地震数据采集器非线性指标测试方法及其影响分析

为了分析总谐波失真度和互调失真度这两个非线性指标的测试方法、输入信号幅值等变化对其测试结果的影响,本文从总谐波失真信号、互调失真信号的产生原理出发,详细地给出了两种指标的测试方法、数据处理方法及相关影响分析,并通过实际应用中不同类型的输入信号进行了总谐波失真度和互调失真度试验。测试结果表明:信号模式和信号幅值对总谐波失真度的影响显著;输入信号幅值对互调失真度的影响较大;输入信号的频率变化对两指标的测试结果无影响。本研究进一步细化了地震数据采集器性能指标的标准化测试方法,该方法可广泛应用于地震数据采集器的非线性指标测试。      

Source parameters of mining-induced seismic events: An evaluation of homogeneous and inhomogeneous faulting models for assessing damage potential

Source parameter estimates based on the homogeneous and inhomogeneous source models have been examined for an anomalous sequence of seven mine-induced events located between 640 and 825 m depth at Strathcona mine, Ontario, and having magnitudes ranging betweenm _N 0.8 and 2.7. The derived Brune static stress drops were found to be similar to those observed for natural earthquakes (30 bars), whereas dynamic stress drops were found to range up to 250–300 bars. Source radii derived from Madariaga's model better fit documented evidence of underground damage. These values of source radii were similar to those observed for the inhomogeneous model. The displacement at the source, based on the observed attenuation relationship, was about 60 mm for three magnitude 2.7 events. This is in agreement with slip values calculated using peak velocities and assuming the asperity as a Brune source within itself (72 mm). By using Madariaga's model for the asperity, the slip was over 3 times larger than observed. Peak velocity and acceleration scaling relations with magnitude were investigated by incorporating available South African data, appropriately reduced to Canadian geophysical conditions. The dynamic stress drop scaled as the square root of the seismic moment, similar to reported results in the literature for crustal earthquakes. This behavior suggests that the size of the asperities responsible for the peak ground motion, with respect to the overall source size, follow distributions that may be similar over a wide range of magnitudes. Measurements of source rupture complexity (ranging from 2 to 4) were found to agree with estimates of overall source to asperity radii, suggesting, together with the observed low rupture velocities (0.3 to 0.6 ), that the sources were somewhat complex. Validation of source model appropriateness was achieved by direct comparison of the predicted ground motion level to observed underground damage in Creighton mine, located within the same regional stress and geological regime as Strathcona mine. Close to the source (<100 m), corresponding to relatively higher damage levels, a good agreement was found between the predicted peak particle velocities for the inhomogeneous model and velocities derived based on established geomechanical relationships. The similarity between asperity radii and the regions of the highest observed damage provided additional support for the use of the inhomogeneous source model in the assessment of damage potential.     

Array analysis of seismic surface waves: Limits and possibilities

Summary The dispersion of higher modes of surface waves over a region covered by an array of stations can be measured by applying a frequency-wavenumber transform to segments of the signals in these stations, centered at a number of group-velocities. Thus, at a fixed period, modes appear as separate maxima in a display of the power spectrum on a phase-velocity vs. group velocity plane.For regions of mild lateral heterogeneity, the main source of error is shown to be due to the inadequacy of the array-response. Numerical experiments with synthetic signals indicate that a precision of the order of 1% can be obtained with a realistic number of stations. Improvements should be obtained by averaging data obtained from different events. The danger of misidentification of modes can be reduced by iteratively removing the sidelobes from the mode-separation diagram.     

中国地震震源机制测定结果的比较

在搜集了 1 988年以来 ,地震学家用不同方法和不同资料测定的中国地震震源机制结果 ,包括用地震波形反演得到的地震矩张量、P波初动解和用地形变观测反演的震源参数的基础上 ,计算了同一地震的不同反演结果的滑动矢量之间的夹角、不同反演结果 P,T轴之间的夹角和不同的反演结果给出的地震矩之间的差别 ;并与哈佛 CMT的结果进行比较。结果表明 ,同一地震不同测定结果的滑动矢量之间的夹角分布较分散 ,但优势分布在 2 0°左右 ;不同测定结果的地震矩一般不超过 1倍 ,对应的震级差约为 0 .2 ;中国地震矩张量的测定结果与哈佛矩心矩张量测定结果滑动矢量之间的夹角集中在 0°～ 1 0°。以丽江地震为例 ,讨论了地震震源参数的不同结果对地震“应力触发”中库仑破裂应力计算结果的影响。     

Regularities in the time variations of seismic parameters and their implications for prediction of strong earthquakes in Greece

Time variations in the parameters of seismic activity in two regions in Greece, which are known to have different geodynamical conditions, are analyzed using the FastBEE algorithm suggested in (Papadopoulos and Baskoutas, 2009). The study is based on the data on weak earthquakes that occurred in two local regions. One region pertains to the zone dominated by intensive compression stress field, while another is located in the region of a relatively lower intensity extension stress field. It is shown that in the zone of compression the seismic parameters exhibit anomalous temporal behavior before strong earthquakes with Ms ≥ 5.7, whereas in the zones of extension, similar anomalies precede earthquakes with lower magnitudes of up to Ms ≥ 4.9. The most informative parameters for the purposes of predicting strong seismic events are the released seismic energy in the form logE ^2/3 and the slope of the frequency-magnitude dependence, b-value. The seismic activity in the region, expressed in terms of the logarithmic number of earthquakes, per unit time in some cases does not exhibit any particular pattern of behavior before strong earthquakes. In the time series of the studied parameters, four stages in the seismic process are clearly distinguished before strong earthquakes. Typically, a strong earthquake has a low probability to occur within the first two stages. Instead, this probability arises at stage III and attains its maximum at the end of this stage coinciding with the occurrence of the strong earthquake. We suggest these features of the time series to be used for the assessment of seismic hazard and for the real-time prediction of strong earthquakes. The time variations in the b-value are found to be correlated with the time variations inlogE ^2/3. This correlation is closely approximated by the power-law function. The parameters of this function depend on the geodynamical features of the region and characterize the intensity and the type of the regional tectonic stresses. The results of our study show that the FastBEE algorithm can be successfully applied for monitoring seismic hazard and predicting strong earthquakes.     

Probabilistic neural networks for seismic damage mechanisms prediction

The procedure commonly employed to assess the seismic vulnerability of buildings uses simplified qualitative and quantitative observations obtained from the measured data entered into report forms. In Italy, the data sheets adopted by the National Defence Group against Earthquakes (Gruppo Nazionale per la Difesa dai Terremoti—GNDT) play a unifying and reference role. This paper proposes a method for the processing of the data contained in such report forms which is based on probabilistic neural networks producing a Bayesian classification. The final goal is to exploit the fundamental learning and generalization capabilities of neural networks to obtain an estimate of the vulnerability of structural systems. In particular, the aim is to be able to predict the damage mechanisms which may be triggered in the macro-elements of public worship buildings. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.     

岩石物理驱动的储层物性参数非线性地震反演方法

叠前地震反演和岩石物理反演分别是获取弹性参数和物性参数的重要手段, 两者结合有助于实现储层参数预测并精细刻画储层特征.储层物性参数的反演依赖于岩石物理模型, 在进行物性参数反演时可以将复杂的岩石物理模型做泰勒展开, 进而得到其一阶或高阶的近似表达式, 然而这会降低模型的精确性并增加反演的误差.为了提高储层物性参数反演的稳定性和准确性, 本文以碎屑岩储层为例, 提出了岩石物理驱动的储层物性参数非线性地震反演方法.首先, 基于贝叶斯框架和高斯分布约束条件, 从叠前地震数据中实现纵、横波速度及密度等弹性参数的反演.其次, 通过碎屑岩岩石物理模型建立起弹性参数与物性参数之间的联系.最后, 利用粒子群算法进行全局寻优获得较为准确的孔隙度、泥质含量和含水饱和度等物性参数.合成数据和实际资料测试结果验证了所提方法的可行性和准确性, 反演结果与测井数据吻合较好, 可有效指示含气储层区域, 本文方法在储层预测和评价方面具有广泛的应用前景.

     

变井源距垂直地震剖面各向异性参数反演

利用微扰理论推导了弱各向异性(WA)介质参数正反演计算的基本公式;给出了在已知慢度矢量的一个分量和偏振矢量情况下确定WA参数的方法.如果这一方法被用于单一的变井源距垂直地震剖面(walkawayVSP)资料,可以获得9个WA参数.这9个WA参数完全决定了qP波和两个qS波在由剖面和钻井所决定的平面内传播的特性.对单条walkawayVSP观测系统数据的产生和WA参数的反演进行了数值模拟计算,对所能确定的WA参数及其可靠性进行了详细的讨论.     

Regional variation of spectral parameters for seismic design from broadband probabilistic seismic hazard analysis

The characterisation of the seismic hazard input is a critical element of any seismic design code, not only in terms of the absolute levels of ground motion considered but also of the shape of the design spectrum. In the case of Europe, future revisions of the seismic design provisions, both at a national and a pan‐European level, may implement considerable modifications to the existing provisions in light of recent seismic hazard models, such as the 2013 European Seismic Hazard Model. Constraint of the shape of the long‐period design spectrum from seismic hazard estimates on such a scale has not been possible, however, owing to the limited spectral period range of existing ground motion models. Building upon recent developments in ground motion modelling, the 2013 European Seismic Hazard Model is adapted here with a new ground motion logic tree to provide a broadband Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis for rock sites across a spectral period range from 0.05 seconds to 10.0 seconds. The resulting uniform hazard spectra (UHS) are compared against existing results for European and broadband Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis and against a proposed formulation of a generalised design spectrum in which controlling parameters can be optimised to best fit the uniform hazard spectra in order to demonstrate their variability on a European scale. Significant variations in the controlling parameters of the design spectrum are seen both across and within stable and active regions. These trends can help guide recalibrations of the code spectra in future revisions to seismic design codes, particularly for the longer‐period displacement spectrum.     

历史强震烈度点数量的统计特征及其对历史地震参数的影响

以1995 年出版的《中国历史强震目录(公元前23 世纪～ 公元1911 年)》为基础,首先统计了中国历史强震烈度点数量的总体分布情况,然后对历史强震烈度点数量在时间、空间和强度上的分布进行了分析,结果表明中国历史强震的烈度点资料普遍偏少。在时间和强度上,公元1500 年以前,受条件所限很多历史大震没有记载或者有些记载没能流传至今,而流传下来的历史地震也仅有少数烈度点;公元元年以前,史料记载过于简单且有缺漏,导致估定的最大震级记录不超过7 级;公元1500 年以后才开始出现8 级以上大震记录。在空间上,中国东部地区地震记载点明显较西部地区更为翔实。本文对单烈度记载点历史强震情况进行了重点分析,并将既有仪器记录又有宏观考察的现代地震按照历史地震参数获取方法进行处理,以讨论烈度点稀缺对确定历史地震参数的影响。     

软土震陷判别方法分析及工程应用

对地基震陷震害及其影响因素进行了简单总结,整理分析了软土震陷的有关规范;结合工程实际钻孔对比讨论了软土震陷不同规范方法的优劣,提出了基于"两台阶的缩小范围量化"的软土震陷判别方法并进行了验证及工程应用。     

Local geology and dynamic parameters of seismic waves

Summary Amplitudes and periods of seismic waves recorded both in the short-period and in the intermediate-period ranges at the seismic stations Prhonice, Praha and Kaperské Hory are influenced by the tectonic situation in the focal regions rather than by the anisotropic structures of the geologic formations underlying the stations. Large amplitude variations and differences in periods due to instrumental effects were also found.     

Analysis of stick-slip and earthquake mechanism

A mathematical model of a sliding system that contains a frictional surface embedded in an elastic specimen and machine is proposed to analyze the frictional behavior observed in laboratory and field. It is shown that stick-slip occurs if the slope of the velocity-stress relation on the sliding surface exceeds a critical value at a certain point between static and kinetic frictions. This condition, coupled with Amontons' law and other subsidiary relations, predicts the effects of normal stress, gouge thickness, temperature, and loading rate etc. on the stick-slip instability, consistent with known experimental evidence. The elastic-wave radiation associated with stick-slip is governed by Brune's source time function, in which rise time and effective stress are proportional to fault dimension and stress drop, respectively.     

Isolation parameters for improving the seismic performance of irregular bridges

Bridge structures are usually built on irregular topographical surfaces which create substructures with different pier heights and non uniform stiffness distribution. Three irregularity types of typical reinforced concrete (RC) medium length bridges located in a high seismicity zone of Mexico, were analyzed aimed at determining the best strength and stiffness parameters of an isolation system. The isolation system is composed by lead rubber bearings (LRB) located on each pile and abutment. The variation of the bridge characteristics and the isolation parameters produced 169 models that were subjected to ten seismic records representative of the subduction zone in the Pacific Coast of Mexico. A total of 1690 nonlinear time history analyses (NLTHA) were carried out in longitudinal and transverse directions of the structures. The maximum pier drifts, bending moments and shear forces demands were analyzed to identify the best isolation properties for reducing the concentration of damage in one or two elements and for improving the structural behavior of irregular bridges. Additionally, the analysis of the seismic response of the bridges supported on traditional neoprene bearings was carried out.     

区域地震事件的纵横波差异与震源类型

简要介绍地震与爆炸的震源物理性质及地震波激发机制特征。利用地震观测波形直达纵横波震相能量释放的差异,在时间域引进标志事件震源性质的参量a。132个台站记录的22个不同震源类型事件的计算结果表明,a值具有震源性质依附效应,展现出在事件识别领域的应用前景。     

单一地震事件与多个地震事件的定位方法及应用

主要介绍各种地震定位方法,概述各种地震定位方法的基本原理,重点介绍Geiger的经典方法以及在此基础上建立的各种线性方法:单一地震事件定位法与多个地震事件定位法以及对每一种地震定位方法的应用情况,尤其是国内的应用情况做了总结;同时指出各种方法的特点,并进行相应的比较.     

地震属性参数在札达—泉水沟深地震测深资料预处理与震相识别中的应用

地震属性分析技术在地球物理勘探领域的广泛应用,启发研究人员将其应用于人工源宽角反射/折射深地震测深剖面的资料预处理和震相识别。采用札达—泉水沟深地震测深资料,提取振幅、信噪比、主频、瞬时带宽、瞬时高频能量等地震属性参数,分析不同参数的物理含义,挑选其中对界面变化敏感的参数,对深地震测深资料进行预处理,并利用P波和S波的联合扫描,提高震相识别的准确性。走时互换结果显示,采用地震属性参数可有效提高震相拾取的准确性,进而提高后续地壳速度结构反演结果的精度。     

渗流场参数与地震波场参数的关联关系研究综述

地球表层岩石是由不同尺度的岩石骨架、孔隙、以及孔隙中的流体物质相互作用形成的.研究含有孔隙和裂缝的复杂岩石介质中的地震波传播效应一直是石油地球物理勘探领域的热点.因此,许多学者对复杂岩石介质的渗流特征,和地震波的传播与衰减进行了大量的研究.本文在回顾孔隙介质的地震波的传播与衰减理论发展的基础上,首先介绍了孔弹介质的非局部Biot理论,并用它预测负频散现象,然后介绍了实验观测到的波的衰减与岩石物理性质(如孔隙度和渗透率)的关系,最后,给出了对渗流场和地震波的传播与衰减的认识,并对它们之间的相互关系做了一些展望.     

Source parameters and stress release of seismic sequences occurred in the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region (Northeastern Italy) and in Western Slovenia

The source parameters of the major events of a swarm and of two seismic sequences, occurred in the Friuli area (Northeastern Italy) and in Western Slovenia, were estimated. The Claut swarm (C96) occurred since the end of January to June 1996, with a M_D 4.3 major shock and it appears composed of three sub-sequences. The two sequences are the Kobarid sequence (K98) started on April 12, 1998 with a M_D 5.6 mainshock and the M.te Sernio (S02) sequence caused by the February 14, 2002 earthquake (M_D = 4.9). Acceleration and velocity data recorded by the local seismic network of the Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimenale (OGS) and corrected for attenuation, were employed to estimate seismic moments and radiated energies. Source dimensions were inferred from the computed corner frequencies and the stress release was estimated from the Brune stress drop, the apparent stress and the RMS stress drop. On the whole, seismic moments range from 1.7 × 10¹² to 1.1 × 10¹⁷ N m, and radiated energies are in the range 10⁶–10¹³ J. Brune stress drops are scattered and do not show any evidence of a self-similarity breakdown for sources down to 130 m radius. The radiated seismic energy scales as a function of seismic moment, with a slope of the scaling relation that decreases for increasing seismic moments.The mechanism of stress release was analyzed by computing the ɛ parameter of Zuniga [Zuniga, R., 1993. Frictional overshoot and partial stress drop. Which one? Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 83, 939–944]. The K98 and S02 sequences are characterized by a wide range of the ɛ parameter with stress drop mechanism varying from partial locking to overshoot cases. The ɛ values of the C96 swarm are more homogeneous and close to the Orowan's condition. The radiated seismic energy and the ratio of stress drop between mainshock and aftershocks appear different among the analyzed cases. We therefore investigated the relationship between the stress parameters of the main shock and the energy radiated by the aftershock sequences. For this purpose, we also estimated the source parameters of two other sequences occurred in the area, with mainshocks of M_D 4.1 and 5.1, respectively. We found a positive correlation between the Brune stress drop of the mainshock and the ratio between the radiated energy of the mainshock and the summation of the energies radiated by the aftershocks.