基于地理事件时变序列的时空数据模型研究与实现

首先分析比较了已有的时空数据模型的特点，针对其存在的不足，提出并讨论了一种基于地理事件时变序列的时空数据模型，阐述了该模型的时空语义概念和时空拓扑关系，并针对具体的实际应用，在现有成熟的GIS平台上进行扩展，验证了该数据模型的有效性。     

高校固定资产实体三维仿真及其模型构建

基于3DGIS技术的面向高校固定资产可视化管理系统是GIS技术面向特定领域的深度应用及延伸。其中,虚拟室内环境下的固定资产实体三维仿真及其模型是其首先要解决的核心技术难点。本文提出一种快捷的构模方法,首先,借助较成熟的建筑设计建模软件Sketchup,按照资产标准分类,创建固定资产的三维实体模型;其次,利用ArcScene软件,导入Sketchup模型并将实体模型符号化和组合,重构固定资产三维仿真模型场景;最后,借助C#+ArcEngine二次开发模式,开发出固定资产三维管理系统,实现了基于三维视图的可视化管理功能。     

GIS, expert systems, and interoperability

Integrating a GIS has been a common way to combine the functionality of two or more systems for some time. A three-dimensional model of integration is described which shows the range of linkages that can be achieved. Extremely flexible and dynamic linkages between systems can now be created through the recent advances of client/server and object-oriented technology. An expert system shell is coupled with a GIS to create a generic spatial rule-based toolbox called SES (spatial expert shell). An expert system developer using this toolbox can transparently access spatial data and relationships from a GIS by linking application objects to spatial classes. These spatial classes include methods that format and send requests to the GIS server. Thus the linkage is determined at run-time allowing a flexible interwoven interaction between the expert system and the GIS.     

The Influence of Urban Street Characteristics on Pedestrian Heat Comfort Levels in Philadelphia

This article demonstrates a way to model the urban microclimate using a combination of statistical analysis and a geographic information system (GIS). Field measurements of ambient temperature and relative humidity were collected in various urban settings at ground level over two surface materials and at two different times of the day. A panel autoregressive (PAR) model was created to conduct a regression analysis capable of accounting for the spatial autocorrelation. With the PAR analyses, selected urban street characteristics showed varying effects over the different surface materials and at different times of the day. The overall influences were consistent with previous findings. PAR models were then applied in GIS to create thermal prediction maps for the study area to determine the hot and cool spots. Since GIS is the most commonly used technology among a wide range of researchers and professionals, this article provides a means to improve the synthesis, integration, and sharing of information to understand the relationship between the heat‐vulnerable population and heat stress within the urban environment. This methodology will be useful in the effort to reduce the heat‐related morbidity and mortality, which are expected to increase with projected global warming.     

Embedding production rules in a GIS

A long-standing issue in GIS has been the need to provide support for more complex spatial models that have specialized Operations, but at the same time to take advantage of generic functionality provided by the GIS for visualizing, querying, and manipulating spatial features. Two approaches may be used to incorporate domain-specific knowledge in computer software, namely object-oriented programming and logic-based programming. Based upon a commonly used data model and object-oriented application framework available in modern GIS software, this paper explores integrating rules as a generic approach to building more meaningful spatial representations for land use and land control planning.     

基于GIS的开采沉陷空间建模及计算研究

本文针对开采沉陷地表移动变形计算问题,在GIS平台利用空间数据模型给出了预测计算中不同坐标系的转换公式及其空间数据库的构建,并讨论GIS与专业工程模型的耦合方法,提出了基于COM的模型耦合方法应用于系统的构架。实践证明,该方式下GIS与开采沉陷专业工程模型结合具有明显的优越性,对其他相关专业领域的耦合应用具有一定的借鉴意义。     

环境模型与地理信息系统的耦合

通过对环境模型与GIS的特点进行分析,探讨了环境模型与GIS耦合以及GIS应用于环境模型的优势与方法,研究了环境模型与地理信息系统耦合的3种方法。分析了3种方法的特点,指出各种方法的优势以及不足,提出了环境因素影响下GIS空间分析的系统框架与实现方法,分析阐述了各个功能模块。以雾影响通视分析为例,建立了影响模型,从而为进一步研究环境因素影响下地理信息空间分析提供了一个系统模型。环境模型与GIS的耦合将在很大程度上扩展了GIS的应用领域,促进了GIS与环境模型系统的深入发展。     

浅谈基于ERDAS的三维GIS系统实现

主要研究利用三维空间数据、DOM及DEM创建三维虚拟场景。将ERDAS IMAGINE的Virtual GIS模块与第三方建模软件相结合,解决了模型导入ERDAS Virtual GIS Viewer中贴图丢失的问题,实现了立体模型的仿真构建和三维GIS系统的动态管理。同时,对模拟雾气分析、空间视域分析和洪水淹没分析等方面的应用进行了研究,使该系统更具应用价值。     

地质三维体重构的算法研究及其计算机实现

三维空间建模和可视化技术成为GIS研究的热点之一。可视化技术是当今表达和分析复杂数据的有力工具,将可视化技术引入到DEM和三维地质模型,可以实现三维地形和地质体的生成与仿真。简要介绍了OpenGL三维图形工具包及其与高级语言结合编程方法,探讨了基于多轮廓线的地质三维体的建模方法,以VC++6.0高级程序设计语言为开发平台,结合OpenGL图形库,开发了地质三维体的建模实验系统。     

Integrating spatial data analysis functionalities in a GIS environment: Spatial Analysis using ArcGIS Engine and R (SAAR)

Spatial data analysis (SDA) tools to efficiently handle and explore spatial data have become readily available. Although these SDA tools have their own strengths and purposes, they suffer from limited support in terms of a development environment offering easy customization and high extensibility, a strength of open source software. This article presents a standalone software package for SDA in a geographic information system (GIS) environment, called Spatial Analysis using ArcGIS Engine and R (SAAR), which provides an integrated GIS and SDA environment. A set of SDA tools in SAAR utilizes functions in R using R.NET, while other tools were developed in .NET independent of R. SAAR provides an efficient working environment for both general and advanced GIS users. For general GIS users with limited programming skills, SAAR furnishes advanced SDA tools in a popular ArcGIS environment with graphical user interfaces. For advanced GIS users, SAAR offers an extensible GIS platform to help them customize and implement SDA functions with relatively little development effort. This article demonstrates some functionalities of SAAR using census data for Texas counties.     

大学生活动时空模型的建立

针对大学生的动态时空分布表示和可视化查询,建立了一个在GIS环境下面向行为的时空数据模型。该模型能够分别基于学生、时间和位置进行查询。以华中师范大学为例,将基于模型的原型系统在ArcGIS软件平台上予以实现和检验。结果显示,该模型的构建是极具利用价值的。     

Incorporating Cellular Automata simulators as analytical engines in GIS

Contemporvy GIS suffer from a variety of problems. These include poor ability to handle dynamic spatial models, poor performance for many operations, and poor handling of the temporal dimension. Cellular Automata (CA) are dynamic mathematical systems based on discrete time and space. While CA have many similarities to GIS, and indeed excel in many areas in which GIS are deficient, they cannot themselves be considered as GIS since they lack the necessary sophisticated Capabilities in data input, data storage and retrieval, and data output. However, the advantages of CA in data analysis and modelling are significant. In order to exploit fully the advantages of each system - GIS and CA - we have developed a methodology and prototype system for coupling GIS and CA, in which the CA serves as an alternative analytical engine for the GIS. In the prototype system, spatial, temporal (i.e. time series), and spatio-temporal filters as well as spatial diffusion operators are developed. In addition, the integrated system provides a flexible framework for the programming and running of dynamic spatial models. We conclude that CA represent a viable alternate analytical engine for GIS and provide increased ability for dynamic spatial modelling within GIS.     

FloodwayGIS: An ArcGIS Visualization Environment to Remodel a Floodway

Floodway modeling has been performed extensively using HECRAS in floodplain studies. The model output is typically exported in GIS format and the floodway boundaries are overlaid on other spatial data to further edit or remodel the floodway to meet FEMA and local development requirements. In this article, a tightly coupled system comprised of a commercial GIS (ArcGIS) and HECRAS is presented. FloodwayGIS provides a comprehensive visual environment to edit, remodel, spatially analyze, and map floodway boundaries. The environment uses the HECRAS executable engine for every remodeling iteration. Four different encroachment editing options are provided within FloodwayGIS, which eliminates the need for a modeler to switch between HECRAS and GIS in the floodway modeling process, and results in savings of modeling time. FloodwayGIS also provides a mapping algorithm based on TIN intersection to produce smooth floodway boundaries that can be mapped in Digital Flood Insurance Rate Maps (DFIRMs) with minor editing.     

基于任务过程的战场环境对象时空数据组织模型

军事信息系统始终以面向任务为核心,战场环境数据模型也是围绕作战任务来建立的。针对目前基于任务的战场环境信息系统研究尚不完善,现有的GIS时空数据模型还不能完全满足战场环境时空分析的需要。在对目前几种经典的时空数据模型分析的基础上,以基于对象的数据模型为理论基础,以过程驱动方法为建模机制,设计了适合战场环境领域的时空数据组织模型结构,实现了对复杂环境对象的可操作性。通过模型在战场环境分析系统中的应用,证明了其任务过程和地理空间数据的可对象化描述、组织、存储和查询功能。     

基于MapObjects的水环境规划系统

根据GIS开发设计中原型法的思想,以结构化系统分析为主要技术路线,利用面向对象技术和组件技术,用可视化编程语言VisualBasic和GIS控件MapObjects开发了城市水环境规划系统,探讨了一些GIS二次开发方面的主要技术问题,将集成系统应用于淮南市水环境规划中,并对不同条件下水资源变化情况进行预测。将GIS与水环境模型集成,在改进管理方式、提高规划效率、改进模型可操作性等方面十分有效。     

Adding Human Health Risk Analysis Tools to Geographic Information Systems

The development of a module for performing human health risk analysis is presented. This risk module differs from other tools in that it is integrated into a geographic information system (GIS) in a plug–in fashion. The main challenge in the development of the risk module was handling the many different spatial data structures in an open GIS environment. Selection of programming language and other development issues are discussed. The application of the risk module to two mining activities in Bolivia is described.     

面向服务的分布式地学模型集成框架研究

通过对模型库、GIS与应用分析模型集成方式的探讨，结合未来以分布式资源共享为特征的系统构建模式，提出了面向服务的分布式地学模型集成框架。该框架通过将XML文档对象模型引入到模型定义中，统一了模型数据和功能的定义，基于COM技术实现了模型集成运行服务器和模型服务访问组件。模型服务器扩展了传统模型库的功能，为异构模型提供了集成和运行环境；服务访问组件实现了面向对象的服务访问接口，为应用系统开发提供了一致的集成模式。     

A Hybrid System of Expanding 2D GIS into 3D Space

A hybrid system that integrates two-dimensional (2D) GIS and three-dimensional (3D) visualization has been developed to provide unique solutions to application domains where traditional 2D GIS and 3D visualization cannot alone provide a solution. In this paper, we focus on three key issues in realizing such an integrated system, including large-scale terrain rendering, 2D and 3D combination display (for example, rendering 2D GIS layers in 3D space), expanding traditional 2D GIS analysis functions into a 3D environment, and visualizing 3D geographical data. A generic framework is developed to integrate 3D visualization with various types of 2D GIS, such as commercial GIS software, open source GIS software and spatial databases. A prototype 2D and 3D hybrid system that seamlessly integrates 2D GIS (developed with ArcEngine) and 3D rendering engine (developed with DirectX) is then developed based on the framework. In this hybrid system, 2D and 3D data are viewed within the same scene. Multiple 2D GIS layers are overlaid on the base terrain using a Level of Detail (LOD) model. Advanced query functions, data accessing, data management and spatial analysis, which are executed in the traditional 2D GIS, are provided to users in a 3D environment by continuously transforming information between the 2D GIS subsystem and the 3D subsystem. The 3D data are organized and displayed by Keyhole Markup Language (KML) and textured 3D models in the COLLAborative Design Activity (COLLADA) format. The prototype demonstrates that this hybrid system has effectively addressed the three key issues identified above and that it can seamlessly integrate 2D GIS and 3D visualization. The hybrid system has great potential to be employed in many application domains, such as urban planning, landscape design and environmental decision making, among others, to enhance the 3D design capability and facilitate public participation in the planning, design and decision-making process.     

基于Oracle Spatial和OO4O的空间数据存取研究

介绍了用OracleSpatial对空间数据进行组织和管理的原理与方法,给出了在VC++6.0环境下用OO4O读取OracleSpatial空间数据的编程方法,为基于OracleSpatial的GIS应用系统开发带来了新的解决思路和研究方向。     

基于GIS的城市人防工程空间分析模型的建立与实现

为提高城市人防工程的管理水平,利用地理信息系统技术(GIS)的空间分析功能,首先在分析城市人防工程的实体—关系模型(E-R模型)的基础上,根据GIS空间分析的特点,提出了基于空间分析的城市人防工程的数据库结构;其次,根据城市人防工程规划、管理和施工的需要,建立了城市人防工程设备的承载力、辐射范围缓冲图、人口疏散隐蔽路线最佳路径、地下人防工程3维分析等几种空间分析模型,并对各种模型的表示内容和实现方法进行了阐述,从而实现了城市人防工程的可视化和动态化管理。该模型在广州市人防工程综合管理信息系统应用后,提高了广州市的城市人防工程的管理水平,促进了该人防办的数字化进程。