A Volumetric Model for Evaluating Tight Sandstone Gas Reserves in the Permian Sulige Gas Field,Ordos Basin,Central China

To accurately measure and evaluate reserves is critical for ensuring successful production of unconventional oil and gas. This work proposes a volumetric model to evaluate the tight sandstone gas reserves of the Permian Sulige gas field in the Ordos Basin. The reserves can be determined by four major parameters of reservoir cutoffs, net pay, gas-bearing area and compression factor Z, which are controlled by reservoir characteristics and sedimentation. Well logging, seismic analysis, core analysis and gas testing, as well as thin section identification and SEM analysis were used to analyze the pore evolution and pore-throat structure. The porosity and permeability cutoffs are determined by distribution function curve,empirical statistics and intersection plot. Net pay and gas-bearing area are determined based on the cutoffs, gas testing and sand body distribution, and the compression factor Z is obtained by gas component. The results demonstrate that the reservoir in the Sulige gas field is characterized by ultralow porosity and permeability, and the cutoffs of porosity and permeability are 5% and 0.15×10~(–3) μm~2, respectively. The net pay and gas-bearing area are mainly affected by the sedimentary facies, sand body types and distribution. The gas component is dominated by methane which accounts for more than 90%, and the compression factor Z of H_8(P_2h_8) and S_1(P_1s_1) are 0.98 and 0.985, respectively. The distributary channels stacked and overlapped, forming a wide and thick sand body with good developed intergranular pores and intercrystalline pores. The upper part of channel sand with good porosity and permeability can be sweet spot for gas exploration. The complete set of calculation systems proposed for tight gas reserve calculation has proved to be effective based on application and feedback. This model provides a new concept and consideration for reserve prediction and calculation in other areas.     

Diagenesis and Their Succession of Gas-bearing and Non-gas-bearing Reservoirs in the Sulige Gas Field of Ordos Basin,China

Abstract: Comparisons have been made among lithology, diagenesis, and reservoir characteristics of gas-bearing and non-gas-bearing ones in the Sulige gas field of the Ordos Basin based on the laboratory analysis of thin sections, scanning electron microscope, and liquid inclusion of the reservoirs. The reservoirs of the Sulige gas field are now in the middle stage of diagenesis and have undergone compaction, cementation and dissolution. The secondary pore of the reservoir originated from the dissolution of the feldspar and tuff because of the organic acid action from the source rocks during the diagenetic middle stage. Gas-bearing reservoirs are common in soluble pore diagenetic facies of coarse detritus quartzose sandstone, whereas non-gas-bearing ones are common in tense compaction diagenetic facies of mud-bearing medium-fine detritus quartzose sandstone and residual intergranular pore diagenetic facies of mud-bearing medium-coarse detritus quartzose sandstone. The secondary pore is developed in gas-bearing reservoirs of the Sulige gas-field as the medium-coarse grain reservoirs formed in a powerful sedimentary environment and experienced strong dissolution. However, the sediments of fine grain size form the non-gas-bearing reservoirs because of less residual primary pore and secondary pore.     

三角洲前缘亚相致密砂岩储层的成岩作用与有利成岩相带:以鄂尔多斯盆地子洲气田山_2~3段砂岩为例

致密砂岩储层成岩作用复杂,成岩相分布表现出明显的差异性。以物性、铸体薄片、扫描电镜、X衍射、高压压汞等测试数据为基础,对鄂尔多斯盆地东部子洲气田山32段砂岩的成岩作用和成岩相进行了研究。结果表明:岩性以石英砂岩为主,岩屑含量自西向东表现出增加趋势;残余粒间孔、溶蚀孔和晶间孔为主要孔隙类型;压实压溶作用使原生粒间孔大量损失;胶结作用对储集空间具有双重影响,但整体使物性变差;溶解作用对石英砂岩和岩屑石英砂岩的影响不同,对石英砂岩的溶蚀程度更高;综合多项成岩阶段划分指标,子洲气田山32段砂岩已进入晚成岩B期,部分指标进入C期;参考多项定性和定量参数,划分出6种成岩相,分布于水下分流河道厚砂体中的石英加大粒间孔-溶蚀孔相是最有利的成岩相带,石英加大粒间孔-晶间孔相和粘土杂基充填晶间孔-溶蚀孔相次之,成岩相的平面分布受沉积微相和碎屑组分变化影响明显。     

甘泉—富县地区长7致密砂岩储层成岩相的定量识别及其对含油性的控制作用

以岩心分析、测井数据为基础,结合薄片鉴定、扫描电镜等分析手段对鄂尔多斯盆地甘泉-富县地区长7致密砂岩储层的岩性、物性以及成岩相进行了研究。长7致密砂岩储层岩性主要以长石砂岩为主,孔隙度主要分布在3%~10%之间,渗透率主要分布在0.05~0.60 mD之间。依据成岩作用类型和强度及成岩矿物组合特征,并结合孔隙发育特征,将研究区内岩相划分为中压实绿泥石薄膜胶结原生粒间孔相、中压实不稳定组分溶蚀溶孔相、强压实弱溶蚀微孔相、强压实伊利石胶结致密相和强压实钙质胶结致密相5类。通过对成岩相较为灵敏的自然伽马和声波时差交汇建立成岩相识别标准,利用"优势相"法绘制研究区成岩相平面图。勘探成果显示,成岩相对致密油富集具有一定控制作用。     

松辽盆地北东区扶杨油层孔隙流体地球化学与砂岩成岩相研究

不同孔隙水成因的局部水动力单元是决定扶杨油层砂岩成岩相类型的重要因素之一。研究区可以划分出与局部水动力单元直接相关的四个成岩相:大气水淋滤成岩相、混合水成岩相、埋藏压实水成岩相和古蒸发浓缩水成岩相、各成岩相的成岩特征、自生矿物组合、孔隙成因与孔隙组合都有明显差别。     

苏里格西部致密砂岩气藏储层成岩作用特征及孔隙度定量演化

为了探究鄂尔多斯盆地苏里格西部地区储层致密成因及孔隙演化规律,本文基于铸体薄片、电镜分析和高压压汞等室内测试,通过建立理论计算模型,对其苏48区储层的孔隙演化进行定性分析与量化表征。分析结果表明,区内盒8段储层岩性主要为石英砂岩和岩屑石英砂岩,储层成岩阶段处于早成岩和中成岩阶段,部分达到晚成岩期,成岩作用顺序依次为:压实-硅质胶结-绿泥石胶结-黏土矿物胶结-溶蚀溶解-碳酸盐胶结;量化结果显示:压实作用和胶结作用是造成储层孔隙度下降的主要因素,其中压实作用使得原始孔隙度下降22%,胶结作用使其下降9.81%,溶蚀作用对储集空间有所改善,增加了3.88%的孔隙,最终形成了当今平均孔隙度为7.47%的致密砂岩储层。据理论计算与实测物性数据进行对比,计算结果与实测结果基本吻合,相对误差小于3%。根据成岩作用的作用强度,结合岩石特征分析,可将研究区盒8段储层成岩相划分出4种,即弱-中胶结强溶蚀相、中胶结中溶蚀相、中溶蚀强胶结相和强压实致密相。综合试气成果可知,弱-中胶结强溶蚀相区域气产量较为可观,可将弱-中胶结强溶蚀相区域作为天然气持续上产的主要研究区域。     

苏里格低渗砂岩大气田天然气充注运移及成藏特征

苏里格气田位于鄂尔多斯盆地伊陕斜坡西北部,属于典型的低渗砂岩大气田.苏里格气田上古生界天然气组分和碳同位素组成特征变化较小,反映其来源和成藏过程的一致性.基于对成藏地质背景、储层物性、天然气地球化学特征、烃源岩成熟度、甲烷碳同位素动力学的综合分析,认为苏里格气田天然气主要为近源充注、近距离运移和聚集,为石炭系一二叠系煤系烃源岩生成的累积聚气.天然气运移输导体系主要包括砂体一孔隙、微裂缝及小断层等,由孔隙和裂缝构成的网状输导体系在成藏过程中起了重要作用,表现为动力圈闭成藏.苏里格气田形成过程经历了早侏罗世末期、晚侏罗世至早白垩世末期、早白垩世末期至今3个演化阶段,存在下生上储和自生自储两种成藏方式.     

鄂尔多斯盆地合水地区长6储层成岩作用与有利成岩相带

鄂尔多斯盆地合水地区长6储层主要为长石岩屑砂岩,平均孔隙度8.68%,平均渗透率0.15×10-3μm2,属于典型的低孔特低渗透储层。储层经历了压实作用、胶结作用、交代作用、溶蚀作用的改造,目前处于晚成岩阶段A期。在成岩作用研究的基础上,通过大量的岩心观察、薄片鉴定、扫描电镜等方法及测井曲线特征研究,进行了单井成岩相分析,进而编制成岩相平面分布图。将研究区辫状河三角洲前缘砂体划分出4个成岩相带:压实相、碳酸盐胶结相、绿泥石膜剩余孔相和绿泥石膜剩余孔—长石溶蚀相。其中,有利储层主要分布在主砂体的绿泥石膜剩余孔相和绿泥石膜剩余孔—长石溶蚀成岩相带上。根据试油资料,处于该有利相带的井一般日产油大于10t/d。     

Geological Controls on High Production of Tight Sandstone Gas in Linxing Block,Eastern Ordos Basin,China

Tight sandstone gas in the Linxing Block, eastern Ordos Basin, has been successfully exploited. The high performance is mainly a result of the special geological conditions. The key geological controls for high production have been discussed on the basis of seismic data, field observation, sample features, mercury porosimetry, mechanical properties, and basin modeling. Firstly, the coal measures have good gas generation potential, not only because of the existence of coalbeds and organic-rich shales, but also because coal laminae and microbial mats in the shales significantly increase their total organic carbon(TOC) contents. Secondly, except for the uplifted zone of the Zijinshan complex and the eastern fault zone, rare large faults develop in the Carboniferous–Permian sequence, ensuing the sealing capacity of cap rock. Small fractures generally concentrated in the sandstones rather than the mudstones. Thirdly, gas accumulation in the Linxing Block was controlled by the tectonic, burial and thermal histories. Gas accumulation in the Linxing Block started in the Late Triassic, followed by three short pauses of thermal maturation caused by relatively small uplifts;the maximum hydrocarbon generation period is the Early Cetaceous as a combined result of regional and magmatic thermal metamorphisms. Field profiles show abundant fractures in sandstone beds but rare fractures in mudstone beds. Mechanical properties, determined by lithostratigraphy, confine the fractures in the sandstones, increasing the permeability of sandstone reservoirs and retaining the sealing capacity of the mudstone cap rocks. The modern ground stress conditions favor the opening of predominant natural fractures in the NNW-SSE and N-S directions. These conclusions are useful for exploring the potential tight sandstone gas field.     

鄂尔多斯盆地华庆地区长6油层组砂岩成岩相及储层质量评价

本文借助于薄片分析、扫描电镜分析、阴极发光分析和物性分析等研究手段,以鄂尔多斯盆地华庆地区长6油层组低渗透砂岩的形成机制为解剖对象,通过对砂岩埋藏前组成、化学成岩作用和物理成岩作用的相对重要性、自生矿物组成、孔隙构成、物性与孔隙结构等研究,明确了主要成岩作用对储层的影响。在此基础上,结合沉积相的研究,选择骨架颗粒构成、自生矿物组成、物性、孔隙构成以及粒间体积等有关的15个成岩相定量评价参数,对华庆地区长6油层组低渗透砂岩进行成岩相的定量评价。结果表明：① 华庆地区长6油层组砂岩经历了较强的物理成岩作用和较弱的化学成岩作用,原生孔隙是主要储集空间,压实作用是孔隙度降低的最主要因素,其次为方解石的胶结作用;② 成岩相定量评价表明,弱胶结、强压实成岩相以及强方解石胶结、中-强压实成岩相的储层质量均较差,受北部物源区控制的绿泥石胶结、弱-中等压实成岩相具有较好的储层质量,建议作为今后的优选勘探开发区。     

苏里格气田苏11区块山_1段储层展布特征

苏11区块是长庆油田公司在苏里格气田进行油气勘探开发的重点区块之一,油气勘探开发成效显著。为此,对该区块主要产层上古生界二叠系山西组山1段的构造特征、储层砂体展布特征等进行综合研究。运用测井解释等资料,进行区域小层精细划分和对比,建立该区统一的地层格架,研究山西组山1段顶面构造特征,对山1段的储层砂体及有效砂体展布特征进行分析研究,研究结果表明:1苏里格气田苏11区块山西组山1段顶面构造表现为一个宽缓的西倾单斜,具有东高西低的特征,发育多排宽缓且幅度较小的鼻状隆起构造;2该区山1段南北向砂体的连通性较东西向好,山1段有效砂体总体厚度小,分布零散,规模较小,仅局部叠置区厚度大,有效砂体非均质性强,连续性和连通性较差。     

障壁坝砂体储层特征与成岩孔隙定量演化模式 ——以鄂尔多斯盆地延长探区本溪组为例

为明确海陆变迁背景下障壁坝砂体成岩孔隙演化规律,运用岩石薄片、扫描电镜及配套能谱、阴极发光等资料,对延长探区石炭系本溪组障壁成因砂体储集特征与成岩作用进行综合分析,并结合砂岩初始孔隙度恢复模型与薄片孔隙定量分析技术,开展基于埋藏热演化历程的储层孔隙演化参数定量评价,建立该区本溪组障壁坝砂岩孔隙定量演化模式。结果表明:储层砂岩以石英砂岩、岩屑质石英砂岩及岩屑砂岩为主;孔隙度、渗透率平均值分别为4.72%和1.22×10^(-3 )μm^2;储集空间以溶蚀扩大孔、粒内孔、晶间孔为主;现今储层主体已达到晚成岩阶段;砂岩初始孔隙度平均值为38.1%,埋藏至今共经历了四个典型的成岩增/减孔阶段,即P_1～T_2(285～208 Ma)"低地温、快埋藏"的大幅减孔阶段(-30.7%)、T_2～J_3(208～153 Ma)"高地温、缓沉降"的溶蚀增孔阶段(+3.9%)、J_3～K_1(153～96 Ma)"高地温、稳埋深"的减孔定型阶段(-6.6%)、K_1至今(96 Ma～)"低地温、晚隆升"的弱改造阶段。     

长庆白豹油田低渗透储层成岩作用及成岩储集相研究

本文依据铸体薄片、电镜扫描、镜质体反射率、有机质成熟度等分析化验资料并结合岩石学特征,研究了长庆白豹油田长3、长4+5油层组的主要成岩作用,认为主要有压实作用、胶结作用、溶蚀作用和烃类侵位作用,而压溶作用不显著,总体上以破坏性成岩作用为主。总结了各成岩阶段的特征,建立了成岩演化序列。采用遗传神经网络算法求取成岩储集相参数,确定了A、B、C、D四种成岩储集相类型及其平面展布。     

马家山—小涧子油田砂岩成岩作用及其对储层的影响

为了揭示鄂尔多斯盆地马家山—小涧子油田砂岩成岩作用对储层的控制作用,综合采用了薄片鉴定、铸体薄片、压汞、扫描电镜、X-射线衍射和包裹体分析等多种方法。研究认为:该区延长组长61、长4 5段砂岩成岩作用进入了中成岩阶段的A期;成岩相的平面分布具有明显的规律性,由水下分流河道砂体及河口砂坝中心向边缘,直至水下分流间湾,依次发育溶蚀孔隙相、绿泥石胶结相、碳酸盐胶结相及压实杂基相4种成岩相类型;储层物性依次变差;有利的储集相带为水下分流河道砂体和河口砂坝中心的溶蚀孔隙相和绿泥石胶结相。     

Diagenetic Evolution and Formation Mechanisms of High-Quality Reservoirs under Multiple Diagenetic Environmental Constraints: An Example from the Paleogene Beach-Bar Sandstone Reservoirs in the Dongying Depression, Bohai Bay Basin

The diagenetic environment, diagenetic responses, diagenetic transformation model and formation mechanisms of high-quality reservoirs (beach-bar sandstones of the Paleogene fourth member) in the Dongying depression were studied through the analysis of fluid inclusions, thin section and burial evolution history. The diagenetic fluids of the beach-bar sandstone reservoirs evolved from early high salinity and weak alkalinity to low salinity and strong acidity, late high salinity and strong alkalinity and late low salinity and acidity, which were accompanied by two stages of oil and gas filling. The fluids at the margins of the sandbodies were continuously highly saline and strongly alkaline. The western (eastern) reservoirs experienced early open (closed), middle open, and late closed diagenetic environments during their burial history. The flow pattern was characterized by upwelling during the majority of the diagenesis (in the east, a non-circulating pattern transitioned into an upwelling current). Due to the evolution of the diagenetic fluids, the diagenetic sequence of the beach-bar reservoirs was as follows: early weak carbonate cementation; feldspar and carbonate cement dissolution and authigenic quartz cementation; late carbonate and anhydrite cementation, authigenic feldspar cementation, and late quartz dissolution; and late carbonate cementation, feldspar dissolution, and authigenic quartz cementation. The diagenetic strength during these stages varied or was absent altogether in different parts of the reservoirs. Due to the closeness of the diagenetic environment and the flow pattern of the diagenetic fluids, the diagenetic products are variably distributed in the sandstones interbedded with mudstones and in the fault blocks. The evolution of multiple alternating alkaline and acidic diagenetic environments controlled the distribution patterns of the reservoir diagenesis and reservoir space, and the reservoir quality index, RQI, increased gradually from the margins to the centers of the sandstones. The closeness of the diagenetic environment and the flow patterns of the diagenetic fluids controlled the differences in the reservoir properties among the fault blocks. With increasing distance from the oil-source faults, the RQI values in the west gradually decreased and in the east initially increased and then decreased.     

Depositional and Diagenetic Controls on Pore Structure of Tight Gas Sandstone Reservoirs: Evidence from Lower Cretaceous Bashijiqike Formation in Kelasu Thrust Belts,Kuqa Depression in Tarim Basin of West China

Deeply buried Lower Cretaceous Bashijiqike sandstones are important gas exploration targets in the Kelasu thrust belt, Kuqa Depression of Tarim Basin in China. The sandstones are characterized by low porosity, low permeability and strong microscopic heterogeneity due to diagenesis during their geologic history. Mineralogical, petrographic, and geochemical analyses combined with high‐pressure mercury injection analysis have been used to investigate the diagenesis, diagenetic minerals, and their impact on reservoir quality. This article addresses the controls exerted by depositional parameters and diagenetic modifications on pore‐network characteristics (porosity, pore types, sizes, shapes, and distribution), with the aim to unravel the formation mechanisms of this complex pore structures, and to improve the characterization and classification evaluation for the Bashijiqike sandstone reservoirs. The Bashijiqike sandstones are dominated by lithic arkoses and feldspathic litharenite. The pore system consists of intergranular macropores, intergranular micropores, and intragranular pores. Framework grains are generally heavily compacted. Authigenic quartz, authigenic feldspar, clay minerals and carbonates are the major pore‐filling constituents. The pore structure is characterized by small pore radius and poor interconnectivity. Entry pressure reflects the microscopic pore network and macroscopic reservoir property characteristics. Pore structure characteristics are linked to the depositional parameters, type and degree of diagenesis. Clays do not control reservoir pore networks alone, and pores and pore throats are wider in coarser grained sandstones. Entry pressure decreases with the content of the rigid quartz. Compaction and cementation continue to decrease the pore‐throat size, while dissolution enlarges pores and pore‐throats radius. Considerable amounts of microporosity associated with clay minerals and altered grains contribute to the high entry pressure. Comprehensive Coefficient of Diagenesis (CCD), which considers the integrative effect of diagenesis, shows strong statistical correlations with entry pressure. CCD is an integrative modulus of diagenesis and physical property, and generally the higher the values are, the better the pore structure. It is suitable for quantitatively characterizing pore structure in tight gas sandstones. The results of this work can help assess pore‐network characteristics like the Bashijiqike sandstones which had experienced strong diagenetic modifications during their geological history.     

四川盆地广安地区上三叠统须家河组四段低孔渗砂岩成岩相类型划分及半定量评价

成岩相是在一定沉积和成岩环境下经历了一定成岩演化阶段的产物,包括岩石颗粒、胶结物、组构和孔洞缝特征及其演化的综合面貌。成岩相的研究已成为低孔渗砂岩当前勘探阶段的研究重点。将广安地区须家河组四段划分为五种成岩相类型:粗中粒砂岩火山岩屑较强溶蚀低孔特低渗成岩相、火山岩屑弱溶蚀—强压实特低孔超低渗成岩相、中细粒砂岩压实致密相、中粗粒岩屑石英砂岩硅质胶结致密相以及方解石胶结致密相,并建立了不同类型成岩相的测井曲线特征。在单井成岩相分析基础上,通过编制成岩相的厚度百分含量等值线图、厚度等值线图、成岩相平面分布图等对成岩相进行了半定量化评价。     

山东渤南油田古近系沙河街组沙二段及沙三段低渗透储层成岩储集相

渤南油田位于济阳坳陷的渤南洼陷内,是山东省胜利油田储量最大的亿吨级深层低渗透断块岩性油藏,主要含油层系为古近系沙河街组沙二段和沙三段,属中孔低渗透砂岩储层。低渗透砂岩储层的成因机理十分复杂,为了更精确地预测有效储层的分布及其内部储集性能的差异,应用成岩储集相的概念在渤南油田三区古近系沙河街组开展了低渗透储层质量评价的研究。该项研究是建立在储层沉积相、成岩作用研究的基础上,通过分析低渗透储层成岩作用对储集物性的影响及成岩作用阶段划分,认为造成本区储层砂岩渗透率较低的主要原因是成岩期各种自生矿物的充填和胶结作用。选用流动层带指标、孔隙度、渗透率、粒度中值、泥质含量、孔喉半径均值和变异系数等七项参数,采用聚类分析和判别分析方法,将渤南油田三区古近系沙河街组划分为四类成岩储集相,阐述了各类成岩储集相的特征,并结合沉积相,实现了成岩储集相的时空展布。研究成果将对低渗透砂岩储层的开发起到指导作用。     

松辽盆地北部泉三、四段低渗透储层孔隙度演化史

为了预测松辽盆地北部泉三、四段储层的孔隙度、恢复孔隙演化史,本文综合考虑沉积相和成岩作用对储层孔隙度的影响,建立了孔隙度关于沉积相指数、成岩指数和深度等多因素非线性模型,预测了泉四段储层的孔隙度,恢复了孔隙演化史.结果表明,在泉四段储层填隙物高达16％的条件下,孔隙度预测的平均绝对误差仅为1.84％;在碎屑岩埋藏的早期,储层孔隙度主要受沉积相的影响,在晚期则受成岩作用的控制,次生孔隙主要发育在中成岩阶段A1亚期和A2亚期的早期;同一层位的储层孔隙度从古到今逐渐减小,在松辽盆地北部的主要成藏期(嫩江期末),中央坳陷泉四段Sq1的储层主要属于中～高孔隙度储层,有利于油气藏的形成,在明水组沉积的后期才变为致密储层.     

鄂尔多斯盆地西峰油田白马南特低渗岩性油藏储层地质建模

以鄂尔多斯盆地西峰油田白马南长81砂岩油藏为例，应用随机序贯高斯模拟法（SUS）和序贯指示模拟法（SIS）建立研究目标的储层地质模型，进而探讨了在特低渗岩性油藏中相对高渗透储层形成的控制因素。认为长81油藏储层的形成主要受控于沉积作用；成岩作用对改善储层物性及油气的运聚起了重要的作用。砂体的三维模拟结果显示主砂体位于研究区西部，呈西南-东北向展布。储层物性参数的三维模拟也表明优质储层主要分布在主砂体带上长石溶蚀相和绿泥石薄膜胶结成岩相区。