高速公路连拱隧道开挖三维稳定性分析

通过对金丽温高速公路蛘湾连拱隧道工程区的地质特征的详细分析和现场调查,系统研究了蝉湾隧道开挖及加固全过程的围岩应力场、变形场的状况及变化特征。结果表明,蝉湾连拱隧道围岩应变率较高,围岩衬砌后的位移值比未衬砌时减小了50％,采用目前的衬砌类型后,衬砌变形将较大幅度地变小,衬砌应变值基本满足要求;虽然围岩拉应力值随着隧道的开挖逐渐变大,除局部位置外,衬砌整体基本满足抗拉的要求。     

改进的AHP对连拱隧道渗漏水病害影响因素评价

本文深入分析了改进的AHP的优点,在现场调研的基础上考虑了18个影响连拱隧道渗漏水病害的因素,测算各因素的权重,最终以杭徽高速公路隧道群渗漏水病害为例,对各影响因素权重系统进行了测算并对其影响的大小进行排序.研究结果显示,连拱隧道的结构形式是影响连拱隧道渗漏水最主要的因素,这种形式的中隔墙自身的缺陷所在使得渗漏水尤为严重,此外,施工也是不可忽视的一个因素,"三缝"施工、防水板施工、排水管施工以及防水材料的选取,都应做到精心施工,严格按照要求,只要一个因素出现问题,渗漏水病害发生的几率就会增大.因此,改进的AHP分析连拱隧道渗漏水病害影响因素的权重系统符合客观实际,给连拱隧道渗漏水影响因素的评价提供了新的思路.     

巴颜喀拉块体东部活动块体的划分、形变特征及构造意义

基于活动块体的基本概念,综合对研究区内活动断裂带空间展布、地震活动性等资料的分析将巴颜喀拉块体东部及邻区划分为巴颜喀拉块体（I）、华南块体（Ⅱ）、川滇块体（Ⅲ）和西秦岭块体（IV）等4个一级块体.利用GPS形变场、地球物理场等资料结合F检验法,将巴颜喀拉块体划分为阿坝（I1）、马尔康（I2）和龙门山（I3）3个次级块体,将西秦岭块体划分为岷县（IV1）和礼县（IV2） 2个次级块体.利用分布在各个块体内部的GPS测站,计算各活动块体及块体边界断裂带的运动变形特征.结果表明：各活动块体的整体运动包括平移和旋转运动;东昆仑断裂带、甘孜—玉树断裂带和鲜水河断裂带的滑动速率明显高于龙门山断裂带的滑动速率;巴颜喀拉块体东部走向北西或北西西的边界断裂表现出左旋拉张的特性;走向北东的边界断裂带,除成县—太白断裂带外,均表现出右旋走滑兼挤压的活动特征.巴颜喀拉块体的东向运动存在自西向东的速度衰减,衰减主要被龙日坝断裂带和岷江断裂带分解吸收,其中龙日坝断裂带的水平右旋分解非常明显,约为~4.8±1.6 mm/a,岷江断裂带的水平分解较弱.龙门山断裂带被马尔康、龙门山和岷县等次级块体分成南、中、北三段,龙门山断裂带中段上的主压应变率要明显小于龙门山断裂带南段上的应变率,其北西侧变形幅度从远离断裂带较大到靠近断裂带逐渐减小,表明其在震前已经积累了较高的应变能,有利于发生破裂滑动.汶川地震后,地表破裂带和余震分布揭示的断裂带运动性质自南西向北东由以逆冲运动为主,逐渐转为逆冲兼走滑的特征可能与龙门山断裂带中段所受主压应力方向自南西向北东的变化有关.马尔康、龙门山和岷县3个次级块体与华南块体之间较低的相对运动速度以及龙门山断裂带低应变率、强闭锁的特征都决定了汶川地震前龙门山断裂带低滑动速率的运动特征.     

块体构造学说的大地构造体系

在中国及邻区大地构造的研究过程中,板块构造理论用于解释中国复杂的大陆动力学过程有所局限,而中国本土的大多数大地构造观点无法展开洋陆对比研究.朱夏和刘光鼎对中国大陆边缘和中国大陆的构造演化历史和动力学体制有其独到的见解,即以活动论为内涵的全球构造理论,我们在此基础上增加了方法论和认识论等内容,提出块体构造学说.块体构造学说在用板块理论解释新全球构造阶段构造现象的基础上,将块体和结合带赋予新的定义和内涵,作为板块之下的二级构造单元,用以表示古全球构造阶段的大地构造单元.本文在简要介绍块体构造学说提出的历史和背景基础上,简述对中国海陆及邻区大地构造演化的理解,系统阐述块体构造学说的大地构造体系,明确块体和结合带的定义、分类和特征,作为正在编制的"中国海陆大地构造格架图"中大地构造单元划分的依据.     

扬子块体与华北块体在海区的接触关系——来自上下源、长排列多道地震剖面的新认识

在新一轮南黄海区域地质地震调查工作中,针对地震地质条件和勘探目标,设计了新的地震资料采集技术方案——上下源延迟激发+长排列接收,获得了强反射界面之下的深部地层有效反射,揭示了千里岩断裂两侧分布着向南逆冲的构造推覆带.结合重力、磁力反演成果认为,千里岩隆起区为扬子块体与华北块体碰撞接触带,扬子块体向北运动与华北块体碰撞后楔入到华北块体之中.     

利用GPS资料和块体模型对巴颜喀拉块体划分合理性的初步探究和构造意义

利用GPS速度场资料和块体模型分别建立巴颜喀拉块体的两种块体模型并反演其滑动速率,模型Ⅰ中巴颜喀拉块体包括东昆仑断裂带西段地区,模型Ⅱ中则不包括该地区。GPS反演结果显示,模型Ⅱ较模型Ⅰ合理,这一合理性包括了模型Ⅱ中阿尔金断裂带西南尾端较大的拉张速率与较小的走滑速率;模型Ⅱ中东昆仑断裂带中段滑动速率约为8~9mm/a,与10mm/a的研究结果更为接近;模型Ⅰ中东昆仑断裂带西段具有较大的走滑速率与挤压速率,也与现今地震活动与震源机制相矛盾;但模型Ⅱ中巴颜喀拉块体在玛尔盖茶卡断裂带滑动速率较大,认为可能与风火山断裂带处的滑动速率较小有关,因此进一步舍去该断裂带,建立新的模型Ⅲ,所得结果与各断裂研究结果较为近似。巴颜喀拉块体南边界风火山断裂带目前活动较弱,下地壳软弱物质可能已经进入巴颜喀拉块体部分地区;风火山断裂带向东经玉树—甘孜—鲜水河断裂带,在下地壳流动与重力滑塌作用下左旋速率逐渐增大。     

构造块体在球面上的运动及参数的确定

讨论了构造块体在球面上运动的两种运动学模型。其一称之为“完全模型”，把构造块体视为刚体，把地球近似为圆球，则块体在地表的运动可用该模型完全描述。其二称之为“平移模型”，当构造块体上的观测点不足时，通过增加约束条件，可用该模型描述块体间的相对运动。阐述了两种模型的适用范围以及确定运动参数的方法，导出了计算公式，并给出了两个算例。     

银川窗与鄂尔多斯块体西北缘中强地震的关系

为了提取鄂尔多斯块体西北缘中强地震的有效预测指标,通过识别银川地区不同震级、不同范围的小震活动窗口,开展R值和molchan方法评估,选取出有预测意义的地震窗。结果显示：M_L4银川窗地震活动对鄂尔多斯块体西北缘6级左右地震有较好的指示意义;M_L3银川窗小震滑动年频次大于2时,对鄂尔多斯块体西北缘未来1年发生5级以上地震有较好的指示意义。     

鄂尔多斯块体周缘中强地震序列类型及其活动特征

系统分析了鄂尔多斯块体周缘1970—2002年发生的27次5级左右地震序列的震级结构,这些地震序列可分为孤立型、主震型、震群型三种。结果表明,该区27次中强地震序列中,有22％为孤立型,14．8％为震群型,其余为主震型。在已选取的地震序列中,无前震以及有1次前震的比例为18．5％,有2次或2次以上的占81．5％。同时在鄂尔多斯块体西南边缘地震以孤立型为主,在鄂尔多斯块体北东东向的主压应力轴线上发生的地露名为需群珏!f。以卜结果可作为鄂尔多斯块体地区震后趋势判断的依据。     

川滇块体东缘的活动构造

主要从川滇块体东缘的地层分布和出露特征,以及岩浆活动等方面深入探讨块体东缘的活动构造及其它们的发育和演化过程.     

Seismic multi-arch structures in East China

The deep seismic reflection method has been play-ing an important role in revealing lithospheric struc-tures as well as geodynamic processes within the crustand uppermost mantle[1-3]. After careful analyzing the deep seismic reflection profiles along some of the Mesozoic plutons, the author found that the crustalstructures around these intrusions usually correlate with a special seismic fabric called the seismic multi-arch structure[1]. A seismic multi-arch structure consists of some arch refl…     

Seismic ground amplification induced by box-shaped tunnels

The growing use of underground structures, specifically to facilitate urban transportation, highlights the need to scrutinize the effects of such spaces on the seismic ground response as well as the surrounding buildings. In this regard, the seismic ground amplification variations in the vicinity of single and twin box-shaped tunnels subjected to SV waves have been investigated by the finite difference method. To evaluate the effects, generalizable dimensionless diagrams based on the results of parametric numerical analysis considering factors such as variations in the tunnels’ depth, the distances between the tunnels, tunnel lining flexibility, and input wave frequency, have been presented. In addition, to assess the effects of underground box-shaped tunnels on the response spectrum of the ground surface, seven selected accelerograms have been matched based on a specific design spectrum for the stiff soil condition of Eurocode 8 (CEN, 2006). The results underline the significant amplification effect of the box-shaped tunnels on the ground motions, specifically in the case of horizontal twin tunnels, which should be given more attention in current seismic design practices for surface structures.

     

Centrifuge modelling of ground-borne vibrations induced by railway traffic in underground tunnels

Increased attention has been given to ground-borne vibrations induced by railway vehicles and to the effects of these vibrations as they propagate through the ground into nearby buildings.Various studies,mainly based on numerical methods as well as physical modelling,have been carried out to investigate this problem.To study the dynamic response of tunnels and the surrounding soil due to train-induced vibration loads,a centrifuge te st was conducted with a small-scale model in 1 g and 50 g stres...     

Stresses in linings of bored tunnels

An analytical procedure is presented for evaluating the stresses in linings of bored tunnels caused by kinematic soil–lining interaction. Three cases of plane–strain interaction are treated as produced by (1) relaxation of in situ soil stresses near a lining following its installation, (2) overburden pressure at the soil surface, and (3) two-dimensional free-field soil response normal to the lining axis as produced by an earthquake. The procedure is applied separately to a steel lining and a concrete lining for a site located at the lower end of Market Street in San Francisco through which a BART (Bay Area Rapid Transit) tunnel passes. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Transient pressures in hydrotechnical tunnels during earthquakes

Transient pressures generated by earthquake shaking in hydrotechnical tunnels are evaluated by the discrete Fourier transform technique. The effects of the horizontal ground motion accelerating the closed downstream tunnel gate, as well as the upstream dam face, and the influence of the vertical motion of the reservoir floor are considered in this analysis. An example of a typical bottom outlet is analysed by subjecting it to several computed accelerograms. It is shown that high hydrodynamic pressures can be developed, several times larger than the hydrostatic pressure.     

Groundborne vibrations due to trains in tunnels

An analytical procedure is presented for determining groundborne vibrations in buildings due to subway trains. The procedure involves a finite element idealization of the subway-soil-structure interaction problem, using an analytical model for the train loading spectrum at the tunnel invert. Both direct fixation and floating slab track support systems are considered. The train model is verified using the measurements of rail velocities. The proposed procedure is applied to the case of a four-storey podium block enclosing twin double-box subways within the confines of its ribbed wall foundations. The severity of velocity response levels of the building, in relation to vibration standards, is also considered.     

汶川特大地震之北川县城震害分析

2008年5月12日汶川8.0级地震在北川县城造成了巨大的破坏,导致上万人死亡,整个北川县城变为废墟。现场地震科考分析显示,造成北川县城建筑物和道路严重损毁以及人员重大伤亡的三个主要原因为:活断层错动产生的地表破裂效应,地震引发的次生地质灾害(崩塌、滑坡)和强地震动产生的振动破坏效应。北川县城主断裂和次级断裂沿线分布的建筑物震害较重,而邻近断裂的建筑物震害相对较轻;地震触发的王家岩滑坡和景家山崩塌对北川县城造成了极大的破坏,导致2000余人死亡;而振动破坏效应在北川县城普遍存在,它产生的水平剪切运动对建筑物的危害很严重。     

四川省天然地震的次生水灾害

四川省是一个天然地震的多发地区,历史上天然构造地震产生了多次重大的次生水灾害,危及了人民的生命,并造成了重大的财产损失。四川省水利水电资源极其丰富,目前水利水电建设呈现出在高烈度地区高速度建设高坝水库的"三高"特点,若是不对水库诱发地震进行有效监测预测,则可能面临的灾害后果是十分严重的。