Electron microscopy studies of akermanites (Ca1−xSrx)2CoSi2O7 with modulated structure

Single crystals of akermanite (Ca_1–x Sr _x )₂Co-Si₂O₇ solid solution were grown in nitrogen by the floating zone method using a lamp-image furnace. The grown crystals were 6 mm in diameter by 50 mm in length. Microprobe analyses indicate uniform strontium content x except in the initially crystallized part. Synthetic crystals with x from 0.0 to 0.3 give, at room temperature, satellite reflections and circular diffuse scatterings in the electron diffraction pattern, which are related to an incommensurate phase and microdomains, respectively. With increasing Sr content the wavelength of a modulation increases and the intensity of satellites decreases, but the intensity of circular diffuse scattering increases up to x=0.15 and then decreases until eventually the satellites and the circular diffuse scatterings disappear at x = 0.3. The circular diffuse scattering is explained by the cluster model for the transition state, proposed by De Ridder et al. (1976).     

Modulations in incommensurate (Ca1–xSrx)2MgSi2O7 single crystals

Single crystals of (Ca_1–xSr_x)₂MgSi₂O₇ slightly doped with 1000 ppm Mn²⁺ and with x ranging from 0.04 to 0.32 were grown from the melt in a mirror furnace applying the Czochalski technique. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed incommensurately modulated structures at room-temperature for all compositions in accordance with earlier studies by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). Electron diffraction patterns clearly show satellite reflections typical for two-dimensional modulation, and their successive destabilization with increasing Sr content. The modulation is of tartan-like appearance. Beyond a Sr/(Sr+Ca) ratio of about 0.32 the synthesis of stable solid solution åkermanite type crystals was proved not to be feasible, indicating the existence of a miscibility gap in the Sr åkermanite system. As presumed from the diffuse scattering around the satellite reflections, and suggested more conclusively by crystallographic processing of high resolution EM images the Sr ions incorporated into the incommensurate crystal phase are distributed in an ordered fashion and are partly adapted to the displacive modulation of the pure åkermanite. This means, occupational modulation even makes a contribution to the overall modulation characteristics in (Ca_1–xSr_x)₂ MgSi₂O₇.     

Rigid Unit Modes in disordered nepheline: a study of a displacive incommensurate phase transition

 Calculations of the Rigid Unit Modes (RUMs) allowed in the nepheline structure are used to explain the diffuse scattering previously seen in electron diffraction experiments. The RUM calculations also show that the modulation wavelength for incommensurate nephelines is essentially determined by the framework topology. X-ray diffraction is used to measure the intensity of the diffuse scattering as a function of temperature. The diffuse intensity increases sharply at 308 K. This effect is interpreted as being due to the softening of a phonon mode, indicating a phase transition. Measurements of this phase transition below the transition temperature are made using hard mode infrared spectroscopy. Received: 17 February 1999 / Revised, accepted. 15 October 1999     

基于SNR的GPS-IR技术机理分析

鉴于现有研究对GPS-IR技术的反射波接收、低高度角信噪比观测值的使用、信噪比残差的形态等机理还未阐释清楚,且几乎是通过实验进行解释,因此,从理论和实验2个方面对GPS-IR技术机理进行分析。理论和实验证明:GPS卫星发射的右旋圆极化波经一次反射后部分转换为左旋圆极化波,转换比例随着高度角和介电常数增大而变大,当右旋圆极化波垂直入射到理想导体表面时,经一次反射才能全部转换为左旋圆极化波;同时在测量型GPS接收机安装有抑径板的情况下,因衍射现象的存在,测量型GPS接收机天线仍能接收反射波中的右旋圆极化波。当高度角越小或介电常数越大时,GPS入射波中的垂直极化波和平行极化波的能量透射到反射物中就越少,其反射波的强度就越大,信噪比受反射波影响就越严重,且能够接收的右旋圆极化波较多,因此GPS-IR使用的是低高度角(如30°以下)的信噪比观测值。当高度角变化范围较小时,信噪比残差序列呈近似"余弦曲线"形态,从而建立了基于信噪比残差的反演模型。     

Mechanism Analysis of GPS-IR Technology Based on SNR

The available research on technology mechanism of reflected wave reception, the use of the SNR observations of low elevating angle and the form of SNR residuals for GPS-IR is not clear enough, and they are almost interpreted by experiments. This paper analyzed the GPS-IR technology mechanism from the aspects of theories and experiments. The right hand circular polarized wave transmitted by GPS satellite is partly converted into left hand circular polarized wave after one reflection, and the conversion ratio increases with the increase of satellite elevating angle and dielectric constant. When the right hand circular polarized wave is perpendicular to the surface of the perfect conductor, it can be all converted into left hand circular polarized wave after a reflection; At the same time, in the case of the measuring GPS receiver equipped with the baffle plate, because of the diffraction phenomenon, the antenna of the measuring GPS receiver can still receive the right hand circular polarized wave in the reflected signal. When the elevating angle is smaller or the dielectric constant of the reflector is larger, the less GPS incident wave energy of vertically polarized wave and parallel polarized wave is transmitted to the reflector. The more intense the reflected wave is, the worse the SNR is affected by the reflected wave, and there are more right hand circular polarized waves that can be received. Therefore, the GPS-IR uses the SNR observations of low elevating angle (such as under 30°). When the elevating angle changes and the range is smaller, the SNR residuals sequence is approximately "cosine curve", and thus, an inversion model based on SNR residuals is established.     

地下圆形衬砌隧道对沿线地震动的影响(II):数值结果

利用地下圆形衬砌隧道对入射平面P波和SV波散射级数解答，定量分析了入射波长、入射角度、隧道直径、衬砌刚度等因素对沿线地表位移放大作用的影响。计算结果表明，当入射频率较低时，地下隧道的存在对地表位移幅值影响不大；而当入射频率较高时，地表位移幅值可以达到无隧道情况的4．5倍以上；衬砌情况下地表位移幅值可以高出非衬砌情况的87．8％。建议在地铁的规划设计中考虑地下隧道的建设对隧道沿线设计地震动的影响。     

Small angle neutron scattering by opals

Micro- and non-crystalline opals, chalcedony and flint show diffuse small angle neutron scattering (SANS). Precious opals give rise to two additional intensity maxima at very small scattering angles which are due to Bragg reflections from the closest packed non-crystalline silica spheres. A small angle texture diagram reveals that the closest packing is faulty. Synthetic non-crystalline opals yield much less intense small angle scattering due to lower contrast between silica spheres and interstitial cement or particles; in this case intensity maxima were not observed. The outer part of the scattering curves of opal-CT and microcrystalline quartz deviates from Porod's law. The specific surface of natural non-crystalline opals ranges from 0.006 to 0.018 nm^–1. In microcrystalline opals, the specific surface is about 10 times larger than in non-crystalline opals.     

Turbulent interstellar plasma and ultrahigh angular resolution in radio astronomy

The effects of the modulation of radio waves during their passage through turbulent interstellar plasma on measurements of the structure of radio sources made with ultrahigh angular resolution using space radio interferometers are considered. Typical scattering angles?_{scat, pl} for an extragalactic radio source at various wavelengths are estimated from scattering observations for pulsars and extragalactic sources. The (?₀λ) plane, where ?₀ is the source size and λ is the wavelength of the radio emission, can be divided into five regions, in which different regimes of radio-wave modulation and image reconstruction are realized. Possibilities for image reconstruction in each of these regions are investigated.     

Molecular dynamics study and normal mode analysis of diffuse scattering in quartz

X-ray scattering intensities in quartz were investigated in molecular dynamics (MD) simulation at different temperatures with the aid of normal mode analyses. The MD-simulated structure produced diffuse streaks most remarkably along a hexagon joining symmetry-equivalent points of index 400 in the hk0 plane, extending in ± c ^*. In addition, most Bragg spots were found to be associated by radial diffuse scattering in the six a ^* directions. The normal mode analysis and calculations of first-order scattering intensities showed that the lowest-lying branch in G-M is of transversal acoustic characters, and is responsible for the diffuse scattering radiating from Bragg reflections in the a ^*-directions. The transversal acoustic characters of atomic displacements in these modes provide the scattering in phase at points on the fourth hexagon. Phonon dispersion relations of the MD crystal were examined in view of symmetry-adapted atomic displacement patterns, and a possibility was suggested for two curves in G-M, optic soft branch and transversal acoustic branch polarized in the z axis (the second-lowest branch), to exchange the eigenvectors in the middle range of q (0.2–0.3).     

Spectropolarimetric Observations of Magnetic White Dwarfs with the SAO 6-m Telescope

The results of spectropolarimetric observations of a number of magnetic white dwarfs obtained on the 6-m optical telescope of the Special Astrophysical Observatory are presented. The observations were carried out using the SCORPIO focal aperture-ratio reducer in a spectropolarimetric regime. Two characteristic dependences of the degree of polarization on the wavelength are observed. For one group of objects, the degree of linear polarization grows with wavelength, suggesting that the alignment of atoms and molecules in Rydberg states in the atmosphere of the white dwarf due to the action of its magnetic field influences scattering processes. The second group of objects displays an increase in the degrees of both linear and circular polarization with wavelength, providing evidence for the presence of protoplanetary disks around these magnetic white dwarfs, in which the alignment of circumstellar grains leads to the observed behavior.     

波的传播及其与介质间断相互作用的数值模拟研究

本文用有限差分法模拟研究二维空间中波的传播、散射及其与介质间断的相互作用。文章第一部分运用所模拟的纵波波源讨论了半无限空间表面台阶地形或槽形裂隙所造成的波的散射。这些间断可模拟具有波长量级的悬崖或狭谷。第二部分用差分法与扰动法结合而成的混合法处理半无限空间表面有另一种物质构成的表面浅障碍时波的传播,以模拟山脊、堑沟等地形的影响。此混合法也被用于讨论半无限空间内含有水平夹层或孔隙的问题。所得研究结果对波的传播及其与介质间断的相互作用的理论研究和地震波破坏效应的分析和隔离等应用研究有一定的意义。     

Multi-Scattering of Plane P Waves by Several Fluid-Filled Cavities

The conformal mapping method of complex functions and expansion method of wave functions are adopted, the stresses and displacements at the boundary between the cavities and inner fluids are considered as continuous, and then the theoretical solutions are obtained about the scattering problems of incident P waves by several fluid-filled cavities. Two circular cavities are taken as examples, the influences of frequencies of incident P waves, whether there are inner fluids or not and the spacing distances between the two cavities on the scattering amplitudes are studied, and the results reveal that: the scattering amplitudes of two cavities decrease when the distance between the two cavities increase and they reach constants when the spacing distance exceeds 7.5 times of cavities radius, and the inner fluids would absorb part of energy of the scattered waves and the scattering amplitude of the cavities filled with fluids would slightly smaller than those without fluids.     

Crystal chemistry of nephelines from ijolites and nepheline-rich pegmatites: influence of composition and genesis on the crystal structure investigated by X-ray diffraction

Ten nepheline single crystals from five different localities representing rocks from nepheline-syenite pegmatites to urtite, ijolite and cancrinite-ijolite were investigated chemically and structurally. The chemical compositions were determined by electron microprobe, whereas the crystal structures were refined against X-ray diffraction data to R values of 0.022?C0.031. In all cases the crystal structures conformed to space group P6₃, but at the same time all crystals produced some satellite reflections testifying to the modulation effects in their structure. This work confirms the presence of satellite reflections as a universal property of nepheline and resolves some controversy about this issue present in older works. The samples show a range of compositions with variable excess of Si over Al combined with vacancies in the alkaline sites. Vacancies are present exclusively in the symmetric ditrigonal channels occupied preferentially by K atoms in natural nepheline. The influence of the variable amounts of K, Na and vacancies to the increase of volume at this site is shown to be in the order ??>K>Na. It has been confirmed that natural nepheline can partly depart from Loewenstein??s rule and show some degree of disorder in the Si/Al distribution. Most of the samples revealed a practically full Si-Al-ordering, but the crystals from one of the nepheline-syenite pegmatites in Langesundsfjord, Norway and from the type locality of ijolite, Iivaara, Finland, showed a disorder of 10?C20% suggesting a different cooling history for these rocks.     

圆弧形沉积谷地对平面P波的三维散射解析解

采用大圆弧面来模拟半空间表面,利用波函数展开法在频域内给出了圆弧形沉积谷地形对平面P波三维散射的一个解析解,并以此解答为基础,进一步分析了入射波频率和入射角度对圆弧形沉积谷地场地反应的影响。数值结果表明,入射波的频率和入射角度对圆弧形沉积谷地场地反应有重要影响。     

The superstructure of plagioclase feldspars

A modulation function representing the position and density of (Na, Ca) atoms in the superstructure of the e-plagioclase has been derived from the average structures of different plagioclase and a general modulation theory. Based on this function the superstructure of bytownite (An₇₃) has been studied with the single crystal X-ray method. The cell dimensions by Megaw's axes are a=7.946(3)A, b=67.09(2)A, c=12.236(4)A, α=39.03(1)°, β=45.63(1)° and γ=59.63(1)°. Z=18(Na, Ca) Al(Al, Si)Si₂O₈. The initial phase factor of the modulation function for bytownite has been obtained from the intensity data of the satellite reflections. This modulation function indicates a coherent small-scale alternation of the Na-rich and Ca-rich bands in the superstructure. This superstructure has been refined by applying the albite and anorthite structures to the Na-rich and Ca-rich bands, respectively. The change of the superstructure of the e-plagioclase due to the compositional change has been described based on the movements of the satellites in reciprocal space. The direction of the coherent small-scale intergrowth of the anorthite-like and albite-like bands is perpendicular to the t vector. The thickness of the intergrowth is 1/|t|. Both direction and thickness change regularly from An₇₅ to An₂₅.     

Kationenaustausch von Peristeriten mit Beobachtungen an Pulver- und Einkristallaufnahmen

Plagioclase crystals with compositions in the peristerite range have been studied by Weissenberg method. Many reflections with small Bragg angles are found to show three distinct peaks. The middle peak vanishes with increasing values of Bragg angles. On the contrary, the first fifty lines of the corresponding powder photographs could be indexed on the basis of only one lattice. All these observations can be explained with the help of a satellite theory, assuming the existence of a coherently scattering, modulated lattice.     

Meteorological waves (by Ocean Color Scanner Data)

Data of normalized water leaving radiance at a wavelength 859 nm Lwn(859) of 250-m spatial resolution obtained from Moderate Ocean Color Scanners (MODIS) installed on Aqua and Terra satellites were used to study meteorological waves. These waves are caused by atmospheric internal gravity waves at the expense of a change of atmospheric pressure impacting the sea surface and bringing a change in its level; they are observable everywhere in the ocean. Examples of meteorological waves were considered for the eastern part of the Black Sea, where they appeared as stripes of alternate brightness on Lwn(859) images. It is shown that meteorological waves at one and the same place can be totally generated by atmospheric waves spreading at different heights of the lower troposphere. The 3D characteristics of meteorological waves were evaluated including the direction of wave propagation, crest length reaching more than one hundred kilometers, wavelength of several tens centimeters, and wave amplitude of several tens of centimeters. For conditions of intermittent cloudiness, imposition in a difference mode of the level L1b radiance image with the signature of atmospheric waves in a cloud and of the level L2 water leaving the radiance image with the signature of meteorological waves enabled us to examine the phase structure of waves and to reveal the existence of resonance.     

The effects of aluminum-silicon ordering on phase separation for a two-dimensional model of alkali feldspars

The time evolution of a model system for mixtures of sodium and potassium feldspars is investigated by computer simulations in order to determine what effects aluminum-silicon ordering may have on phase separation in these minerals. We assume that there is a greater energetic advantage for Al atoms to move onto preferred sites in the vicinity of Na atoms than in the vicinity of K atoms. This couples Al/Si ordering to the phase separation. We find that in such a system phase separation is slowed substantially compared to a system in which the two processes are not coupled.     

东非鲁武马盆地海底旋回坎沉积演化及控制因素

鲁武马盆地海底水道—朵体过渡带具有高波脊和深刻槽相间的旋回坎地貌.利用高品质的三维地震资料,借助多种地震解释技术,对水道—朵体过渡带内不同期次旋回坎的形态、尺度、移动方式开展细致描述,分析多期旋回坎演化规律.研究结果表明,鲁武马盆地海底水道—朵体过渡带内主要发育三期旋回坎,同一期次旋回坎内部地震反射连续性较差,同相轴以...     

Rigid unit modes in the high-temperature phase of SiO2 tridymite: calculations and electron diffraction

Calculations of the rigid unit mode (RUM) spectrum of the high-temperature phase of SiO₂ tridymite are used to explain the patterns of diffuse scattering seen in transmission electron microscopy experiments. These results show that RUM's can occur with wave vectors on curved surfaces in reciprocal space rather than being confined to symmetry points, lines or planes. The fact that the calculations reproduce the detail seen in the diffuse scattering provides a striking nontrivial confirmation of the validity of the rigid unit mode model.