基于压汞法的冻融循环对土体孔隙特征影响的试验研究

冻融循环会改变土的微观结构, 孔隙特征的变化是其结构性发生改变的重要体现. 以青藏铁路沿线粉质黏土为研究对象, 借助压汞技术对不同冻融次数下重塑土样的孔隙特征进行了研究. 结果表明:土体孔隙特征分布曲线表现出明显的双峰特征, 据此可将土样的孔隙分为大孔和小孔两大类; 冻融循环次数对小孔隙的影响较小, 小孔隙直径和体积基本保持不变; 冻融循环次数对大孔隙的影响较大, 特别是孔径为20～40 μm的孔隙, 其直径和体积均随冻融次数的增加而增大. 试样的孔隙率随冻融次数的增加并无明显规律, 但总体的变化趋势是先增大后减小. 由孔隙分形维数计算结果可知, 冻融循环在改变土体孔隙结构的同时, 使孔隙内壁的粗糙程度及孔隙结构的复杂程度降低.     

Analysis of microscopic pore structures of the silty clay before and after freezing–thawing under the subway vibration loading

With the rapid development of the subway rail transit, the effect of the cyclic loading on the surrounding foundations and buildings has drawn wide attention. In addition to the in situ tests and the laboratory triaxial tests, microscopic tests also provide an effective way to clarify the physical and mechanical characteristics of soils. On the other hand, the characteristics of the soft silty clay before and after freezing–thawing has been less studied. In this paper, the scanning electron microscope (SEM) tests following the cyclic triaxial tests of silty clay layer were performed to investigate the variations of the microscopic pore structures of the layer before and after freezing–thawing. The corrected Otsu method was used to obtain the binary SEM images of silty clay. The porosity results demonstrate that the magnifications from 1000× up to 5000× were suitable for observation of the silty clay microstructures. The binary SEM images of soil pore structures were quantitatively analyzed, including the porosity, the size distribution, the pore shape coefficient, the pore orientation distribution and the fractal dimension. The pore orientation of samples without loading is arranged in the horizontal direction, while the pores of samples under cyclic loadings are arranged in the vertical. After freezing–thawing, the mean anisotropy value of the microscopic pore structures increased about 12% and the porosity of samples without loadings increases about 11.24%. The lower the freezing temperature is, the larger the porosity within the samples becomes. However, the freezing–thawing has little effect on the pore shape coefficient of the silty clay. The porosity of the silty clay increases with an increase in pore diameter, but it decreases with the increase in excess pore pressure. In addition, the microscopic pore structures of the silty clay exhibit fractal characteristics. The fractal dimension is reduced by the disturbance from the effect of freezing–thawing, coupled with the effect of cyclic loading.     

孔隙溶液对粉质黏土界限含水率的影响

针对桂林地区的粉质黏土,运用液、塑限联合测定法探讨了不同孔隙溶液作用下土体的界限含水率,并利用扫描电镜（SEM）技术从微观层面分析了水化学环境变异下土体的水化学-力学耦合作用对结构特性造成的影响。试验结果表明,随着孔隙溶液浓度的增大,粉质黏土的界限含水率均减小,且在相同浓度下同价阳离子半径较小的水溶液使得粉质黏土界限含水率下降的较为明显,随着阳离子价位的增高,其下降的幅度更大;该现象的产生主要是由于离子浓度及离子价位的增大,使得扩散双电层的厚度减小,而双电层对于土体界限含水率存在直接的控制作用。除此以外,通过探测土体的微观结构发现,水化学-力学耦合作用使得粉质黏土颗粒间发生絮凝作用,致使土粒形成粒团,土颗粒间孔隙增大,架空孔隙变多。     

细粒含量对粉土动孔压发展模式影响的试验研究

采用多功能静动液压剪切仪进行了粉土动荷载下的孔压试验,探讨了黏粒含量和粉粒含量对重塑粉土动孔压发展的影响。试验模拟大震时细粒含量影响的孔压发展规律,对已有的指数形式孔压模式进行修正,以便模拟初始液化发生后达到一定液化程度的实际情况,该模式包含2个参数a和b。研究结果表明,细粒含量对粉土动孔压发展影响较大,其影响主要体现在孔压发展模式参数b上。粉土中粉粒含量与孔压参数b的关系呈单调的线性关系,而黏粒含量与孔压参数b的关系则不是单调的线性关系,是在黏粒含量为8 %时孔压参数b达到的最大值,试验数据验证该修正的动孔压模式有更广泛的应用性。     

动渗耦合作用下软黏土渗透系数演化机制分析

针对天津地区滨海软黏土,开展了一系列动渗耦合三轴试验,系统分析了长期循环作用下软黏土渗透系数的变化规律。结合扫描电镜（SEM）和压汞试验（MIP）对不同变形阶段软黏土的微观结构特征进行分析,阐述了渗透系数的演化规律及机制。研究表明：在动渗耦合作用下,软黏土渗透系数呈现三阶段变化特征;渗透系数随渗流力呈现先增大后减小的变化规律,随动应力和频率呈现先减小后增大的特征。微观试验表明,渗透系数的演化是微结构孔隙大小、形态、分布特征渐进调整的宏观体现：加载初期,颗粒间的架空超大孔隙（孔隙直径D>2.5 μm）大幅压缩,孔隙形态变化不大,渗透系数呈线性衰减;加载中期,大颗粒破碎生成的小颗粒密布填充于大颗粒间,生成大量“密小而曲折”的小孔隙（0.05 μm<D<0.1 μm）,渗透系数呈现缓慢下降;加载末期,结构致密稳定,渗透系数基本不变。对于非稳定变形,颗粒团（聚）体间重新生成“条带”状孔隙,渗透系数反弹增大。该研究成果可为流固耦合分析中渗透系数的确定提供理论依据。     

土体持水特性及孔隙水分布特性的试验研究

采用轴平移技术对砂土、粉质黏土、黏土3种土质的土-水特征曲线进行了测试分析,并结合核磁共振技术测得了试样在不同基质吸力加载步条件下的T₂时间（横向弛豫时间）分布曲线,从细微观角度分析了脱湿过程中孔隙水在土体中赋存分布的情况。实验结果表明:3种土质的体积含水率随着控制吸力的增大而减少,该脱湿曲线可分为边界效应区、过渡区与残余区3个区域。其中,黏土的持水特性明显大于粉质黏土和砂土。核磁共振的试验结果与压力板仪获得的脱湿过程是对应的,从微细观角度展示了土体的排水过程。在排水过程中,总体上具有较大势能的大孔隙水先排出,随后小孔隙开始排水,但这一规律并不绝对,由于土体孔隙结构的复杂性,会出现大小孔隙同时排水以及土样中水分重分布的现象。     

不同固结压力下强结构性黏土孔隙分布试验研究

为探讨结构性土变形的微观机制,以湛江地区结构性黏土为研究对象,对原状土和压缩试验后土样进行压汞试验,分析不同固结压力下土的孔隙分布、孔径大小以及孔隙结构特征参数的变化规律,辅以SEM图像进行孔隙形态的定性分析,并从分形理论角度对此解释与验证。结果表明,湛江黏土各孔隙组对外力的敏感度与孔隙体积含量正相关。由于压汞过程存在瓶颈效应以及边-面-角的空间接触形式,其结果可能会夸大真实小孔隙的分布密度而低估大孔隙的分布密度。结构性对压缩过程中孔隙分布影响较大,当固结压力增大至结构屈服压力后,孔径为0.01～0.50 μm的孔隙组变化明显,孔隙的连通性变差,孔径分布向小孔径范围移动,孤立式孔隙增多,大、中孔隙的界限变得不明显。湛江黏土孔隙具有多重分形特征,据此确定微裂隙、粒间孔隙和孤立孔隙孔径的分界点为0.01 μm与0.50 μm,同时给出了湛江黏土的孔径界定标准。     

The effects of clay minerals and organic matter on nanoscale pores in Lower Paleozoic shale gas reservoirs,Guizhou, China

In organic-rich gas shales, clay minerals and organic matter (OM) have significant influences on the origin, preservation, and production of shale gas. Because of the substantial role of nanoscale pores in the generation, storage, and seepage of shale gas, we examined the effects of clay minerals and OM on nanoscale pore distribution characteristics in Lower Paleozoic shale gas reservoirs. Using the Niutitang and Longmaxi shales as examples, we determined the effects of clay minerals and OM on pores through sedimentation experiments. Field emission–scanning electron microscopy combined with low-pressure N₂ adsorption of the samples before and after sedimentation showed significant differences in pore location and pore size distribution between the Niutitang and Longmaxi shales. Nanoscale pores mostly existed in OM in the Longmaxi shale and in clay minerals or OM–clay composites in the Niutitang shale. The distribution differences were attributed largely to variability in thermal evolution and tectonic development and might account for the difference in gas-bearing capacity between the Niutitang and Longmaxi reservoirs. In the nanoscale range, mesopores accounted for 61–76% of total nanoscale pore volume. Considerably developed nanoscale pores in OM were distributed in a broad size range in the Longmaxi shale, which led to good pore connectivity and gas production. Numerous narrow pores (i.e., pores?<?20 nm) in OM–clay composites were found in the Niutitang shale, and might account for this shale’s poor pore connectivity and low gas production efficiency. Enhancing the connectivity of the mesopores (especially pores?<?20 nm and those developed in OM–clay composites) might be the key to improving development of the Niutitang shale. The findings provide new insight into the formation and evolutionary mechanism of nanoscale pores developed in OM and clay minerals.     

广州饱和软土固结过程微孔隙变化的试验分析

软土的孔隙特征及其变化规律对软土的压缩性和渗透性有重大的影响,软土孔隙特征随荷载变化规律的试验研究为揭示软土排水固结过程与变形规律,建立基于孔隙压缩规律和渗流机制的排水固结模型提供有力依据。利用美国全自动压汞仪,对不同压力下固结的广州番禺淤泥土样的孔隙及其尺度分布进行测试,根据测试结果对土样孔隙尺度分布特征及其随固结压力的变化规律给出了定量分析。试验结果表明：淤泥土中介于0.4～2.5 μm范围的颗粒间及团粒内的小孔隙所占比例最大,而大于10 μm的大孔隙和小于30 nm的超微孔隙所占比例均很小;较大的孔隙更易于被压缩而湮灭或被分裂成微小孔隙;固结压力将显著改变淤泥土的孔隙尺度及其分布特征,以致改变土体的压缩性和渗透性。在固结前期( 200 kPa)孔隙尺度较大,压缩系数和渗透系数较大并随固结压力增加而快速减小;在固结后期( 200 kPa)孔隙尺度小,压缩系数和渗透系数小,且随固结压力增加的变化趋于平缓。     

饱和软粘土在冲击荷载下的动力特性研究

通过对淤泥质饱和软粘土施加冲击荷载进行室内动力固结试验,研究了软粘土在冲击荷载作用下的应力、孔隙水压力、轴向变形等动态响应特征,并通过三轴剪切试验结果,分析冲击荷载对淤泥质饱和软粘土的加固效应。试验结论对于动力固结理论的完善和现场施工具有指导意义。     

不同压应力作用下黏土体积变形的微观特征

为了研究黏土体积变形的微观结构变化特征,选取上海第4层淤泥质黏土为研究对象,分别采用各向等压和K0压缩两种方法制备体积变化率相同的土样,经冷冻真空干燥后对土样进行压汞试验并测定土中孔隙大小分布状况。压汞试验结果表明：试验黏土中孔隙可分为大孔隙、中孔隙、小孔隙和微孔隙,小孔隙占据土中孔隙的大部分空间,且其变化能够反映微观结构的主要特性;在各向等压应力状态下,随着压应力增高、体积压缩量增大,黏土颗粒发生空间平移使颗粒间变得更为紧密,孔隙分布曲线变化以孔隙波峰往孔隙变小方向偏移为主要特征,孔隙尺寸变小而孔隙形态基本不变;在K0压缩应力状态下,随着压应力增高,黏土颗粒发生旋转使孔隙变得扁平,表现为孔隙波峰位置基本不发生偏移,而以峰值降低为主要特征,孔隙结构形态明显改变     

基于统计学方法的页岩孔容预测

页岩气储集空间与储层矿物特征关系密切,以四川盆地东缘龙马溪组页岩为研究对象,利用矿物组成、微量元素、地球化学等测试结果,结合低温氮气吸附法和高分辨率成像技术,采用多元统计分析方法,建立了页岩孔容预测方程,并分析孔隙分布特征和影响因素。结果表明,龙马溪组中部和底部页岩组分含量差异较大,生物成因的自生石英发育是龙马溪组底部石英含量高的主要原因;页岩纳米级孔隙以2~5 nm为主,对孔容贡献率介于64.2%~70.1%;建立的页岩组分含量与孔容的预测模型高度显著。脆性矿物孔、黏土矿物片间孔及其粒内孔是富黏土矿物页岩的主要孔隙类型,孔隙呈微缝状,小于2 nm孔隙不发育;有机质含量是富有机质页岩孔容大小的主控因素,有机质孔的面孔率介于8.8%~12.5%;有机质含量及成熟度是小于2 nm微孔发育的主控因素,大于50 nm孔隙的发育则受控于黏土矿物、石英及长石含量。      

动荷载作用下结构性软土微结构变化的分形研究

为探讨天津滨海新区典型结构性软土的动力特性,采用动三轴试验和压汞试验,对交通荷载作用下结构性软土微观结构变化进行了研究。取原状土和动荷载作用后的土样进行压汞测试,用分形理论对压汞测试数据进行分析,探讨孔隙分布特征,提出孔径划分的方法,给出了卓越频率与土体孔隙变化的规律。研究结果表明：在动荷载作用后,天津滨海新区典型软土的孔隙分布发生改变,可分为3种类型;利用Menger海绵模型研究交通荷载作用下结构性软土的孔隙分布特性是可行的;用孔隙分维数可实现对卓越频率的预测以及路基土体变形行为的机制分析。     

Heating–freezing effects on the pore size distribution of a kaolinite clay

This study aims to quantify the effect of heating and freezing temperatures on the pore size distribution of saturated clays. Three kaolinite clay specimens were subjected to different temperatures: 20, 70, and ? 10 °C. Upon achieving the desired temperature for each specimen, the specimens were flash frozen in liquid nitrogen to preserve their microstructure. Each specimen was, then, freeze-dried for 24 h after which consecutive two-dimensional (2-D) SEM images were taken using a dual focused ion beam/scanning electron microscope. The produced 2-D images of each specimen were used to reconstruct three-dimensional tomographies of the specimens, which were analyzed to determine the pore size distribution at each temperature. Compared to the specimen at room temperature, the pores in the specimen subjected to ? 10 °C were larger; this is believed to be due to the formation of ice lenses inside the pores upon freezing and potential merging between initial pores to form larger pores. On the other hand, the heated specimen showed an increase in the volume of the smaller pores and a decrease in the volume of the larger pores compared to the specimen at room temperature. This opposite behavior between the small and large pores in the heated specimen is justified considering (1) the easier flow of water out of the larger pores compared to that in the smaller pores and (2) the anisotropic nature of the thermal expansion of the clay particles.     

活性氧化镁碳化固化粉质黏土微观机制

以活性氧化镁碳化固化粉质黏土为研究对象,通过无侧限抗压强度试验、酸碱度测试、X射线衍射试验、压汞试验和扫描电镜试验,研究了不同初始含水率和碳化时间影响下活性氧化镁碳化加固粉质黏土的强度、pH值、碳化产物和微观结构等变化。根据碳化固化土强度与碳化产物含量及累积孔隙体积间的内在联系,提出了粉质黏土的碳化反应微观模型。结果表明：随碳化时间增加和初始含水率减小,碳化固化土的碳化产物含量增加、累积孔隙体积减小,同时氧化镁碳化加固土的强度提高;碳化固化土的pH值随碳化时间不断减小,而随初始含水率变化不大;最后提出了粉质黏土的碳化反应微观模型,确定了活性氧化镁固化粉质黏土在碳化约6.0 h时可获得最高强度。     

黄河三角洲饱和粉质土液化性能试验研究

在黏粒含量和干密度恒定的情况下,进行了一系列重塑黄河三角洲饱和粉质土不排水动三轴试验,试样直径为50 mm、高为100 mm,重点研究了有效围压、动荷载和粉粒含量等因素对饱和粉质土液化特性的影响。试验结果表明:（1）在粉粒含量不小于50%的情况下,粉粒含量的增加降低了黄河三角洲饱和粉质土的液化势;（2）重塑黄河三角洲饱和粉质土的动强度随有效围压的增大而增大,与初次液化振动次数的对数近似呈线性关系;（3）与砂土相比,粉质土的动孔压很难达到有效围压,并且随有效围压的增大,相同条件下动孔压达到有效围压的比率降低;随粉粒含量的增加,其对动孔压的影响有减小的趋势;粉粒含量的增大减缓了动孔压的增长;（4）根据本次试验结果,给出了重塑黄河三角洲饱和粉质土的动孔压计算模型及相关参数取值。     

主应力轴旋转下K0固结饱和粉质黏土孔压及变形特性试验研究

主应力旋转将加速孔压和塑性应变的累积,影响土体的力学特性。为研究主应力轴循环旋转对 固结饱和粉质黏土孔压和变形的影响,利用GDS-HCA试验系统开展了不同应力路径的 固结饱和粉质黏土不排水循环三轴试验和循环扭剪试验,研究了主应力轴循环旋转对 固结饱和粉质黏土累积塑性应变、孔压等动力特性的影响。结果表明：动剪应力幅值、心形应力路径所包围的面积、循环偏应力幅值等均随循环剪应力比和循环动应力比的增大而增大。试样未发生破坏时, 固结饱和粉质黏土的孔压比随着振动荷载作用次数的增加而增大;当试样发生破坏时,孔隙压力迅速消散,孔压比急剧下降。循环扭剪试验时试件产生的轴向累积塑性应变始终大于循环三轴试验产生的累积塑性应变,说明主应力轴循环旋转会加速试件轴向应变的累积。试件的累积塑性应变随循环剪应力比和循环动应力比的增大而增大。循环动应力比越大时,主应力轴旋转造成的轴向累积塑性应变差异越显著。在Monismith幂次函数模型的基础上,建立了主应力轴循环旋转条件时K0固结饱和粉质黏土累积塑性应变方程,并对模型的可靠性进行了分析和验证。     

饱和层状砂土液化特性的动三轴试验研究

利用GDS动三轴试验系统采用等幅循环应变加载方式对含有不同厚度粉土的饱和层状砂土进行了液化强度试验。分析了均匀砂和含有不同粉粒层厚度的层状砂土在循环荷载作用下的变形和力学特性。试验分析表明：由于含粉粒夹层的层状土特殊的土体结构,其孔隙水压力发展规律与一般的无黏性砂土不同;饱和层状砂土的抗液化强度并不是随着粉粒层厚度的增加而单调增加的,而是存在一个临界点;液化临界剪应变的大小与液化判别标准和循环次数有很大关系。试验结果表明,粉粒夹层对层状砂土的液化特性有很大的影响,且更能模拟自然环境条件下的层状砂土地基液化特性。     

不同荷载条件下冻土融化沉降过程试验研究

融沉是困扰多年冻土区工程建设与安全运营的关键因素之一.通过室内试验,针对两种初始干密度不同的青藏粉质黏土,在-8～24℃之间正弦波动的周期温度边界条件下,分别开展了无荷载、静荷载及动荷载作用下冻结饱和试样的融沉试验(试样的初始温度为-1℃),研究了试样内部温度、变形、孔隙水压力的时间变化过程.结果表明:温度边界相同时,...     

Microstructures of different soil layers caused by the high-rise building group in Shanghai

The engineering characteristics of soils are controlled by the state of the microstructure of soils to a great extent. With the withdrawal of groundwater controlled reasonably, the engineering-environmental effect of the high-rise building group becomes the main cause of land subsidence in Shanghai. This paper studied the microstructure of each soil layer under the building loads in the centrifuge model by the scanning electron microscopy and the mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) for qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis, respectively. The shape, size and contact condition of the basic unit of the soil microstructure were analyzed. The pore structure of each soil layer was studied by MIP, and the pore distribution of each soil layer was studied by the fractal theory. The ink-bottle effect exists in the intrusion stage in the MIP test. There are four different fractal dimensions for silty clay of layer No. 4 and clayey soil of layer No. 8 and three different fractal dimensions for silty sand of layer No. 7 and layer No. 9. The micro and macro mechanisms of land subsidence caused by the high-rise building group were analyzed.