基于红外热成像技术的石窟壁面凝结水形成规律研究

凝结水会加剧石质文物的风化,以往确定凝结水量的实验设备布置复杂、监测范围有限,并且无法实时反映凝结状态,从而制约了对凝结水形成过程的认识以及对石质文物凝结水的有效防治。文章利用红外热成像技术开展凝结水形成规律研究,实现了对石窟壁面凝结水的大范围无损连续观测,并利用微波水分测试技术进行验证。针对一次降雨事件,对云冈石窟第...     

龙门石窟碳酸盐岩体文物风化作用模拟试验研究

为了研究凝结水对龙门石窟碳酸盐岩表面的风化作用机理,在现场进行凝结水观测、CO2浓度监测的基础上,利用自行研制、能模拟现场温湿度环境、能提供CO2外部来源,并能对反应过程进行监控的室内模拟试验装置系统对石窟碳酸盐岩风化作用进行模拟实验。实验结果表明,凝结水会造成碳酸盐岩表面的溶解,在CO2加入的条件下风化效果加剧,岩石的质量损失和孔隙率同时增大。经过78次的模拟试验后,灰岩岩样质量损失率为0.077%~0.088%,孔隙率由实验前的0.39%~0.40%增长到0.71%~0.74%;白云岩岩样的质量损失率为0.032%~0.038%,孔隙率由实验前的0.61%~0.68%增长为0.77%~0.85%;灰岩和白云岩的平均溶蚀深度分别为89.475μm和36.865μm,溶蚀速度分别为0.0956μm/h和0.0575μm/h,风化溶蚀作用对龙门石窟文物的影响破坏较大。      

湿度影响下莫高窟壁画地仗层吸附水及吸力变化特征研究

莫高窟气候干燥,窟内壁画地仗层常处于低含水率、高吸力的状态,受到洞窟环境湿度波动的影响较大。为了进一步了解湿度影响下地仗层土体中吸附水以及吸力变化特征,本文通过蒸汽吸附法测试莫高窟不同地仗层高吸力段内的土水特征曲线,并且根据测试结果分析土体中由于范德华力与毛细凝聚作用产生的不同吸力的变化特征;同时进一步利用蒸汽吸附法测试了含NaCl地仗层土水特征曲线并探讨水汽吸附过程中渗透吸力特征;此外利用热重分析方法测试地仗层土体中在范德华力与毛细凝聚作用下所吸附水分的特征。结果表明:地仗层水汽吸附过程中土体内大部分基质吸力来自于毛细凝聚作用,土颗粒分子间范德华力仅在含水率极低的情况下为土体提供比较明显的吸力,湿度影响下地仗层水汽吸附过程中土体内渗透吸力仅在外界环境湿度大于地仗层中盐分的潮解临界湿度时才比较明显;地仗层土体所吸附的水分大部分以弱结合水形式存在,并且地仗层中澄板土含量越高,弱结合水临界含水率越大。结论可以为湿度影响下的壁画病害机理以及地仗层中水汽运移等问题的研究提供理论基础。     

Experimental definition of microclimatic conditions based on water transfer and porous media properties for the conservation of prehistoric constructions: Cueva Pintada at Galdar,Gran Canaria,Spain

Microclimatic parameters and natural materials were studied in order to assess conservation of the cave complex at Galdar, Gran Canaria. Based on the microclimatic data, experimental simulations were carried out to quantify water retention capacity and water vapour transport kinetics under continuously changing extreme temperatures and relative humidity values. The behaviour of natural construction materials is greatly influenced by changes in thermo-hygrometric conditions and is linked to pore structure. The host rock has a complex porous media: high porosity and polymodal pore size distribution, where the smallest pores contribute to water condensation, whilst large pores lead to high water absorption rates. The axial compressive strength of the host-rock decreases between 30 and 70% at water saturation. Stuccos covering cave wall paintings are formed by clay minerals, mainly smectites. These clay minerals cover a large specific surface area, which leads to a high capacity for water condensation and retention. It is also shown that neither water condensation nor vapour transport are noticeably modified by the presence of stucco on the host-rock when rapid, highly variable changes occur in environmental conditions if large shrinkage cracks are present. Results show that safe threshold microclimatic conditions can be found below 75% RH in the natural temperature range and that slight variations in temperature and relative humidity do not modify durability properties.     

本溪水洞洞穴空气CO2浓度与温、湿度的空间分布和昼夜变化特征

洞穴空气CO2浓度是影响洞穴次生化学沉积物沉积和溶蚀的重要因素之一。基于对本溪水洞洞穴空气CO2浓度、温度和湿度连续两个昼夜的系统观测结果,结合洞外大气CO2浓度、温度和湿度数据,初步分析了本溪水洞洞穴空气CO2浓度空间分布特征和昼夜变化规律：（1）洞穴空气CO2浓度自洞口开始快速增高至一定深度后趋于稳定,这个快速升高的距离与不同季节洞穴交换能力有关,秋季大约是370 m。洞穴CO2浓度稳定区的空间差异可能主要与洞穴结构和裂隙发育情况有关,在洞体变小的倚天长剑景点附近出现峰值,而在洞体变大的石瀑布景点和游客无法进入的源头区出现低谷。（2）观测期间,洞穴空气CO2浓度总体上呈递降趋势,基本上与游客数量有关。（3）在洞穴空气CO2浓度急剧上升的近洞口段,洞穴空气CO2浓度每个昼夜出现两个峰值,分别对应正午12时和午夜前后。本溪水洞洞穴空气CO2浓度的这种变化特点,受游客与工作人员的呼吸排放和洞穴与大气间的气体交换作用的双重影响。     

Dynamics of willow tree (Salix matsudana) water use and its response to environmental factors in the semi-arid Hailiutu River catchment,Northwest China

Sap flow (SF)of a willow tree, meteorological variables, soil water content, and water table depth were measured during the growing period from mid-April to October, 2011 in the semi-arid Hailiutu River catchment, Northwest China. The measurements of SF showed diurnal fluctuations in sunny days and seasonal changes from 1.65 l/h in mid-April to 33 l/h in July. At hourly scale, SF is significantly correlated with net radiation, followed by air temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed. At daily scale, air temperature affects the dynamics of SF significantly. Daily SF correlates positively with net radiation and negatively with relative humidity. There is no correlation observed between daily SF and wind speed. The measurements of SF do not indicate water stress although the experimental period is dry. Correlation analysis shows that SF is strongly correlated with soil moisture and water table depth, indicating the willow tree uses both soil water and groundwater for transpiration.     

山东半岛九天洞洞穴环境变化特征与影响因素

选取旅游洞穴九天洞为研究对象,对洞穴环境变化特征及影响因素进行分析,探讨旅游活动和外界环境变化对洞穴环境变化的影响,以期能够为旅游洞穴的保护与合理开发提供科学依据。结果表明:（1）九天洞受外界气温变化的影响呈夏季高冬季低的特征,且洞穴温度略高于当地平均温度,这与洞穴通风、旅游活动、监测时间等因素有关;（2）洞内相对湿度与洞内空气温度呈较好的负相关关系,洞内相对湿度的变化主要受控于温度,呈夏季低冬季高的变化特征;（3）九天洞CO2浓度的季节变化特征为夏秋季高冬季低,与气候变化导致的植被和微生物活动以及滴水速率的变化有关;（4）距洞口越远的监测点空气温度、相对湿度的变化幅度越小,CO2浓度越高,说明距洞口越远受洞外气候变化以及洞穴通风的影响越小;（5）九天洞各监测点pH值和电导率主要与外界气候变化有关,对气候变化响应敏感,在降水偏少的干旱年,监测点pH值偏高,电导率偏低。      

喀斯特洞穴空间分布与河网密度关系研究——以贵州省为例

通过叠加分析探究贵州省喀斯特洞穴位置与河网密度的空间关系,从岩性、构造、气候、地形方面解释两者关系的成因。针对洞穴点位河网密度的统计显示：洞穴点集中分布在河网密度中及偏小的区域,正态QQ图显示洞穴点河网密度大体呈正态分布。分析岩性、构造、气候和坡度等影响因素的结果显示：洞穴主要发育在碳酸盐岩区域,并在纯碳酸盐岩、碳酸盐岩夹非碳酸盐岩、非碳酸盐岩分区上表现出负相关性;断层、褶皱中心缓冲区域洞穴最多,并随距离增大洞穴数量减少;温润气候条件为洞穴及河网发育提供了充足水源,溶蚀强度加大,表现在洞穴密度随降雨量和气温的增长而增加;地形条件限制了水力路径和洞穴发育。多因素促使贵州省发育了成熟的地表、地下两套水循环系统,地表水促进溶洞发育,洞穴反过来限制地表径流发育,两者相互影响,使得洞穴与河网密度呈现集中分布的趋势。     

北京石花洞空气环境主要因子季节性变化特征研究

洞穴大气CO2浓度不仅是影响洞穴沉积物沉积（或者溶蚀）的重要因素之一,而且在旅游洞穴,它关系到沉积物景观的稳定性以及旅游环境的舒适性。本文通过对石花洞洞穴大气温度、湿度及CO2浓度近4个水文年的观测,结果表明：（1）洞穴温度在15℃上下波动,夏季约高1℃,主要与洞内外温差的季节性变化和旅游活动有关;（2）洞穴CO2浓度随着大气温度上升而缓慢升高,至每年的7月上旬雨季来临时,气温、降水及土壤中CO2大幅提高,降水溶解大量的土壤CO2并渗入洞穴中,导致洞穴CO2浓度迅速上升,8月观测到的最高浓度可达到4 334ppm,在雨季结束后,随着大气温度降低,CO2浓度缓慢下降,2月份平均值达到最低,为360~458 ppm。另外,在5月份和10月份的旅游黄金周,旅游人数的增加,洞穴CO2浓度异常增高。在进行洞穴管理与规划时,应综合考虑自然和人为因素对洞穴的影响。     

疫情背景下桂林市芦笛岩空气环境影响因素研究

当天然洞穴开发为旅游洞穴,人为活动输入到洞穴的能量与物质影响了洞穴本体环境。文章以桂林市代表性旅游洞穴芦笛岩为例,以2020年9月1日至10月8日洞穴温度、湿度、CO2以及游客人数作为重点参数,定时、定位观测洞穴环境关键要素变化及相互关系,进而探究疫情防控背景下洞穴空气环境特征及影响因素、旅游活动对洞穴环境的影响以及洞穴自净能力。观测结果表明：（1）受新冠肺炎疫情影响,观测期内游客人数较往年明显减少,游客活动对洞穴温度和湿度影响并不明显,洞穴内外温度和湿度曲线变化趋于一致,主要受洞外空气环境的影响;（2）游览高峰期短时间内洞内CO2浓度仍会随游客量的增多呈现规律性变化,但在旅游活动结束以后,洞内CO2浓度能迅速回归至洞穴环境背景值,未观测到明显的CO2累积现象;（3）芦笛岩本身具有一定的自净能力,观测期内受降雨和降温的影响,洞外温度显著降低,促使芦笛岩洞穴通风模式发生改变,洞穴内外气流交换加强,提高了该洞的自净能力。     

The temperature variation in an epikarstic cave and its impact factors: a case from Velika Pasica Cave,Central Slovenia

In order to reveal the temperature variation mechanism of a small and relatively closed cave, the surface temperature, the cave air temperature and the drip water temperatures were monitored with high-resolution recorders for a 7-year period. The results indicated that the cave temperature is mainly affected by the external seasonal oscillations. The temperature curve of the inner cave area (with standard deviation between 0.59 and 0.87) was much smoother in comparison with that of the surface (with SD as high as 8.46). However, the cave reacted to the temperature drifts with some delay, for example, at VP3 in 2006, the internal temperature increased for additional 49 days after the surface temperature dropped colder than inside of the cave. This seasonal variation and delayed response of the internal temperature were mainly affected by conduction from the epikarst rock mass. Air convection also occurred in the cave, especially when the surface temperature dropped lower than that of the inside cave (during the winter time) and in the outer section (close to the entrance), which caused an abrupt and irregular variation of the outer section. In addition, the influence from the percolating water was ephemeral and depended on its supplementary amount and temperature difference, e.g., there were more apparent responses at VP1 and VP3 when the intensive rain fell. The percolating water temperature could be a good indicator for water flow in epikarst.     

Sulphuric acid geofluid contribution on thermal carbonate coastal springs (Italy)

Hypogenic caves, developed by sulphuric acid speleogenesis, are known all over the world among which the Santa Cesarea Terme caves have been included. They are four submerged caves, located along a coastal carbonate sector in Southern Italy and hosting the outflow of coastal springs of thermal mixed waters (from 21 to 33 °C). These waters derive from the mixing of three water end members: the fresh pure groundwater of a wide karstic aquifer, the deep sulphur thermal water and the seawater. This cave system represents an almost unique case of hypogenic sea caves in carbonate environment. The thermal mixed waters have a different effect on the surrounding rocks of the caves, influencing the sulphuric acid speleogenetic process within the whole cave system. To understand the complex and overlapping natural processes acting on the development of these coastal caves, a multidisciplinary study has been carried out. This study has integrated all the data resulting from different methods and technologies, merging morphology, structural geology, hydrogeology, hydrogeochemistry and mineralogy. This multidisciplinary study has allowed to define the main geochemical processes acting within these caves, including the cave development and the formation of the mineral concretions. After the introduction of H₂S in the thermal waters, formed by the reduction of sulphates in the sedimentary deposits crossed at depth in the offshore, the oxidation occurs within the caves, producing sulphuric acid. Favoured by upwelling deep-seated thermal flows, this acid dissolves the limestone, with condensation corrosion process that involve replacement of limestone rock with gypsum. This process has resulted to be more active and remarkable within the Gattulla Cave, one of the Santa Cesarea Terme sea caves.     

神农宫和祥龙洞洞温季节变化特征及其对石笋氧同位素组成的可能影响

通过对江西万年县神农宫和陕西宁强县祥龙洞两个洞穴内、外温度连续19个月的同步监测以了解不同时间尺度下洞穴温度变化特征。结果显示神农宫及祥龙洞洞内温度存在明显的季节性变化:（1）神农宫夏秋季洞内温度在小时-日尺度上受到降水事件的影响显著,洞内夏秋季温度波动明显高于冬春季。祥龙洞监测点所处支洞环境相对封闭,温度波动在冬春季大于夏秋季,且全年洞温变幅小于神农宫。（2）旬—季节尺度的洞温数据显示,一个完整水文年内,神农宫两个监测点SN1、SN2的温度变幅分别达到4.8 ℃和4.6 ℃,祥龙洞达到3.2 ℃。（3）两个洞穴洞内温度响应洞外气温的变化都存在滞后性,且冬春季滞后大于夏秋季,可能受深部围岩温度相对偏高、空气和围岩热导率的季节变化以及降水季节差异的影响。最后,针对洞温存在较大季节变化的洞穴讨论了不同沉积模式下洞穴温度变化对石笋氧同位素组成18O的可能影响。认为此类洞穴某一时期石笋δ18O出现较大幅度偏正或偏负不一定反映了外界气候的大幅变化,也可能仅仅是由于洞穴沉积条件发生改变而造成的。      

An investigation of moisture sources and secondary evaporation in Lanzhou,Northwest China

The purpose of this study is to investigate the atmospheric water cycle in Lanzhou and surrounding areas, a place sensitive to climatic conditions and located in the vertex of the “Monsoon Triangle” of China; this study obtained 243 event-based precipitation samples from four stations in Lanzhou, Yongdeng, Yuzhong and Gaolan for 1 year from April 2011 to March 2012. The seasonal variations of δ ¹⁸O and d excess indicate that westerly water vapor, local moisture and summer monsoon all have an influence in this region on a large scale. The westerlies play a dominant role. However, the impact of monsoon moisture has a seasonal limitation, mainly during the period from June to early August. On a local scale, the transportation of moisture appears via two routes. The contribution rate of recycling moisture, over the region, is only 3.6 % on average due to the deficiency of water resource in arid and semi-arid land. Additionally, the effect of secondary evaporation has also been discussed, and the results show that relative humidity, temperature and precipitation amount have different impacts on the effect. However, the influence of precipitation amount is not obvious when the rainfall amount is below 10 mm, while the meteorological parameters of relative humidity and temperature play a significant role in that scope.     

重庆丰都雪玉洞群洞穴现代监测与古环境研究回顾和展望

重庆丰都雪玉洞群包括羊子洞、雪玉洞和水鸣洞,西南大学的研究团队从2008年开始对雪玉洞群开展了系统的现代过程监测,以了解洞穴系统气候和环境信息的传输、转化和记录过程。通过对雪玉洞洞穴内外的大气、植被、土壤、基岩、滴水和洞穴沉积物等的动态监测,研究了碳酸盐沉积过程的水化学指标变化,揭示了现代洞穴滴水的影响因素和变化过程,以及碳酸盐沉积物对现代气候环境变化的响应,也为古气候的定量化研究提供了基础支撑。现代过程监测记录表明：雪玉洞CO₂主要来源于上覆土壤,其季节变化受降水的影响较大;在短时间尺度上受到游客旅游活动的影响明显,但幅度远远小于自然过程引起的变化。雪玉洞内次生沉积物的沉积速率具有明显的旱季、雨季特征,不同滴水点下方沉积物的沉积速率变化较大。雪玉洞群三个洞穴的石笋古环境记录研究表明,本区石笋的²³⁰Th/²³²Th比值较适合高精度铀系测年;部分石笋沉积速率较快,平均沉积速率达到0.25 mm·a⁻¹,可以开展高分辨率的气候和环境变化研究。羊子洞YZ1石笋的年龄范围在116~3 ka B.P.之间（平均测年精度2σ,269年）,覆盖了整个末次冰期,δ¹⁸O和δ¹³C的变化曲线和东亚季风区的其他记录具有明显的一致性。同位素测试的时间分辨率平均为88年,成功记录了一些百年－千年尺度的气候突变事件,如Heinrich事件、7.2 ka事件、小冰期等。在精确年代学的基础上,雪玉洞群石笋具有重建高分辨率气候环境变化的潜力。     

岩溶关键带土壤—洞穴系统CO2运移的时空变化——以河南鸡冠洞为例

为了了解豫西鸡冠洞岩溶区不同尺度下水-土-气的中CO2的变化特征,探究CO2在岩溶关键带系统的运移关系,2019年5月至2020年10月,利用固态传感器对河南鸡冠洞上覆土壤取样点进行高时间分辨率监测,每隔15 min采集一次数据。结合每月采集洞内空气CO2浓度数据、每月测定洞穴水水化学指标数据及每月监测的降水、气温数据进行全面系统地分析。结果表明:①土壤CO2浓度、洞内空气CO2浓度和洞穴水水化学指标具有明显的季节性变化特征,均表现为夏秋高冬春低;②土壤CO2浓度在昼夜尺度下,白天高于夜晚,夏季的昼夜差值最大,冬季的昼夜差值最小,且昼夜变化滞后气温、土温变化约6 h;③洞内CO2浓度变化、洞穴水离子浓度和水化学指标在昼夜变化上具有同步性;④强降雨条件下（单场降雨量为42.2mm）,土壤水分和土壤温度能及时响应降雨变化,而土壤CO2浓度对降雨的响应滞后2 h。洞穴水、洞穴CO2浓度对降雨的响应与土壤CO2具有相似性;⑤基于月均值的土壤CO2浓度与土壤温度、土壤湿度的相关系数分别为0.67、0.031。垂直方向上,CO2浓度变化依次为土壤>洞穴>空气。昼夜尺度上,土壤CO2浓度变化滞后于气温、土壤温度变化,其原因是受上覆植被光合作用强度影响。CO2在洞穴水运移中以脱气沉积为主,补给洞内空气CO2浓度。在强降雨过程中,土壤CO2浓度变化受控土壤的温度和湿度;而在更长时间尺度上,土壤CO2浓度变化更多地受土壤温度影响,土壤湿度对其影响较小。      

Assessing cave internal aerology in understanding carbon dioxide (CO<Subscript>2</Subscript>) dynamics: implications on calcite mass variation on the wall of Lascaux Cave (France)

Carbon dioxide gas is a key component in dissolution and precipitation of carbonates in karst and cave systems. Therefore, characterizing the internal aerology of a cave is essential to obtain the spatiotemporal distribution of temperature and CO₂ level. In this research, Lascaux Cave (France), an important adorned cavity, was studied. First, the spatiotemporal distribution of CO₂ and temperatures were examined using continuous monitoring at a per minute basis. High-resolution spatial measurements (14 PCO₂ locations and 27 locations for temperature) were carried out for a year in the epikarst and the cave (February 2015 to February 2016). The spatiotemporal analysis presents that air and rock temperatures vary for less than a degree Celsius (12.4–12.9 °C). These are controlled by the conduction of the external thermal waves through the overlying calcarenite massif. As a consequence, two seasonal internal aerologic regimes were identified: stratification and convection. These regimes govern the spatiotemporal distribution of the CO₂ levels (1.1–3.7%), showing that this parameter is a good natural marker of the internal air movements. Second, a method was proposed to estimate the calcite mass potentially affected by condensation water (dissolution process) and exfiltration water (precipitation process). This method, based on numerical simulations, relies on CO₂ and air and rock temperature spatiotemporal distributions in the cave. Third, the method was applied using the case of the left wall of the Hall of the Bulls (one of the most adorned part of the cave). Results showed that the calcite mass, possibly dissolved, varies from 0.0002 to 0.006 g when the mass potentially precipitated is higher (from 0.013 to 0.067 g) depending on the aerologic conditions. This method allows determining which alteration process (e.g., precipitation or dissolution) could eventually lead to the largest variation of calcite on the wall. The results can serve as useful data to the cave experts of the French Ministry of Culture and Communication in terms of Lascaux Cave management policies.     

极干旱地区土壤与大气水分的相互影响

基于建立在莫高窟窟顶的密闭拱棚,通过监测棚内凝结水量和空气温湿度,对极干旱地区典型极干旱气候条件下土壤与大气水分的相互影响进行综合分析。棚内凝结水量和空气温湿度的监测结果表明,在热动力作用下存在地下水分向大气输送的过程,其原因主要是在温度作用下土壤结合水分的分解蒸发与土壤盐分的吸湿吸附的交替作用。这也是形成所谓“土壤凝结水分”与“土壤水分呼吸”的根源。当温度升高时,土壤结合水分分解蒸发“呼出”水分,当温度降低时土壤盐分吸湿吸附,“吸入”大气水分,形成土壤与大气不对称水分交流。称质量实验表明：土壤水分的变化与空气温度的变化完全对应;有深层水分支持的土壤吸收大气水分的能力相对较差。极干旱地区土壤与大气水分的相互影响研究结果能为莫高窟珍贵文物的保护提供参考。     

浅层包气带地温与含水量昼夜动态的实验研究

西北荒漠化地区,包气带中的水分除来自大气降水外,还来自凝结水。凝结水对维持荒漠地区的植被生态环境起到至关重要的作用,而凝结水的形成机制又反映在包气带地温与含水量的昼夜动态过程中。文中报告了室外沙坑浅层包气带地温与含水量观测的实验结果。土壤含水量变化采用原位测试的方法观测,避免了传统称重法产生的干扰和不确定性。实验中对深度0~30cm范围的土壤温度进行了高密度观测。结果表明,温度梯度对水汽的运移起到主控作用,温度梯度方向向下,土壤含水量增加,反之,含水量减少。通过热传导方程对土壤中的传热过程进行分析,得到傅立叶级数表示的温度波方程,用于预测不同深度土壤响应地表条件而产生的温度变化。实验中还对近地表微气象以及土壤负压等因素进行了观测。     

甘肃武都万象洞方解石现代沉积控制因素分析

对洞穴次生碳酸盐沉积机理的认识是解释洞穴石笋气候环境指示意义的关键。近两个水文年的洞穴现代过程监测结果显示,万象洞内温湿度全年基本保持恒定; 洞穴滴水的pH值夏季偏低、冬季偏高,呈现出一定的季节变化特征,电导率和HCO3-浓度及主要阴阳离子含量年内变化不显著; 洞内CO2分压夏季偏高,冬季降低接近于当地大气的CO2分压水平。 对不同滴水点的对比研究表明,滴水中Ca2+达到一定浓度是方解石沉积的必要条件。此外,万象洞夏季CO2分压的升高对方解石形成产生明显的抑制作用。万象洞石笋沉积的主要受控于滴水饱和度以及洞穴CO2分压。