东海特定海区表层沉积物中磷的形态、分布及其环境意义

对国家海洋局第二海洋研究所1998年5月调查过程中采集的长江口外东海特定海区表层沉积物综合运用了EDEX、ASPILA和李悦方法进行了系统的总磷及其磷赋存形态分析。把磷分为5种赋存形态：吸附态、铁结合态、钙结合态、碎屑态和有机态。同时，结合其他沉积物性质和化学组分以及海水环境特征，讨论了磷的地球化学特征及其环境意义。研究表明，表层沉积物中总磷(TP)、有机磷(0P)和铁结合态磷(Fe—P)的含量主要受控于物质来源；吸附态磷(Ad-P)与Fe—P和0P同属于沉积物中生物可利用磷范畴，其在沉积物中的循环主要与铁氧化物有关，钙结合态磷(Ca—P)主要来源于海洋浮游生物。     

三亚湾沉积物中磷释放的初步研究

利用现场调查和室内模拟试验的结果,探讨了三亚湾表层沉积物中磷的形态与磷释放的关系以及环境条件变化对该湾沉积物中磷释放的影响。结果表明,三亚湾海水总磷(TP)中以总溶解磷(TDP)为主,总溶解磷约占总磷61%,其余形态磷约占总磷30.7%。初步计算了三亚湾沉积物 海水界面间DIP、TDP和TP的扩散通量分别为15.31、64.99和330.50μmol·(m2·d)-1。沉积物总磷(PT)中以无机结合态磷(PIN)为主,无机结合态磷约占沉积物总磷70.7%,其余形态磷约占沉积物总磷33.3%。沉积物中磷释放取决于磷的形态,总磷、有机结合态磷(POR)和无机结合态磷在沉积物磷的释放中所起的作用较大,其余形态的磷所起的作用较小。温度、盐度和pH的变化对沉积物中磷释放均产生一定的影响,相关分析表明,TDP和DIP这2种形态磷均具有相似的释放规律。     

花鸟山外海域几种形态磷在柱状沉积物中的分布及环境意义

综合运用 SEDEX化学法、ASPILA化学法和 XRF仪器分析法 ,对在东海赤潮多发区花鸟山外海域采集的柱状沉积物进行了总磷及其不同形态磷含量的系统分析。研究表明 ,总磷及其不同形态磷在沉积柱垂向上的分布有一定的变化规律。在采样深度范围内 ,总磷 (TP)、有机磷 (OP)和铁结合态磷 (Fe - P)的含量自下而上增高 ,而吸附态磷 (Ad - P)、自生钙结合态磷 (Ca- P)与碎屑态磷 (De- P)的含量向上递减。样品柱具有较均匀的粒度及矿物、化学组成 ,基本可以排除沉积物质来源和沉积环境变化对沉积物中磷含量的影响 ,而且也不能仅仅用早期成岩作用来解释磷的上述行为。不同形态磷在柱状沉积物中的分布规律 ,在一定程度上反映了近年来陆源区环境污染加剧的趋势。     

胶州湾柱状沉积物中无机与有机磷的形态研究

研究了胶州湾柱状沉积物磷的存在形态、浓度水平及其分布特征.结果表明3种形态磷的浓度为:总磷(TP) 12.78 μmol·g-1;无机磷(IP)9.60 μmol·g-1;有机磷(OP)3.18 μmol·g-1.无机态磷占总磷的75%,为沉积物中磷的主要存在形式.磷在柱状沉积物中的分布呈上层低(0～10cm),中间层段(66～90cm)略高,155cm以深层段浓度稳定且较低的态势,尤以TP和IP表现明显.磷在上层沉积物中浓度水平较低的现象可能与近年来入湾河流磷的输入量较低有关.     

东、黄海柱状沉积物中有机磷与无机磷的含量与分布研究

研究了东、黄海海域典型站位柱状沉积物中总磷(TP)、无机磷(IP)及有机磷(OP)的含量及其分布特征.东海、黄海海域3种形态磷的浓度范围分别如下:东海:TP 13.73～19.85 μmol·g~(-1),IP 11.39～16.03 μmol·g~(-1)和OP 2.11～3.81 μmol·g~(-1);黄海:TP 14.44～18.33 μmol·g~(-1);IP 11.79～15.88 μmol·g~(-1)和OP 2.45～2.65 μmol·g~(-1).两海区沉积物中IP/TP和OP/TP变化范围分别为79%～88%和12%～21%.IP是研究海域沉积物中磷的主要存在形式,陆源输入为影响沉积物磷浓度的主要因素.地处长江口附近的E4站和东海中部海区的E6站分别为所有调查站位中各形态磷浓度的最高和最低者.不同海区柱状沉积物中各形态磷浓度的垂直分布特点不同.其分布特征在一定程度上反映了相应历史时段该站位营养盐输入水平、自然条件和人类活动的重大变化.     

厦门湾沉积物中磷的形态特征及环境意义

2010年3月在厦门湾采集表层沉积物,应用改进的化学试剂连续分级浸取法(SEDEX)法对其中的弱吸附态磷(Ads-P)、铁结合态磷(Fe-P)、自生磷灰石及钙结合态磷(Ca-P)、碎屑态磷(De-P)和有机态磷(OP)的含量进行了分析测定,结合沉积物的环境参数,讨论了各种形态磷的地球化学行为。Ads-P、Fe-P、Ca-P、De-P、OP和总磷(TP)平均含量分别为9.80μg·g-1、148.69μg·g-1、14.07μg·g-1、136.89μg·g-1、91.97μg·g-1和401.41μg·g-1。研究表明,沉积物中的TP受陆源输入影响较小;Ads-P和Ca-P含量主要源于海区内部生物地球化学过程;De-P、OP和Fe-P主要受陆源输入影响;Ca-P、De-P和OP与重金属(Cu、Pb、Cd和As)具有化学耦合作用,在沉积过程中,可能具有相似地球化学行为。     

不同规格刺参的生物扰动作用对沉积物中磷赋存形态及吸附特性的影响

本实验研究了不同规格刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)的生物扰动作用对沉积物中磷赋存形态及吸附特性的影响。实验设置了5、15和30g/头3个刺参规格处理组和1个空白对照组,分别标记为S5、S15、S30和S0,每组设置4个重复。通过SMT分布浸提法和磷吸附特性实验,分别测定了各处理组沉积物中磷不同赋存形态的含量以及沉积物对磷的吸附特征参数。研究表明:(1)S30组大规格刺参生物扰动作用显著增加了无机磷(IP)和铁/铝结合态磷(NaOH-P)的含量,而有机磷(OP)和总磷(TP)的含量则显著减少(P0.05);生物扰动作用强度随着刺参规格减小而减弱,S5组刺参生物扰动作用对磷赋存形态的影响不显著(P0.05)。(2)底质中钙结合态磷(HCl-P)为磷的主要形态,其性质比较稳定,各规格处理组中刺参的生物扰动作用对其影响不显著(P0.05)。(3)S15和S30组底泥K_d值显著降低,ECP_0值显著增大(P0.05),而S5组刺参的生物扰动作用对K_d值和ECP_0值的影响不显著(P0.05)。(4)S0组MBC和K_f值随着时间增加而显著减小(P0.05),而处理组S5、S15和S30的MBC和K_f值随时间无显著变化(P0.05)。结果表明:随着刺参养殖规格的增加,刺参的生物扰动作用可以有效降低沉积物中有机物(包括有机磷)的含量,通过提高沉积物的氧化还原电位,促进有机磷(OP)的降解、矿化和部分向铁/铝结合态磷(NaOH-P)转变,增强了沉积物对磷的吸附能力,减少了水体富营养化的危险。     

南黄海表层沉积磷的赋存形态及其对水体富营养化态势的影响

南黄海水体富营养化日益加剧,作为我国绿潮孕育和暴发的主要场所,其水体富营养化的形成演变机制仍未完全清楚。为解析该区沉积物中营养元素磷（P）的释放特征和对水体富营养化的潜在贡献,采用改进的连续浸取法（SEDEX）分析了表层沉积中磷的含量水平和赋存形态,探讨了其生物有效性和对水体富营养化态势的影响。研究表明：总磷（TP）平均值为514 mg/kg,处于轻度污染,以无机磷（IP）为主要赋存形态（76.39%）,有机磷（OP）次之,IP又以Ca-P为主（30.17%）。各形态磷平均贡献依次为OP>Ca-P>De-P>Fe-P>Ex-P。Ca-P和De-P属于生物不可利用磷,在沉积物中稳定性较强,在较粗粒径沉积物中含量较高。Ex-P和Fe-P易吸附于细颗粒沉积物表面,pH、温度、水体动力和氧化还原条件等是影响其吸附-释放的主要因素,南黄海海水酸化将促进Ex-P和Fe-P向海水释放,加剧海水富营养化程度。OP变化趋势显示,近岸以陆源输入为主,远岸生物过程具有重要贡献。南黄海生物有效磷（BAP:Ex-P+Fe-P+OP）平均值为240.1 mg/kg,占TP的46.4%,表明...     

南沙群岛海域表层沉积物中磷的形态分布特征

根据2002年56月南沙群岛海域调查时采集的表层沉积物样品,分析了磷的含量并把磷分为总磷(PT)、无机磷(PIN)、有机磷(POR)、非磷灰石结合态磷(PNAI)、磷灰石结合态磷(PAI)5种赋存形态。利用EPM-810Q电子探针测试沉积物的化学成分,讨论了沉积物中磷的形态和分布以及沉积物的地球化学特征与环境的意义。结果表明,调查海区表层沉积物中磷灰石结合态磷与无机磷的含量变化主要受控于生物活动,它们具有同源关系,同属可被生物利用而再次进人生物地球化学循环的磷。沉积物中的总磷和有机磷与FeO显著相关。沉积物中磷灰石结合态磷与CaO显著相关,它的来源和输入方式受控于水体中碎屑颗粒沉积作用的影响。     

台湾海峡中、北部沉积物中磷的存在形态

本文讨论了磷的5种存在形态及其分布规律,海洋沉淀物中磷是以有机磷(Po_(rg))、和无机磷(p_(Inorg))形式存在,有机磷是有机质的组成部分,无机磷又分为钙结合磷(P_(Ca))、铝结合磷(P_(Al))、铁结合磷(P_(Fe))和可溶性磷(P_(sol))。 本海区P_(Ca)占总无机磷含量的90%,P_(Al),P_(Fe)与有机碳(C_(Org)),Cu,Zn含量呈正相关,P_(Sol)含量与氧化还原环境有关,还原条件下含量增大。     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.     

A Tidal Flow Model for the Gulf of Kachchh, India

A vertically integrated model has been used to study the tidal circulation and currents in the Gulf of Kachchh along the west coast of India. The model is fully nonlinear and uses a semiexplicit finite difference scheme to solve the basic hydrodynamic equations on a staggered grid. The model is forced by prescribing the tides along the open boundary of the model domain. The flow is simulated both with and without the presence of the proposed tidal barrage across the Hansthal Creek in the Gulf of Kachchh. The results show a considerable change in the behavior of the tidal flow in the presence of the barrage.     

利用中国GF-3卫星SAR和HY-2A卫星微波散射计的首次台风联合定量观测

<正>The typhoon,as a mature tropical cyclone that develops in the western part of the North Pacific Ocean with high wind speed and heavy rainfall,is one of the most lethal and costly of natural disasters for the densely populated countries of East Asia.It can be easily detected by space-borne sensors operated at microwave,visible or infrared bands(Liu et al.,2014).Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)is     

离子交换—原子吸收光谱法测定海水中痕量铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰

本文介绍了用国产D401型螯合树脂分离富集海水中铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰等痕量元素,并用原子吸收光谱仪测定其含量的方法。讨论了各元素的分离条件选择及干扰元素的影响,并与溶剂萃取法的结果作了比较。各元素检测的定量下限为:铜0.5μg/L、铅0.1μg/L、锌1.0μg/L、镉0.01μg/L、铁2.0μg/L、锰2.0μg/L。方法精密度在4—8％之间,回收率为90—102％。     

Biogeochemistry of Mangrove Soil Organic Matter: a Comparison BetweenRhizophoraandAvicenniaSoils in South-eastern Brazil

Soil core samples fromRhizophora mangleL. andAvicennia schauerianaStapf & Leech forests from south-eastern Brazil were analysed for their total organic matter content and their sugars, amino acid and amino sugars composition. Organic carbon and nitrogen contents were higher inAvicenniathan inRhizophorasoils. The contribution of sugars and amino acids to the total organic carbon pool was constant with depth inRhizophorasoils whereas inAvicenniasoils it increased. Spectral distribution of sugars and amino acids showed a dominance of Ca-affine monomers, particularly acidic amino acids, and the sugar arabinose. Biogeochemical indicators derived from ratios of individual sugar and amino acid monomers confirm previous studies which showed that organic matter in both soils is mainly of mangrove origin. The results further suggest accumulation of organic matter inRhizophorasoils and a continuing degradation of organic matter inAvicenniasoils. The latter may thus release more nutrients to adjacent ecosystems thanRhizophorasoils.     

A review of orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus fisheries,estimation methods,biology and stock structure

Orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus are unusual fish. They form dense aggregations that have fuelled lucrative fisheries at great depths (600–1 400 m), especially off Namibia, New Zealand and Australia. They are thought to be very long-lived (>100 years, maturity at 22 – 40 years), and to have exceptionally low natural mortality (M = 0.045–0.064 year^?1) and slow growth rates (K = 0.055–0.070 year^?1). In addition, they spawn large eggs and have low fecundity. These factors combine to make orange roughy highly susceptible to overfishing; most stocks are below 30% of pristine levels. Assessments are obtained from indices of catch rate and trawl, acoustic and egg surveys. Acoustic estimates are the most direct, but are confounded by the species' low target strength (?50 to ?53 dB)–attributable to the wax-filled swim bladder. Extracellular wax esters are stored in abundance and comprise mostly mono-unsaturated fatty acids, with low concentrations of the ω-3 fatty acid family. This unusual composition (resultant from the species' diet) ensures neutral buoyancy. Stock separation has been inferred mainly from biological studies, but genetic studies have also found differences among stocks within New Zealand and Australia. Deep-water habitat may be damaged by trawling operations and may take many years to recover, so in some quarters there is a call for a portion of suitable habitat to be set aside for preservation. Although Namibian orange roughy are shallower, smaller and younger than those in other stocks, the Namibian fishery sustained high catches for only a few years before quotas were reduced, from 12 000 to 1 875 tons. Three management lessons are suggested for developing orange roughy fisheries based on the Namibian experience: (1) imposition of catch limits during exploratory fishing; (2) starting the acoustic surveys earlier in the fishery, if possible; (3) greater reliance on trends in catch rate until a survey series has been established.