江苏王港潮间带柱状样的压缩和校正

潮滩盐沼是海岸系统的重要组成部分,是海岸带陆海相互作用研究的重点对象之一。研究潮滩沉积环境和沉积过程的传统的、主要的手段是采集柱状样;在潮间带采集柱状样一般采用重力采样法,在采集过程中会产生管内压缩和管下压缩。在江苏中部王港地区的潮间带,利用重力方法取得9个柱状样,在现场采样时记录了采样管内外深度,在室内对采集的样品利用激光粒度仪进行粒度分析。根据野外记录和室内分析结果,管内压缩和管下压缩均为线性过程;管内压缩率与沉积物含水量及沉积物分选性有关,含水量越高,压缩率越大,沉积物分选越差,压缩率越大。管下压缩量是管内压缩量的11%,随着管内压缩率的增大,管下压缩量也增大,管下压缩所起的作用就越显著。     

Cores of soft lake sediments

Short cores of soft sediment, used in studying the pollution history of lakes, can be obtained with a plastic tube fitted with a piston and piston wire. If the sediments of deep water are annually laminated (and thus difficult to sample without disturbance) or contain excess gas (which can disrupt the stratigraphy during its escape), a short 'core' can be acquired by producing a frozen crust on a tube filled with dry ice and butanol.
A continuous core of soft lake sediment at least 7 m long can be obtained in a single drive beneath deep water with a hand-driven piston corer. Such a core assures the complete continuity necessary for counting annual laminations or for making close-interval analyses without fear of gaps, and it provides the uniform orientation required for measurements of paleomagnetic directions.     

南海北部陆坡表层沉积物强度特征研究

随着海洋开发活动由浅海走向深海,南海北部陆坡的沉积物强度特性逐渐成为关注热点。本文通过参与2015年与2016年共享航次计划,在南海北部莺琼陆坡、神狐陆坡、东沙陆坡、台湾浅滩陆坡进行沉积物重力取样与箱式取样,并现场剖样,用以进行沉积物强度测试。地质取样结果表明东沙陆坡砂含量相对较高并发现直径约22cm黑色气孔状碳酸盐结核。在神狐陆坡沉积物表层发现活体壳类生物,在110cm深度处发现壳类生物遗骸。十字板剪切试验与笔式贯入试验结果表明南海北部陆坡,沉积物强度差异较大。但总体而言,除东沙陆坡外,莺琼陆坡、神狐陆坡、台湾浅滩陆坡表层沉积物强度一般较低。0～20cm范围内,笔式贯入阻力一般小于0.1N,十字板剪切强度最大一般不超过10kPa。0～300cm深度范围内,沉积物强度沿深度方向大致呈递增趋势,个别站位递增趋势不明显。台湾浅滩陆坡等南海北部陆坡表层沉积物存在强度分层:分层界面以上,沉积物强度较低;分层界面处,沉积物强度骤增。该分层界面可能是海底滑坡的潜在滑动面。     

重力取样器取样技术研究

在湖泊环境研究中，淤泥质沉积物取样是一项很重要的工作，样品的取心率和原状性直接影响了环境研究的结果。重力取样器是获取湖泊、水库等水域浅层湖泊沉积物的一种经济有效、操作简单的常用工具。因此研究重力取样器的取样技术对环境研究具有积极的意义。研究了重力取样器的取样技术，并在此基础上成功设计了一种便携式的重力式取样器，非常适合环境研究机构的沉积物取样工作。     

南海北部神狐海域地质环境综合调查及科学意义

在南海北部神狐海域水合物活跃区域开展了一次综合的海洋地质、物理海洋和生态环境调查,10个站位分布在水深1 000~4 000 m范围内的陆坡和深水盆地区域,是南海北部油气活跃的重要区域和天然气水合物试采区域.航次主要对10个海底站位进行了表层沉积物箱式和重力活塞柱状取样.针对天然气水合物试采区域,开展了一台"海燕"水下滑翔机的海洋物理环境连续走航剖面观测.利用海底地震仪在两个站位开展了连续海底地震和微振动观测.进行了站位的分层水体和沉积物样品中微生物学实验研究.初步航次结果展示了沉积物为黏土和软泥.站位和水下滑翔机走航观测提供了水体内海洋物理环境参数变化特征.海底地震仪观测展示了研究区天然地震活动和可能与水合物活动有关的微震动和短持续事件记录.微生物学实验揭示了沉积物中的微生物细菌群落特征.      

软弱易冲蚀地层钻探施工技术

钻探生产中经常遇到一些软弱易冲蚀地层,因这些地层岩石破碎、松软,在进入内管前往往易被冲洗液冲蚀,进入内管后也常常因卡簧卡不牢在打捞时掉落造成空管。因岩心采取率低往往造成钻孔报废。以贵州道真新民铝土矿矿区为例,分析了软弱易冲蚀地层岩心采取率低的原因;为提高该类地层岩矿心采取率,研制了元泵反循环超前侧喷绳索取心钻具,保证了岩矿心采取率,取得了很好的效果。     

海洋冲击伸缩绳索取样器的研制与应用

海洋沉积物地层主要由淤泥、软土、半固结泥岩、砂岩等组成,沉积物地层钻探取样是海洋工程和地质调查的重要组成部分。常规回转取样器取样,极易破坏样品的原状而且取样率较低;静压取样器取样,在砂岩、半固结泥岩等较硬地层取样率较低。针对上述问题,研制了一种冲击伸缩绳索取样器,该取样器结合了静压取样器和锤击取样器的特点,实现对海底以沉积物为主地层的高保真取样。     

Numerical analysis of sampling disturbances in clay soils

In this paper, an insight is provided into the quality of soil samples during the penetration of soil samplers. An updated Lagrangian finite element formulation with the second Piola–Kirchhoff stress rate (the Truesdell stress increment) to account for the large deformation behaviour near the sampling tube is used to determine the mechanical disturbances to a soft clay. The penetration of the sampler is simulated by splitting a group of nodes ahead of the penetration route up to a sufficient depth and applying incremental displacements to match the geometric configuration of the sampling tube. Consolidation effect is included to account for the rate of penetration. Thin-layer elements are added at the inside wall of the sampling tube to model the soil–sampler interface. The numerical results show that the central core of the sample is subjected to three distinct stages of vertical strain history, compression–extension–recompression, with the primary irrecoverable disturbances due to the compression stage ahead of the sampler. The degree of disturbance for a frictionless sampler was found to be constant after a penetration depth of 75 per cent of the sample tube diameter, while for a frictional sampler the degree of disturbances keeps increasing as the penetration proceeds. The results of a parametric study to determine the influence on sampling disturbances due to the rate of penetration, the thickness and the tip angle of the sample tube and sampler type are also presented.     

月球钻孔取心机具试验与钻进规程

我国探月工程第3期工程的核心任务是实现月球钻探取样和返回,明确采用钻取方式获取深2 m的月壤样品.针对月表极端钻进环境,提出一种内外管联合取心螺旋钻具,即内管软袋提拉取心,外管螺旋集输取心.模拟月壤钻进试验结果表明,该取心钻具能实现有效钻进可靠取心,特别适合小于0.6 m浅层模拟月壤钻取.试验研究了钻进规程对模拟月壤取心率和钻进功耗的影响规律,得出了钻进转速、进给速度值域与功率值域的关联性,对月球环境下取心钻具研制和钻进规程制定具有实际工程应用价值.      

海洋沉积地层多功能取样钻具研制

目前,海洋钻探取心主要采用提钻或绳索打捞的方式获取岩心。随着对取心质量和采取率要求越来越高,再加上海底沉积层变化多样,单一的取样器具已经不能满足当前的取样需要。为此,本文研制了一种海洋沉积地层多功能取样钻具,能够根据海底地层性质,开展低扰动、高品质的取样操作。通过海洋钻进取样试验表明,针对海底的淤泥、粘土及砂质地层,超前取样钻具、液压剪切取样钻具和半合管取样钻具能够有效获取海底的沉积层岩样,平均采取率为73.34%。研制的多功能取样钻具采用超前取样和液压压入取样技术,降低了对沉积物岩心的扰动,提升了岩心品质和采取率,为下一步的工程化应用奠定了基础。     

A New Approach to Estimation of the Rheological Properties of Seafloor Sediments during the Sampling Process

Doklady Earth Sciences - This paper is devoted to the problem of studying the rheological properties of seafloor sediments during the sampling process with the use of a gravity corer. The problem...     

Diver-operated piston corer for nearshore use

A diver-operated piston corer suitable for collecting cores of >3 m length from fine-grained nearshore sediment has been developed. The corer uses a platform that rests on the sediment surface supporting both the operators and a derrick that maintains the piston at the sediment-water interface. The core is insected into and recovered from the sediment manually. The technique offers several advantages; low cost, minimal disruption of the sediment-water interface, little compaction of the sediment, the ability to collect longer length cores than is possible with gravity corers, and the ability to be deployed from relatively small boats. Dissolved ammonium and inorganic carbon data are presented from a 3.3-m core collected by this technique from Tomales Bay, California.     

Test of AMS 14C dating of pollen concentrates using tephrochronology

Previous attempts to radiocarbon date sediments >10 kyr from the high rainfall region of Westland, New Zealand, a critical location for investigation of interhemispheric patterns of climate change, have been problematic. This study, building on recent work by Vandergoes and Prior ( 2003 ), shows that AMS ¹⁴C dating of pollen concentrates has potential to provide more reliable ages than other sediment constituents, including plant macrofossils. The method was applied to sediments from three sites containing the 22.6k ¹⁴C yr Kawakawa Tephra, which provided an independent test of the ¹⁴C ages. Although some minor laboratory contamination was detected in tests on background standards, the modelled relationship between sample mass and measured ¹⁴C content permitted an appropriate correction to be determined. Improved pollen concentrations derived by density separation between 1.4 and 1.2 specific gravity and sieving in the range 10–50 μm provided either older ages than other fractions of the same sample or, where in situ contamination was not evident, equivalent ages. Differences in degree of in situ contamination between depositional environments indicated that, in Westland, lake sites may be less susceptible to contamination by younger carbon than peat sites, where this process may be facilitated by root penetration into underlying sediments. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

煤田绳索取心钻进技术的实践与认识

本文结合生产实践,对煤田钻探绳索取心技术的钻孔结构、钻头选择、粉煤取心、护孔堵漏、钻具配套等问题,提出了一些认识。包括孔径确定、钻具级配、孔身构造、技术套管;钻头选型、胎体磨料、水口形态;粉煤钻头、碎岩取心器、自锁半合管;冲洗液选型、随钻堵漏、停钻堵漏工艺;以及应用加长岩心管、钻杆接手、防斜接手、可退式打捞矛等。      

Comparison of macrobenthos collected with cores and suction sampler in vegetated and unvegetated marine habitas

A comparison of shallow water benthic macrofauna collected with hand-held cores and a suction sampler shoed that the core method provided the best estimate of macrofaunal density and composition. In a bare sand habitat, suction methods collected 72.8% fewer individuals per unit surface area of sediment. The difference was 32.6% in a seagrass (Halodule wrightii) habitat. At each site the number of species collected with the two devices was similar; however, population densities of numerically important species were underestimated with the suction device resulting in effects on community statistics. In addition to high sampling efficiency and statistical advantages associated with the use of the multiple cores, ease of operation and low construction cost make simple core tubes the preferred gear for sampling small macrobenthos in soft sediments, with or without vegetation.     

琼州海峡及周边海域沉积环境及近万年以来沉积演化

对琼州海峡及周边海域约600个表层样品进行粒度分析后发现,琼州海峡内沉积物以粗粒的含砾砂及砂为主,自海峡内向口外则由砂向粉砂过渡,最外侧分布有更细粒的粘土质粉砂,东口砂质沉积物边缘以弧形分布为主,西口呈指状分布.按峰态类型可将粒度频率曲线分布划分为海峡东单峰态、海峡东双峰态、海峡内单双峰态、海峡西单峰态及海峡西双峰态5个区域.采用GSTA模型对沉积物运移趋势分析后发现,沉积物在海峡内主要由南北两侧向中间运移,海峡东口沉积物具有比较明显的由口内向口外输运的趋势,海峡西部沉积物出海峡口后显示了向北输运的趋势,沉积物粒度特征分布及运移趋势说明海峡内及两侧三角洲内沉积物主要来自于海峡底部及南北两岸的潮流冲刷物.根据琼州海峡现代沉积环境,结合周边4个柱状沉积物粒度及14C测年分析,发现琼州海峡的最终形成大约开始在距今8 000 a前,由于海平面的上升,潮流作用塑造了海峡初期的地貌,直到距今约5 000 ~4 600 a前,琼州海峡一直处于快速发展阶段,潮流三角洲发育也最广,之后由于暖期的结束,海平面下降,随着潮流作用的减弱,琼州海峡趋于稳定状态,逐渐形成今天的海峡及口外水下三角洲地貌.      

DJ型单动双管取心器的改进与应用

针对传统的单动双管取心器存在的内外管同心度差、轴承容易损坏、没有滤浆沉砂装置、双管间隙容易堵塞、取心效率低等问题,研制出DJ型单动双管取心器。该取心器主要由滤浆沉砂装置、密封单动装置、内管（半合管）调节组件和卡心装置组成,具有同心度高、密封性好、滤液及水路设计合理、取心管长度大、可减少钻进回次、提高取心效率等特点。现场应用表明：该取心器取心效果好,使用寿命是传统取心器的2倍以上。     

浅孔复杂地层φ110型绳索取心钻具的研制与应用

针对现有浅孔取心单管钻具结构简单,在浅孔复杂地层中钻进易出现取心率低,钻孔过程中无法护壁而导致孔壁坍塌,土样窜层及隔水、护心不力等问题,研制了一种适用于浅孔复杂地层的φ110型绳索取心钻具。为适应浅孔复杂地层钻探的需要,在打捞器中设计了一种连接杆式的安全脱卡机构,并增加了加重机构,得到了加重质量的理论公式。在内管总成中,改进了弹卡定位机构,删去了到位报信机构和岩心堵塞机构,并将普通绳索取心钻头替换为超前侧喷钻头,大大缩短了钻具的长度。推导了内管下落速度的理论公式,采用ABAQUS对绳索取心钻具的易损件——悬挂环和座环的损坏机理进行了分析。现场试验表明,该φ110型绳索取心钻具能完成浅孔复杂地层的钻探,并能有效地保护孔壁,提高岩心采取率。      

Geochemical and statistical approach for evaluation of heavy metal pollution in core sediments in southeast coast of India

Industrialization coupled with urbanizaton has led to stress in the Buckingham Canal which runs parallel to Bay of Bengal at a distance of around 1 km from the coastline. 4 sediment cores were collected along Ennore — Pulicat stretch to determine acid leachable trace metal concentration. Core samples were collected using gravity corer. The cores were sliced horizontally at 2.5 cm to determine the grain size, sediment composition, pH, organic matter, calcium carbonate, acid leachable trace metals; cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, zinc. The trace metals were extracted using acid mixture containing hydro fluoric acid, nitric acid and sulphuric acid and analysed by atomic emission spectrophotometer. In an attempt to infer anthropogenic input from geogenic input, several approaches including comparison with sediment quality guidelines — ecotoxicological sense of heavy metal contamination and classification by quantitative indexes such as geoaccumalation index, anthropogenic factor, enrichment factor, contamination factor and degree and pollution load index was attempted. Grain size analysis and sediment composition of core samples shows Ennore is sandy in nature having a neutral pH. Organic matter enrichment is observed to a higher extent in core 3. Core 2 at a depth of 5 cm shows organic matter of 9.4 %. calcium carbonate is totally absent at the surface sediments in core 2. Cores collected within the canal showed a higher heavy metal concentration than the cores collected from Pulicat lagoon and 2 km into the Ennore Sea. The trace metal concentration for cadmium, lead and zinc in Ennore does not pose a threat to the sediment dwelling fauna whereas chromium and copper are likely to pose a threat. Quantitative indexes place Ennore under moderately polluted. Ennore is likely to face a serious threat of metal pollution with the present deposition rates unless stringent pollution control norms are adopted.     

Distribution of heavy metals in the core sediments of a tropical wetland system

Five sediment cores from the fresh water region of the Vembanad wetland system were studied for the trace element contents The average concentration of iron, manganese, nickel, copper, zinc, cadmium, lead, mercury and chromium were determined. The core samples were collected using gravity type corer, digested with a mixture of nitric acid and perchloric acid and analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Heavy metals such as iron, copper, nickel and zinc reported enrichment towards the surface of the core sediment sample collected from the centre of the lake. Lead, cadmium and mercury showed uniform distribution through out the core. Quality of the sediments were evaluated based on sediment quality guidelines, pollution load index, sum of toxic units and with effect range low/effect range median and threshold effect level/probable effect level values of Environmental Protection Agency guidelines. The degree of contamination for each station was determined. The concentration of different heavy metals has been compared with the world average concentration of shale values. Results of the analysis showed that Vembanad lake is facing serious metal pollution with increased rate of deposition.