortions of geodetic networks referred to a horizontal datum. The problem of determining transformation parameters between a horizontal datum and the geocentric coordinate system from known positions is then analysed. It is often found necessary to transform positions from one horizontal datum to another. These transformations are normally accomplished through the geocentric coordinate system and they include the transformation parameters of the two datums as well as the representation of the respective network distortions. Problems encountered in putting these transformations together are pointed out.     

我国建立现代大地基准的思考

提出了现代大地基准要考虑和顾及高精度、涵盖全部国土、三维、地心、动态、国际接轨等6个要素。建议在国家GPS2000网的基础上，进一步加密GPS网点和永外性跟踪站，构建有足够数量和密度合理分布的新的大地坐标框架点。现代大地基准应为用户在我国任何地点、任何时间测定高精度的三维地心坐标提供可靠的地理空间基础框架。     

联系不同大地参考系的回归模型及RCT软件的应用

为综合应用不同参考坐标系中的测量成果，必须实现不同参考坐标系的统一。本文研究了回归模型在坐标转换中的应用，结合坐标转换实际提出并采用了多项式回归及逐次剔除的回归方法。文中介绍了坐标转换软件ＲＣＴ的主要功能，应用该软件计算了 １９５４年北京坐标系至 １９８０ＮＮＳＳ（ＢＥ）的最优回归转换模型。     

Conversion of geodetic coordinates from National Geodetic Reference Systems into Standard Earth System

The method of converting geodetic coordinates from a national geodetic reference system into the standard Earth on having known the geodetic coordinates of at least one station in common with the considered systems, is described in detail; the orientation of the Standard Earth at the initial station of the national geodetic reference system, is also determined side by side. For illustration, use has been made of the known coordinates of the Baker-Nunn station at Naini Tal, in India, being in common with the Indian Everest Spheroid and the Smithsonian Institution Standard Earth C₇ system (Veis, 1967). The method advocated is likely to be more precise than the existing ones as it does not assume the parallelism of axes of reference between the Standard Earth and the national geodetic reference systems which may not necessarily hold good in actual practice.     

图件更新北京54和西安80坐标系转换方法研究

本文结合国土资源调查图件更新北京54和西安80坐标系转换的具体特点,对各种坐标转换模型进行了分析,研究了一种实用的坐标转换模型。在此基础上编制了适用于国土资源调查中图件更新北京54和西安80坐标系转换特定用途的坐标转换软件,利用实际资料对软件进行了测试分析,测试结果表明,这种实用的坐标转换方法可以满足国土资源调查对坐标转换精度的要求。     

2000中国大地坐标系：中国大陆速度场

中国大地坐标系的定义,与国际地球参考系的定义一致。它的实现分两步完成：第一步,通过中国地壳运动观测网络（简称＂网络＂）、全国GPS一、二级网、国家GPS A、B级网和地壳运动监测网等在ITRF97框架内进行联合平差得到约2 600个GPS大地点在历元2000.0的一致坐标;第二步,通过处理＂网络＂的10年观测数据得到该网络1 070个站的速度,并进而用这些站的速度内插出其余约1 500个非‘网络’点的速度。本文致力于实现中国大地坐标系的第二步,即研究中国大陆速度场的确定,给出了中国大陆速度场的结果,提出了应用速度场的4种方法,即全局欧拉矢量法、局域欧拉矢量法、格网平均值法和块体欧拉矢量法,并从速度精度和使用方便角度分析比较各个方法的优缺点。附录中给出中国大陆3°×3°格网速度平均值,以备用户查用。     

Effect of the selection of reference radio sources on geodetic estimates from VLBI observations

This paper evaluates the effect of the accuracy of reference radio sources on the daily estimates of station positions, nutation angle offsets, and the estimated site coordinates determined by very long baseline interferometry (VLBI), which are used for the realization of the international terrestrial reference frame (ITRF). Five global VLBI solutions, based on VLBI data collected between 1979 and 2006, are compared. The reference solution comprises all observed radio sources, which are treated as global parameters. Four other solutions, comprising different sub-sets of radio sources, were computed. The daily station positions for all VLBI sites and the corrections to the nutation offset angles were estimated for these five solutions. The solution statistics are mainly affected by the positional instabilities of reference radio sources, whereas the instabilities of geodetic and astrometric time-series are caused by an insufficient number of observed reference radio sources. A mean offset of the three positional components (Up, North, East) between any two solutions was calculated for each VLBI site. From a comparison of the geodetic results, no significant discrepancies between the respective geodetic solutions for all VLBI sites in the Northern Hemisphere were found. In contrast, the Southern Hemisphere sites were more sensitive to the selected set of reference radio sources. The largest estimated mean offset of the vertical component between two solutions for the Australian VLBI site at Hobart was 4 mm. In the worst case (if a weak VLBI network observed a limited number of reference radio sources) the daily offsets of the estimated height component at Hobart exceeded 100 mm. The exclusion of the extended radio sources from the list of reference sources improved the solution statistics and made the geodetic and astrometric time-series more consistent. The problem with the large Hobart height component offset is magnified by a comparatively small number of observations due to the low slewing rate of the VLBI dish (1°/ s). Unless a minimum of 200 scans are performed per 24-h VLBI experiment, the daily vertical positions at Hobart do not achieve 10 mm accuracy. Improving the slew rate at Hobart and/or having an increased number of new sites in the Southern Hemisphere is essential for further improvement of geodetic VLBI results for Southern Hemisphere sites.