首都圈地区精细地壳结构——基于重力场的反演

本文以地质与地球物理资料作为约束条件,利用小波多尺度分析方法,对首都圈地区重力场进行了有效分离,应用Parker位场界面反演法及变密度模型对莫霍界面进行了反演分析,并构建了两条地壳密度结构剖面模型,对该区精细地壳结构进行了深入研究.研究结果表明首都圈地区受多期构造运动的改造,形成坳、隆相邻,盆、山相间,密度非均匀性,壳内结构与莫霍面埋深相差比较大的地壳分块构造格局.受华北克拉通岩石圈伸展、减薄以及岩浆的上涌底侵作用,首都圈地区莫霍面起伏比较大,莫霍面区域构造方向呈NE-NNE方向,在盆地向太行山、燕山过渡地带形成了莫霍面陡变带;盆地内部莫霍面形成东西向排列、高低起伏的框架,最大起伏约5 km,但平均地壳厚度比较小,北京、唐山地区地壳厚度最小约29 km,武清凹陷地壳厚度最大约34 km.在重力均衡调整作用下,西部太行山区地壳厚度较大,但地壳密度小于华北裂谷盆地内部;中上地壳重力场特征与地表地形及地貌特征具有很大的相关性.受新生代裂谷作用影响,首都圈中上地壳结构非常复杂,形成了NNE方向为主体的构造单元,断层多下延至中地壳;下地壳发生明显的褶曲构造,表现出高低密度异常相间排列的典型特征;首都圈地区地壳密度具有明显的非均匀性.研究认为首都圈地区地震的发生与上地幔顶部及软流层物质的上涌有一定关系.     

用压缩质面法反演重力资料以估算地壳构造

本文用压缩质面来近似二维地质体。先由地面上测得的重力数据用矩阵方法反演此压缩质面各单元的面密度,然后从面密度与体密度差的关系求得各二维质体单元的厚度,进而得到各单元的近似地壳厚度。经正演校验和反复调整结果,使计算的重力异常值与实际测量值之残差小到满足要求,从而得到较准确的地壳底部界面。 由上地幔,玄武岩层和花岗岩层的密度差异及已算出的地壳厚度,从重力异常中分解出莫霍界面和康腊界面起伏所分别引起的重力异常。将后者同样用反演地壳厚度的压缩质面法进行计算,得到康腊界面。 文中以三种假想的地壳模型和一个实测剖面为例来检验本方法,并用其他确定地壳界面方法所得到的结果相比较,表明本文提出的压缩质面法结果较好。     

黄海及邻区莫霍面起伏特征

针对地壳构造形成的动力学机制,在广泛收集区域地质、地质构造和地球物理等资料的基础上,着重对重力数据进行了数字化、坐标、重力公式、投影方式和比例尺的统一化处理,进而进行了网格化处理.为将区域异常和局部异常分离开来,以便以对深部构造的系统研究,笔者选取趋势分析法分别对研究区内预处理后的布格重力异常数据(Δg)进行了三维多项式迭代拟合计算,得到了区域布格重力异常二阶、五阶、十阶趋势分析结果.继而,利用二级近似公式迭代法对布格重力异常五阶趋势分析区域异常数据进行了三维运算处理,得到了黄海及周边地区的莫霍面埋深值.分析了黄海及邻区莫霍面起伏特征,并进行了深部构造区划,探讨了深部断裂构造与莫霍面起伏间的成因联系,为深部构造和活动断裂演化的地球动力学研究提供了依据.     

晋东北及邻区重力三维正、反演的初步结果

本文根据地质和区域重力资料,利用重力三维正、反演方法研究得到了晋东北地区地壳深部构造。通过三维正演,得到了不同深度的剩余重力异常;用一个已知的莫霍界面的深度值,反演出了全区地壳厚度的平面分布。在此基础上,对一些活动断裂和构造的深度以及地震和第四纪火山活动的地壳深部构造背景进行了探讨。研究还发现,沿北纬40°线可能存在一条深部剪切构造带。     

龙门山断裂带地壳密度结构

研究龙门山及邻区地壳密度结构对于认识该地区地震活动性具有重要意义.根据龙门山及邻区( 100°～105°E,28°～33°N)的布格重力异常资料,选取了跨越龙门山断裂带的6条重力测线,在深地震测深资料约束下,使用Geosoft软件分别反演出了龙门山地区地下的沉积层、康拉德界面和莫霍面的深度分布.研究结果表明:龙门山断裂带两侧的地壳结构明显不同,西面高原地区沉积层较薄,大部分为基岩出露;而东边盆地沉积层明显较厚,多在6km以上.莫霍面和康拉德面在两侧均相对平缓,康拉德面从东部的大约24km增加到青藏高原山区的35km左右;莫霍面深度从东部盆地的大约42km增加到西部青藏高原的67km左右.龙门山断裂带整体表现为一条近SN向的陡变重力梯度带,并在其地壳内各界面均发生错断,莫霍面和康拉德面错断距离分别达6 ～ 7km和3～ 5km.该区地壳的这种陡变和不均匀性是导致地震活动性强烈的主要原因之一.     

河北省南部及邻区的地壳深部构造与地震

本文利用区域布格重力异常图(1:100万)和地质构造资料来研究河北省南部及其相邻地区的地壳深部构造特征,并讨论其与强震发生的关系。方法主要是运用三维重力正演计算,层层消除地壳浅部对布格重力异常的影响,得出一系列剩余重力异常和剩余深部重力异常,再根据异常图形的变换,探讨一些活动断裂和构造由浅到深的变化趋势。还用三维重力反演计算,求出了全区莫霍界面的深度,得到了全区的地壳厚度图,进而分析强震区的深部构造背景,这些对地震地质和烈度区划是有意义的。     

川西高原重磁异常特征与构造背景分析

川西高原位于青藏高原东缘,是我国大陆地壳构造变形及地震活动最强烈的区域.利用最新重力、航磁资料,通过异常分析和反演计算,研究了该区鲜水河断裂、理塘断裂、金沙江断裂的重磁异常特征、莫霍面特征、居里面特征,分析得出了这些断裂的深部地质结构与构造背景.计算表明:川西高原莫霍面东南浅、西北深,地壳厚度在43~63km之间.居里面特征表现为条带状,深度在17~23km之间.其中,鲜水河断裂带对应莫霍面深度梯度带,居里面为高低起伏圈闭.理塘断裂带北段莫霍面局部隆坳相间,南段莫霍面逐渐抬升,居里面呈现由西向东加深的梯度带.金沙江断裂带,居里面形成局部抬升,深部可能存在高温地热异常源.综合分析认为,川西高原地壳结构主要特点为:增厚的下地壳,热-塑性变形的中地壳,脆性变形的上地壳.     

南海及邻区莫霍面深度分布特征及其与各构造单元的关系

为了研究南海及邻区莫霍面分布特征及其与边缘海盆、海沟、岛弧、新生代沉积盆地的关系等构造单元的关系,本文通过对研究区的空间重力异常数据进行全布格改正,得到研究区内的布格重力异常,并以近年来的声纳浮标探测与海底地震仪探测剖面所得到的莫霍面深度资料为控制点采用三维带控制点界面反演方法得到了研究区的莫霍面深度图和地壳厚度图.本...     

东海及其邻域壳-幔结构与展布特征

莫霍面是地壳和上地幔的分界面,是个重要的密度界面,东海莫霍面的展布特征,对于研究东海深部构造具有重要意义.利用最新重力异常数据反演莫霍面深度,结合前人的莫霍面深度结果,分析东海及其邻域的壳－幔结构与展布特征.从莫霍面深度图可见东海及其邻域莫霍面起伏变化很大,深度在12～34 km之间变化,东海及其邻域地壳厚度为6～34km,东海陆架地区地壳厚度变化与大陆地区相比并不明显,显著减薄开始于冲绳海槽地区,琉球岛弧处地壳厚度明显再度增加,莫霍面呈现两凹两凸形态,认为东海及其邻域地壳自西而东从陆壳－过渡壳－洋壳逐渐过渡的.     

基于布格重力数据研究郯庐断裂带江苏段深部构造

本文收集了郯庐断裂带江苏段及周边地区的布格重力数据,利用小波多尺度分析方法对该地区的重力场进行场源分离,深入研究了区域地壳密度结构及断裂空间展布特征,并应用Parker密度界面模型对区域莫霍界面进行反演分析.研究结果如下:(1)布格重力场显示,郯庐断裂带江苏段形成了NNE走向的大型的重力高异常条带及重力梯度带,分隔了华北板块和苏胶块体、下扬子板块,成为区域内重要的地球物理分界线;(2)小波重力细节场揭示,沉积层及上地壳结构复杂,郯庐断裂带的5条主干断裂形成线性异常条带贯穿区域中央,控制着断裂带内部的隆凹构造单元.中下地壳结构相对简单,郯庐断裂带形成宽缓的高、低异常区,洪泽-沟墩断裂、淮阴-响水口断裂、宿迁-无锡断裂等深大断裂与之交切,而邵店-桑墟断裂不与之相交.受宿迁-无锡断裂交切的影响,郯庐断裂带江苏段在宿迁地区出现明显的分段性;(3)区域莫霍面形态东高西低,郯庐断裂带形成了莫霍面陡变带,造成了东西分异的格局,泗洪地区出现莫霍面局部上隆区,可能由于软流层或上地幔高密度物质上隆所致.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Foreword

Destructive earthquakes have caused great damage in China and the United States and collapsing buildings havecaused many deaths and injuries. The field of earthquake engineering studies earthquake hazards, the occurrence ofearthquakes of various magnitudes, the nature of the ground shaking during an earthquake, the vibration of structuresduring earthquakes, the strengthening of existing structures and the design of new structures to be earthquake resistant,and finally, how to cope with earthquake damage and restore a city to normal functioning. Such efforts are in progressin both countries, but unfortunately, the language barrier interferes with the free flow of information between China andthe Untied States. It would be mutually beneficial if some means could be developed to promote the exchangeof information across the Pacific Ocean. This new journal has been established for this purpose and its success willbe an important step in promoting earthquake engineering in China and the United States.     

WORLD ASSOCIATION FOR SEDIMENTATION AND EROSION RESEARCH(WASER)

正President:Giampaolo Di Silvio,Italy Vice Presidents:Ulrich C.E.Zanke,Germany Zhao-yin Wang,China The World Association for Sedimentation and Erosion Research(WASER),inaugurated on Oct.19,2004,is an independent non-governmental,non-profit organization.The mission of WASER is to promote international co-operation on the study     

Enhancing remote sensing research on global change to improve our understanding on Earth system processes

正Global Change includes climate change and other environmental changes caused by the joint interaction among various layers of Earth. From the positive side, global change provides new opportunities to human and other living forms on Earth. In the meantime, it creates tremendous challenges and negative impact. At present, the negative impacts have reached all primary processes of the global ecosystem and every aspect of human society, especially causing degradation of the ecosystem. For instance, intensive deforestation causes decline of biodiversity; global warming causes sea level rise and increases     

Dissolved Carbohydrate Concentration,Composition, and Bioavailability to Microbial Heterotrophs in Stream Water

Dissolved total carbohydrates (DTCH), dissolved free monosaccharides (DFMS), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), biodegradable DOC (BDOC), and humic substances (HS) were measured in White Clay Creek (WCC), a stream in southeastern Pennsylvania Piedmont, USA. Samples were collected over different seasons and under baseflow and stormflow conditions. DOC concentrations ranged from 1.0 to 12.8 mg/L C with the highest concentrations associated with stormflows. Carbohydrates ranged from 0.42 to 12.4 μM and accounted for 2.9 to 12.7% of the DOC. Humic substances represented the major DOC fraction, accounting for 55 to 72% of the DOC pool under all flow conditions. The humic fraction had a lower carbohydrate content (4.4%) than the non-humic fraction of DOC (7.2%). Stormflow DOC was enriched in carbohydrates relative to baseflow DOC, but the percentage of humic-C changed little. Carbohydrates were primarily present as dissolved polysaccharides (55%), but a significant fraction was bound to humic substances (40%), while a small proportion was present as monosaccharides (5%). The major monosaccharides in stream water, listed in order of decreasing concentration, included glucose, galactose, rhamnose, xylose, arabinose, mannose, and fucose. On average (30.6 ± 7.4)% (n = 44) of the stream water DOC was biodegradable, and carbohydrates accounted for 9.9 to 17.7% of the BDOC.