湖泊和水库营养灰色聚类分析

选取浮游植物初级产量、浮游植物现存量、有机物耗氧量、总氮、无机氮、总磷、活性磷等七项指标,由德尔菲法确定各指标的类别界限值和权重,用灰色系统理论的定权灰色聚类方法,借用计算机对23个湖泊和水库营养类型主要参数作灰色聚类分析,以建立一种划分我国湖泊和水库营养类型的有效方法,作为渔业生产的依据。     

湖泊和水库营养分类的研究

根据我国实际情况,并参考国外对湖泊营养分类的标准,建立了湖泊和水库FTE营养分类方法。应用Fuzzy综合评判的理论和方法,对参加分类评判的各项指标参数通过映射的方法,使每一个指标参数转换成在区间[0,1]的特性指数(d_1),同时引入一个能反映每项指标参数在评判中重要程度的权值(a_1),求得一个能统一反映湖库营养程度的综合性评价指数的计算公式:e=∑a_1d_1。以何志辉教授对我国87个湖库营养分类结果为基准,计算并确定出贫、中、富三种营养类型互不相交的FTE指数范围,作为湖库FTE营养分类标准。对任一湖库,根据九项指标参数计算获得的FTE指数e,不仅能客观地反映其营养程度,同时又以它作为唯一的数值来确定该湖库的营养类型的归属。用FTE营养分类方法对我国87个湖库营养分类结果与何氏的分类结果吻合率达97.7％。     

基于粒子群算法的湖泊营养状态指数公式

提出了适用于16个富营养化指标的湖泊营养状态指数公式,并对指数公式中的参数采用粒子群算法进行优化,得到对16项指标都适用的营养状态指数公式.实例分析表明,优化后的湖泊营养状态指数公式计算简单、实用,具有客观性、可比性和通用性.因而,能够对湖泊富营养化进行较好的评价.     

近百年来龙感湖地区湖泊营养化过程

由于近年来社会经济的迅速发展，湖泊富营养化问题日趋严重。其中湿地的破坏是导致人湖营养盐增加的一个重要原因。对湿地变化与湖泊营养盐状况关系的分析是制定湖泊环境整治和生态修复的重要科学依据。湖泊沉积物含有丰富的生物和理化方面的信息，在缺乏长期湖泊监测记录的情况下。可以用来重建湖泊及其流域过去变化的历史。根据龙感湖表层沉积物^210Pb活度比变化，分析了该地区近百年来沉积物中湿地花粉、总磷和磁性参数．探讨了湖泊营养化过程及机理。研究表明，龙感湖近百年来营养级的增加是与湿生植被的破坏密切相关。20世纪上半叶的湖泊富营养化响应于磁性参数指示的流域土壤侵蚀速率的增加，而20世纪70年代以来湖泊营养程度的加重则与龙感湖流域农业化肥的使用和湿地植被破坏而导致湿地功能减弱有关。龙感湖流域内人类对湖周潍地的改造．破坏了湿地植被，助长了人湖物质的增加。湖泊营养相对富集，最终导致水体富营养化发生。     

基于RS/GIS的西藏地区湖泊变化动态监测及气候背景

在RS/GIS技术的支持下,以1970年1∶10万地形图、20世纪70年代末MSS遥感图像、80年代末TM遥感图像和2000年左右 ETM遥感图像为主要数据源,提取了4期湖泊数据,结合 1965～2002年来温度、降水和前人资料,分析了西藏地区湖泊分布及30年来湖泊变迁的时空差异特征.研究结果表明:西藏地区内陆湖泊对全球和区域性气候变化有着敏感的响应,研究区内的湖泊在20世纪80年代末萎缩比较明显,2000年以来西藏湖泊出现全面扩张的趋势.湖泊变迁的地区性差异主要体现在"藏北南部大湖区"的湖泊群和喀喇昆仑山地区湖泊群持续扩张,藏北地区分布的中小型湖泊受温度升高影响最大,气候变化是湖泊面积变化的驱动因素,而湖泊的地质、地理条件和补给方式等特征决定了湖泊的变迁类型和程度.     

内蒙古河套平原现代湖泊的水化学特征及成因类型

在1∶5万区域地质调查的基础上,于山前—黄河—沙漠沿线采集湖水、地下水样品16组,分析其水化学特征,并结合遥感解译和钻探等技术方法划分了河套平原现代湖泊的成因类型。研究表明该区湖泊多数为淡水—微咸水湖,水化学类型呈Na(Mg)(Ca)HCO3(Cl)型;少数为咸水湖,水化学类型呈Na(Mg)(K)Cl(SO4)型,湖水TDS变化较大,介于0.857~7.36g/L,主要接受引黄灌溉补给和山前地下水侧向补给。湖泊的成因类型可分为河流成因的牛轭湖、基底为全新世黄河古河道冲积砂层的风蚀湖及基底为全新世风积沙层的风蚀湖;其中以Ⅱ型占主导地位。     

东营市近海海域灾害地质类型及特征分析

利用卫星遥感、浅地层剖面、单波束测深资料研究了东营市近海海域灾害地质类型,并进行了特征分析。研究区近海海域存在的灾害地质类型主要为海岸侵蚀与淤积、活动断层、冲沟和陡坎、蚀余地形、海底滑坡、浅层气、埋藏古河道(古湖泊)等。研究区岸段整体以海岸淤积为主,仅东营港口段、刁口河段沙嘴一带存在海岸侵蚀;活动断层在北部海域广泛存在,走向大约为NNE向,近EW向延伸约1km;灾害地貌主要分布在黄河三角洲前缘及废弃的黄河三角洲北部叶瓣处;浅层气主要存在于孤东海域离岸20km、水深15~20m的海底;埋藏古河道(古湖泊)分布在海底8~20m左右的深度,古河道(古湖泊)顶埋藏深度在7.1~15.2m之间,分布在整个水下三角洲地区。     

CG-LTDR地表覆盖数据对BCC_AVIM 1.0陆面温度模拟的影响研究

本文将CG-LTDR数据集中的地表覆盖数据产品应用于北京气候中心陆面模式（BCC_AVIM 1.0）中,并通过数值模拟分析不同覆盖类型的数据（冰川、湿地、湖泊、植被PFT）更新对模拟结果的影响。结果表明,新数据对不同地表类型的基本分布特征都有合理描述,但与模式中原有数据的差异明显,表现为冰川比例在格陵兰岛西部地区增加,湿地在大部分地区都减少,湖泊在北美和欧亚大陆中高纬地区的比例减少,但青藏高原及周边地区小幅增加,植被PFT的差异最明显。与采用模式原地表覆盖数据的控制试验相比,新数据引入所致的改变,主要局限于地表覆盖数据改变的区域。冰川数据更新使高纬冰川积雪区和青藏高原的温度降低,湿地数据提高了欧洲和北美主要水区的地面温度,湖泊数据有效降低了亚洲地区的温度,更新植被PFT的影响最广泛,使得南美、南非、东北亚、北美和澳洲大部分地区的温度升高,而中国华南江南地区以及南亚地区的温度降低,但在一些地区的模拟效果降低。数据全部更新引起的温度改变最明显,但并不是所有类型的简单叠加,尤其在地表复杂区域。不同的覆盖类型数据更新,可在一定程度上减少模式对于地表温度的模拟偏差（如格陵兰岛西部和青藏高原地区、欧洲内陆湖区的温度偏高）,因此需适当选用更新的数据。     

大杨树盆地北部九峰山组岩相古地理特征及演化

运用沉积学理论,结合岩相组合、岩石类型及沉积建造标志,研究大杨树盆地九峰山组沉积体系特征及时空配置关系.结果表明:研究区发育冲积扇、冲积平原、三角洲平原及河流沉积体系.九峰山组下段沉积时期,湖泊体系最为发育,以湖泊体系为中心发育小范围的三角洲平原、冲积平原和冲积扇,物源来自北部及东侧的盆地边缘隆起带;九峰山组上段沉积时期受盆地内火山活动及大兴安岭隆起影响,湖泊体系整体向南退却,三角洲平原、冲积平原及冲积扇体系范围逐渐扩大,为九峰山组最主要的聚煤时期,物源来自盆地两侧及北部隆起地带.该研究为大杨树盆地九峰山组资源勘探提供指导.     

融合面向对象和分水岭算法的山地湖泊提取方法

面向对象的方法提取湖泊,常常面临边界识别不精确的问题。本研究在面向对象方法的基础上,利用分水岭算法,解决湖泊边界识别问题。该方法初步将遥感影像划分为确定湖泊区域、潜在湖泊区域和背景;然后通过分水岭算法对潜在湖泊区域进行二次提取。研究选择昆仑-喀喇和喜马拉雅山脉区域的3个山地湖泊发育良好的区域作为实验区,利用Landsat系列影像验证该算法。实验结果表明该算法的用户精度、生产者精度和总体精度分别高达99.59%、98.47%和96.53%。相比于单一的面向对象方法,本文方法更适合于山地湖泊提取,能够更加准确地描绘湖泊的实际边界,也能够减弱面向对象方法中分割尺度和分类阈值对提取结果的影响。     

ESTARFM模型在西藏色林错湖面积时空变化中的应用分析(1976-2014年)

湖泊（特别是内陆湖）作为全球气候变化的敏感区域,是气候变化与环境变异的指示器,其面积变化在一定程度上可反映区域的气候变化。因此,精确监测湖泊面积的时空变化,对分析区域生态环境变化具有重要的意义。本文基于ESTARFM时空数据融合模型,利用MODIS数据模拟了2000年后无法得到的Landsat数据;利用NDWI和MNDWI 2种水体指数并辅以DEM数据分析了1976-2014年西藏色林错湖湖面面积的时空变化;综合湖区周围6个气象站点的气象数据(1970-2014年),探究了湖面面积变化的原因及其对气候变化的响应。结果表明：(1)利用ESTARFM时空融合模型得到的Landsat-Like数据与真实的Landsat数据在水体信息提取方面具有较高的相关性,R²可达0.93,时空数据融合的结果可用于湖泊水体的信息提取;(2)近40年来（1976-2014年）,色林错湖处于持续扩张状态,面积呈较显著的增长趋势,增加了近711.652 km²,增幅为42.36%,年平均增长速率约为18.728 km²a^-1,增长最快时可达55.954 km²a^-1;湖面面积变化先后经历了平稳变化-迅速变化-平稳变化3个阶段;北部湖区在40年间变化最为明显,向北扩展了约22.812 km;2003-2005年,南部湖区已与雅根错湖连为一体,随后二者共同扩张;(3)气温的持续升高造成的冰雪融水补给增加可能是导致湖泊面积扩张的主要因素,风速的降低为次要因素,湖面的面积变化与降水量、日照时数的变化相关性不明显。     

基于遥感与GIS的区域生态环境评价方法的研究

在对某地区进行生态环境评价研究过程中,往往很难准确合理地确定各类评价指标的权重。层次分析(AHP)与模糊数学(fuzzy mathematics) 综合评判法是根据模糊数学的隶属度理论把定性评价转化为定量评价,建立模糊综合评价模型。确定地区的生态环境健康指标体系,分为目标层、准则层和指标层,并选取实验区的各类生态指标。采用组合赋权法确定各层次权重,然后计算出各指标的权重建立模糊综合评价模型,最后根据提取的遥感数据完成地区生态环境评价分级。运用基于AHP与模糊数学的综合评判法确定评价指标的权重,在GIS平台上对各评价指标进行加权叠加,得到地区生态环境的等级评价图,实现了地区生态环境评价。研究结果表明,使用该方法确定地区生态环境各指标权重所得的评价分级是与现实吻合的,这对于评价和保护地区生态环境具有现实意义。     

The types of lake in Songnen Plain and their regional character

The lake groups in the Songnen Plain are low plain lake groups, which are located in the temperate semihumid area in China. They are characterized by small area, shallow basin, thick density and various types. In the try for classifying comprehensively the lake groups, a classification system is developed based on three main factors, i.e. forming cause, water quantity and water quality. The most internal character can be concisely grasped through three principal indexes and three auxiliary indexes of three main factors. A sample of complicated changeable path is put forward for further analyzing and outlining these basic types, in the meantime, it’s linking up easily with the classification system of the single factor. According to the regional environment, the regional differences of the type composition and the principal types, the lake groups in the Songnen Plain can be divided into 6 sub-regions. Foundation item: Under the auspices of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(49671077). Biography: LU Jin-fu (1938–), male, professor. His research interest includes paleo-environment in the Quaternary.     

An automated method for glacial lake mapping in High Mountain Asia using Landsat 8 imagery

Glacial lakes in the High Mountain Asia (HMA) are sensitive to global warming and can result in much more severe flood disasters than some largesized lakes. An accurate and robust method for the extraction of glacial lakes is critical to effective management of these natural water resources. Conventional methods often have limitations in terms of low spectral contrast and heterogeneous backgrounds in an image. This study presents a robust and automated method for the yearly mapping of glacial lake over a large scale, which took advantage of the complementarity between the modified normalized difference water index (MNDWI) and the nonlocal active contour model, required only local homogeneity in reflectance features of lake. The cloud computing approach with the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform was used to process the intensive amount of Landsat 8 images from 2015 (344 path/rows and approximately 7504 scenes). The experimental results were validated by very high resolution images from Chinese GaoFen-1 (GF-1) panchromatic multi-spectral (PMS) and appeared a general good agreement. This is the first time that information regarding the spatial distribution of glacial lakes over the HMA has been derived automatically within quite a short period of time. By integrating it with the relevant indices, it can also be applied to detect other land cover types such as snow or vegetation with improved accuracy.     

Interannual and seasonal changes in the ice cover of glacial lakes in the Snowy Mountains of Australia

Seasonal ice cover is uncommon on Australian lakes. In the Snowy Mountains, there are five natural, seasonally ice-covered lakes including Lake Cootapatamba, the highest lake in Australia. Blue Lake is the only one of the five lakes with sufficient volume to be relatively independent of short-term changes in ambient temperature, and therefore is the lake most likely to be of use in tracking long-term regional climate change. Ice forms on Blue Lake near the winter solstice and ice-breakup occurs from late September to November. Timing of breakup is related to spring temperature and, as such, mirrors the timing of general snow thaw in the mountains. The existence of historic photographs taken of the lake at about the time of ice breakup allows for the possibility of reconstructing a history of alpine climate and in 1905 ice breakup was probably as late as mid-December.     

Water quality assessment for Ulansuhai Lake using fuzzy clustering and pattern recognition

Water quality assessment of lakes is important to determine functional zones of water use. Considering the fuzziness during the partitioning process for lake water quality in an arid area, a multiplex model of fuzzy clustering with pattern recognition was developed by integrating transitive closure method, ISODATA algorithm in fuzzy clustering and fuzzy pattern recognition. The model was applied to partition the Ulansuhai Lake, a typical shallow lake in arid climate zone in the west part of Inner Mongolia, China and grade the condition of water quality divisions. The results showed that the partition well matched the real conditions of the lake, and the method has been proved accurate in the application.     

The hydrochemical features of salt lakes in Qaidam Basin

There are 37 lakes in the Qaidam Basin: 1 freshwater lake, 6 brackish-water lakes, 2 saline-water lakes and 28 salt lakes. The pH value of salt lake brines is 7.014 on the average, and the average total mineralization is 340.75 g/1. Their water bodies belong mainly to the five-component equilibrium system,: Na, K, Mg//SO₄, Cl-H₂O, which can be further grouped into sodium-magnesium sulfate subtype, magnesium sulfate subtype, chloride transition subtype and chloride type water by their hydrochemical property. The salt lake brines of the first salt forming epoch (N₂−Q₃) were of the sulfate type. In the second salt forming epoch (Q₃−Q₄), some of them were of the chloride type. The pH value of brines decreases with the increase of total mineralization. The pH value is lower when the total mineralization is from 50–310 g/l and higher when the total mineralization is from 310–355 g/l, however, when the total mineralization is higher than 355 g/l, the pH value decreases slowly again. The total mineralization of the chloride type and the chloride transition subtype brine is higher than the sulfate type, being 310–530 g/l, 310–470 g/l, and less than 355 g/l in that order. Of the 40 chemical compositions in the saline lake brines in Qaidam Basin, potassium is mainly concentrated in the chloride type and chloride transition subtype brine, boron and lithium mainly in the sulfate type. Evaporation experiments show that boron and lithium are accumulated in concentrated brine until crystallization of bischofite takes place. Potassium is also accumulated in concentrated brine during the salt forming stage, but its concentration decreases with the increase of total mineralization during the potassium forming stage. This paper was published in Chinese inOcean. et Limn. Sinica;15 (4):341–359, 1984.     

基于贝叶斯方法的湖泊富营养化评价

对湖泊富营养化状态的有效评价是对湖泊进行有效管理的重要手段之一。针对富营养化评价中的不确定性,拟采用概率方法——贝叶斯方法对富营养化状态进行评价。以水利部水利水电规划设计总院提出的《地表水富营养化控制标准》为评价标准,选取Chla、TP、TN、CODMn、SD5个指标,对我国19个湖泊应用贝叶斯方法进行富营养化评价,并应用两个实例对该方法在富营养化评价中的有效性进行了验证。结果表明,贝叶斯方法应用于湖泊富营养化评价具有简单、实用的特点。     

Lake inventory and potentially dangerous glacial lakes in the Nyang Qu Basin of China between 1970 and 2016

There are a large number of glaciers and lakes developed in the Nyang Qu Basin of China. Recent climate change has significant impacted on the high-mountain glacial environment. Rapid melting of glaciers contributes to the formation and expansion of moraine-dammed lakes which increase the probability of glacial lake outburst floods(GLOFs). We calculated a multi-temporal lake inventory based on(1) topographic maps in the 1970 s,(2) satellite imageries from 1990 to 2016,(3) First Chinese Glacier Inventory(FCGI),(4) Glacier Inventory of Southeastern Tibet(GIST) and(5) meteorological data. A total of 880 lakes(>0.01 km^2) have been mapped in 2016, with 318 being glacial lakes(GLs) and 462 non-glacier lakes(NGLs). Most of the lakes were mainly located at 4500 m a.s.l. and the lakes dominated by small lakes(<0.1 km^2) where the change of their actual sizes are more significant compared to the larger ones. Meanwhile, we found that there were 178 newly formed GLs and 51 of them had disappeared between 1970 and 2016. During the same period, there can be identified 157 newly formed GLs and 226 had disappeared. We additionally performed a hazard and risk assessment for GL in 2016 and exposed 14 potentially dangerous morainedammed lakes(PDMDLs), covering a total area of 5.88 km2 in the Nyang Qu Basin. There can be found 4 GLs with very high risk, 3 GLs with high risk, 4 GLs with medium risk and 4 GLs with low risk of GLOFs susceptibility. The findings of this study can be used for the future policy of risk management and also be adapted for promoting water resources management.     

威海市海岸带地质环境承载力综合评价研究

该文在威海市海岸带综合地质调查项目的基础上,根据陆域和海域不同的地质环境条件,分别进行了地质环境承载力综合评价。陆域选取了3个一级评价因子和13个二级评价因子建立地质环境承载力评价指标体系,利用层次分析法取得各评价因子权重,再利用模糊数学综合指数法进行了综合评价。海域选取了海底沉积物重金属污染、海底沙坡沙脊、浅层气、浅埋基岩和埋藏下切谷等5个评价因子,采用叠加法进行了综合评价。最终,将研究区地质环境承载力划分为强区、较强区、一般区、较弱区等4类。研究区陆域地质环境承载力相对较强,占总面积的67.67%;其次为一般区,占总面积的31.67%;较弱区零星分布,仅占总面积的0.66%。近海地质环境承载力总体较强,一般区主要分布在威海湾西部,较弱区分布在威海湾以北的广阔海域。