改进的GPS模糊度降相关LLL算法

模糊度降相关技术可以有效提高模糊度求解的效率及成功率,LLL(A.K.Lenstra,H.W.Lenstra,L.Lovasz)算法是新出现的模糊度降相关方法。详细分析LLL算法,针对该算法中存在的缺陷,提出逆整数乔勒斯基、整数高斯算法和升序调整矩阵辅助的改进LLL算法。利用谱条件数及平均相关系数为准则,以300个随机模拟的对称正定矩阵作为模糊度方差-协方差矩阵,对LLL算法和改进的LLL算法进行仿真计算。比较与分析结果表明,改进LLL算法模糊度降相关处理更加彻底,能有效地加速整周模糊度搜索及成功解算。     

GPS模糊度降相关LLL算法的一种改进

针对LLL(Lenstra,Lenstra,Lovasz algorithm)算法的不足,提出了具有自适应性的整数正交变换算法,并采用此算法和升序排序调整矩阵对LLL算法进行了改进。通过LLL算法和改进的LLL算法对随机模拟的600个对称正定矩阵的模糊度方差-协方差阵和30组实测数据进行处理分析,发现改进的LLL算法能够更有效地降低协方差阵的条件数,减小备选模糊度组合数,更有利于整周模糊度的搜索和解算。     

利用两种z变换算法的PS-DInSAR相位解缠与等价性证明

在介绍PS-DInSAR相位解缠函数模型的基础上,给出了应用LAMBDA方法求解模糊度和形变参数的过程,并将两种改进的z变换降相关算法——逆整乔列斯基和LLL应用于PS-DInSAR相位解缠。以z变换过程的迭代次数、z变换后的模糊度向量间的平均相关系数和协因数阵的谱条件数为准则,对两种算法进行仿真模拟和分析,结果表明逆整乔列斯基算法和LLL算法等价。最后从理论上对两种降相关算法的一致性进行了解释。     

下三角Cholesky分解的整数高斯变换算法

针对全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)载波相位测量中,基于整数最小二乘估计准则解算整周模糊度问题。目前以LAMBDA降相关算法和Lenstra-Lenstra-Lovász(LLL)为代表的规约算法应用最为广泛。由于不同算法采用的模糊度方差-协方差阵的分解方式不同,导致难以合理地进行不同算法性能的比较。该文通过分析LAMBDA算法的降相关特点,从理论上推出基于下三角Cholesky分解多维情形下的整数高斯变换的降相关条件及相应公式,并与分解方式不同的LAMBDA和LLL算法作了对比。实验结果表明,降相关采用的分解方式将会直接影响计算复杂度和解算性能,因此该文推导的整数高斯变换算法便于今后基于下三角Cholesky分解的降相关算法间的合理比较。     

GPS降相关算法的比较研究

利用矩阵分解理论分别对整数高斯法、联合去相关法、基于矩阵乔里斯基分解的迭代法、逆整数乔里斯基法和LLL法等降相关算法进行了分类和比较。仿真计算表明：逆整数乔里斯基分解法优于联合去相关法,联合去相关法优于LLL法。     

模糊度降相关的整数分块正交化算法

随着模糊度实数解协方差矩阵维数的增加,由于取整运算舍入误差的影响,LLL降相关算法的成功率低、降相关效果差。本文引入分块正交的思想,设计了整数分块Gram-Schmidt正交化算法,同时联合LLL算法提出了基于整数分块正交化的LLL降相关算法（IBGS-LLL）。利用随机模拟的方法,分析了不同维数下不同分块方式的降相关效果,明确了不同模式下算法的分块方式。在动态和静态模式下与改进的LLL算法进行了比较,证明了IBGS-LLL算法在模糊度协方差矩阵降相关方面具有更优的效果和更高的成功率。     

一种基于对角线预排序的模糊度降相关方法

通过分析基于升序排列和下三角乔列斯基分解的降相关算法的优缺点,提出了一种模糊度降相关新方法。该方法是基于对角线预排序和上三角乔列斯基分解的降相关算法,不仅保证每次乔列斯基分解的降相关程度最高,而且使降相关后的条件方差大致降序排列。在分析当前常用的降相关效果评价指标的基础上,选取条件数和等价相关系数作为新方法降相关效果的评价指标。应用实测数据进行降相关计算得出,与基于升序排列和下三角乔列斯基分解的降相关算法相比,新方法降相关程度更高,迭代次数更少,可以提高整周模糊度解算过程中条件搜索的效率。     

误差椭圆搜索法EES固定GNSS整周模糊度

LAMBDA方法和改进的LAMBDA方法都使用整数矩阵进行降相关,使得变换后的模糊度方差阵更加对角化,但有时变换后的方差阵的对角线元素的数值量级相差很大,使得搜索空间有些扁长,为了避免这些情况的发生,本文提出一种更加理想的新的EES(error ellipse search,误差椭圆搜索)方法来进行整周模糊度的固定。由于实数矩阵可以使降相关达到各种理想的状态,在降相关方面比整数矩阵更有优势,因此EES方法利用实数矩阵进行降相关,搜索每两个模糊度之间的最佳误差椭圆,使得变换后的方差阵对角线元素趋于同一量级,搜索空间更加接近于球形。通过实验表明,随着基线长度的增加,EES方法固定模糊度的成功率远远高于LAMBDA方法,缩短了固定整周模糊度需要的历元数,是一种切实可行有效的固定整周模糊度的方法。     

Householder正交变换在模糊度降相关算法中的应用

在GNSS模糊度解算的过程中,由于模糊度之间存在相关性,为减少搜索时间需要对模糊度的协方差矩阵进行降相关处理。降相关算法的优劣将直接影响到模糊度搜索的效率。本文基于Householder正交变换提出了一种新的降相关算法,并利用随机模拟数据和北斗实测数据,从谱条件数、平均相关系数和规约时间3个方面将Householder算法与目前较为流行的LLL算法以及逆整数Cholesky算法进行了对比。通过实验分析得出,Householder算法能够明显改善降相关处理的效果。但是该算法仍存在规约时间较长的不足,需要进一步完善。     

模糊度降相关应用中的整数正交化过程研究

为解决格理论中最近向量和最短向量两大难题而提出的经典LLL算法已成功应用到模糊度降相关领域。由于模糊度降相关中对变换矩阵的要求,LLL算法在GS正交化变换过程中加入了取整运算,通过分析发现算法的整数正交过程在取整舍入误差的基础上还会引入新的误差,并且随着变换的进行该误差还会累积,最终影响正交化的效果。在分析的基础上对整数正交化过程进行改进,并且通过计算分析验证改进算法较之前有了很大的改进。     

降相关对模糊度解算中搜索效率的影响分析

首先理论分析了条件数、正交缺陷度、S(A)等降相关评价指标所表示的几何意义,然后采用LAMBDA算法、LLL规约算法和Seysen规约算法通过模拟和实际数据对模糊度的搜索效果和不同评价指标之间的关系进行了深入计算分析。进一步验证得出"降低模糊度方差分量间的相关性实现最大程度地压缩椭球可以提高搜索效率"的观点是片面的,并通过结果分析表明提高搜索效率的本质在于尽可能地促使基向量按照一定方向排序。     

On lattice reduction algorithms for solving weighted integer least squares problems: comparative study

Decorrelation or reduction theory deals with identifying appropriate lattice bases that aid in accelerating integer search to find the optimal integer solution of the weighted integer least squares problem. Orthogonality defect has been widely used to measure the degree of orthogonality of the reduced lattice bases for many years. This contribution presents an upper bound for the number of integer candidates in the integer search process. This upper bound is shown to be a product of three factors: (1) the orthogonality defect, (2) the absolute value of the determinant of the inverse of the generator matrix of the lattice, and (3) the radius of the search space raised to the power of the dimension of the integer ambiguity vector. Four well-known decorrelation algorithms, namely LLL, LAMBDA, MLAMBDA, and Seysen, are compared. Many simulated data with varying condition numbers and dimensions as well as real GPS data show that the Seysen reduction algorithm reduces the condition number much better than the other algorithms. Also, the number of integer candidates, before and after the reduction process, is counted for all algorithms. Comparing the number of integer candidates, condition numbers, and orthogonality defect reveals that reducing the condition number and the orthogonality defect may not necessarily result in decreasing the number of integer candidates in the search process. Therefore, contrary to the common belief, reducing the orthogonality defect and condition number do not always result in faster integer least squares estimation. The results indicate that LAMBDA and MLAMBDA perform much better in reducing the number of integer candidates than the other two algorithms, despite having a larger orthogonality defect and condition number in some cases. Therefore, these two algorithms can speed up the integer least squares estimation problem in general and the integer ambiguity resolution problem in particular.     

Random simulation and GPS decorrelation

 (i) A random simulation approach is proposed, which is at the centre of a numerical comparison of the performances of different GPS decorrelation methods. The most significant advantage of the approach is that it does not depend on nor favour any particular satellite–receiver geometry and weighting system. (ii) An inverse integer Cholesky decorrelation method is proposed, which will be shown to out-perform the integer Gaussian decorrelation and the Lenstra, Lenstra and Lovász (LLL) algorithm, and thus indicates that the integer Gaussian decorrelation is not the best decorrelation technique and that further improvement is possible. (iii) The performance study of the LLL algorithm is the first of its kind and the results have shown that the algorithm can indeed be used for decorrelation, but that it performs worse than the integer Gaussian decorrelation and the inverse integer Cholesky decorrelation. (iv) Simulations have also shown that no decorrelation techniques available to date can guarantee a smaller condition number, especially in the case of high dimension, although reducing the condition number is the goal of decorrelation. Received: 26 April 2000 / Accepted: 5 March 2001     

Zero-correlation transformation and threshold for efficient GNSS carrier phase ambiguity resolution

The key point of accurate and precise applications of Global Navigation Satellite Systems lies in knowing how to efficiently obtain correct integer ambiguity. One of the methods in solving the ambiguity resolution problem is applying the ambiguity searching technique coupled with an ambiguity decorrelation technique. Traditionally, an integer-valued limitation of the transformation matrix ensures that the integer characteristic of candidates exists after the inverse transformation, but this also makes the decorrelation imperfect. In this research, the float transformation matrix will be considered. To ensure both the integer characteristic and perfect decorrelation can be reached, the float transformation is used indirectly. To solve the ambiguity resolution problem, the problem is transformed by integer and float transformation matrices. The objective of integer transformation is reducing the number of candidates. The target of float transformation is validating these reduced candidates. A zero correlation domain or a near complete diagonalization covariance matrix can be obtained via the float transformation. A space in this domain will be used as the threshold; hence the zero correlation domain is called the threshold domain. The number of ambiguity candidates based on integer transformation can be reduced once again through the proposed method. The experiments in this paper prove that the method can make the ambiguity resolution become more efficient without any drop in the accuracy.     

单频GPS动态定位中整周模糊度的一种快速解算方法

针对单频GPS动态定位中常用模糊度求解方法存在的问题,提出一种整周模糊度快速解算方法。首先通过对双差观测方程中坐标参数的系数阵进行QR分解变换以消除坐标参数,从而仅对模糊度参数建立Kalman滤波方程进行估计,然后利用排序和双Cholesky分解对滤波得到的模糊度进行降相关处理,并结合收缩模糊度搜索空间的思想来搜索固定整周模糊度。以实测的动态数据为例对该方法进行测试。分析结果表明,该方法不但可以改善模糊度浮点解精度,而且具有良好的模糊度降相关效果,可正确有效地实现整周模糊度的快速解算。