复杂山地随机介质GMM-ULTI法射线追踪

对复杂山地介质的非均质性以及介质中地震波运动学特征进行深入研究,对于提高复杂山地区域地震勘探的效果有着重要的理论意义和实际价值.为了研究复杂山地非均质性和该介质中地震波的一些运动特性,提出了一种复杂山地随机介质的建模方法和一种新的射线追踪算法.与常规算法相比,复杂山地随机介质的生成方法采用更贴近实际介质特点的梯度介质作为背景介质,并在模型生成过程中加入地形修正步骤;新提出的GMM-ULTI射线追踪算法,充分融合群推进法、迎风思想、走时插值法的优势,采用先计算走时后追踪射线路径的两步策略完成射线追踪.算法分析与计算实例表明:复杂山地随机介质的生成方法能灵活、精细且更贴近实际地刻画复杂山地介质的非均质特点;新射线追踪算法兼顾精度和效率、能无条件稳定且灵活地适应复杂山地随机介质的特点;同时基于对几个模型试算结果的分析也得出了复杂山地随机介质中的地震波的一些传播规律.     

复杂介质中地震波前及射线追踪综述

本文较为系统综述了国内外在不均匀介质中各种主要和实用的射线追踪方法,例如:基于射线理论的打靶法、弯曲法(伪弯曲法)、高斯射线束算法等;基于网格单元扩展的有限差分解程函方程法(FD)、最短路径算法(SPM);以及结合射线和网格单元扩展的波前构造法等.同时对目前出现的多次波射线追踪技术、以及多值波前追踪技术(如:相空间算法、水平集算法)也进行了分析讨论.同时对基于网格单元扩展算法的优缺点进行了评述,其基本结论是:基于单元模型的SPM要优于FD算法,而基于网格的SPM算法则次之.就传统的射线追踪算法(如:打靶法和弯曲法)而言,其未来的发展方向是实现完全非线性的相应算法,而基于网格单元的算法则主要是扩展功能(如:后续波、多值波前的追踪).射线追踪方法技术未来需要解决的问题主要有:块状模型中多次波的追踪;多值波前及多值射线追踪;走时与振幅的同时追踪计算;以及其它领域新方法的引入.     

TI介质局部角度域高斯束叠前深度偏移成像

各向异性射线理论基础上的局部角度域叠前深度偏移方法能够为深度域构造成像与基于角道集的层析反演提供有力支撑,但是对于复杂地质构造而言,高斯度叠前深度偏移在不失高效、灵活等特点的情况下,具有明显的精度优势.为此,本文研究局部角度域理论框架下的高斯束叠前深度偏移方法.为提高算法效率与实用性,文中讨论了一种从经典弹性参数表征的各向异性介质运动学和动力学射线方程演变而来的由相速度表征的简便形式,并提出了一种比较经济的各向异性高斯束近似合成方案.结合地震波局部角度域成像原理,讨论一种适合高斯束偏移的角度参数计算方法.国际上通用的理论模型合成数据试验表明：相比局部角度域Kirchhoff叠前深度偏移成像方法,本文方法具有更高的成像精度与抗噪能力,既适用于复杂构造成像,也可为TI介质深度域偏移速度分析与模型建立提供高效的偏移引擎.     

Common‐shot Fresnel beam migration based on wave‐field approximation in effective vicinity under complex topographic conditions

Gaussian beam migration is a versatile imaging method for geologically complex land areas, which overcomes the limitation of Kirchhoff migration in imaging multiple arrivals and has no steep‐dip limits of one‐way wave‐equation migration. However, its imaging accuracy depends on the geometry of Gaussian beam that is determined by the initial parameter of dynamic ray tracing. As a result, its applications in exploration areas with strong variations in topography and near‐surface velocity are limited. Combined with the concept of Fresnel zone and the theory of wave‐field approximation in effective vicinity, we present a more robust common‐shot Fresnel beam imaging method for complex topographic land areas in this paper. Compared with the conventional Gaussian beam migration for irregular topography, our method improves the beam geometry by limiting its effective half‐width with Fresnel zone radius. Moreover, through a quadratic travel‐time correction and an amplitude correction that is based on the wave‐field approximation in effective vicinity, it gives an accurate method for plane‐wave decomposition at complex topography, which produces good imaging results in both shallow and deep zones. Trials of two typical models and its application in field data demonstrated the validity and robustness of our method.     

井间地震射线层析成像

本文采用射线走时对井间介质的地震波速进行层析成像，反演出井间介质的异常分布和构造．作者用快速弯曲射线迫踪法求解初值问题，用两步法和插值逼近法结合求解两点问题，避免了复杂运算，提高了运算效率和精度．反问题的数值计算用ＬＳＱＲ法．为了求取速度任意分布、对比度大的较为复杂介质模型的槽确初至时，本文采用动态程序法。该法灵活不受地质界面条件约束，且对介质速度分布未加任何限制。本文给出了几个算例．文中层析成像试验结果表明，此种层析成像算法是成功和有效的。     

Gaussian beams in inhomogeneous media: A review

The paper outlines the most important results of the paraxial complex geometrical optics (CGO) in respect to Gaussian beams diffraction in the smooth inhomogeneous media and discusses interrelations between CGO and other asymptotic methods, which reduce the problem of Gaussian beam diffraction to the solution of ordinary differential equations, namely: (i) Babich’s method, which deals with the abridged parabolic equation and describes diffraction of the Gaussian beams; (ii) complex form of the dynamic ray tracing method, which generalizes paraxial ray approximation on Gaussian beams and (iii) paraxial WKB approximation by Pereverzev, which gives the results, quite close to those of Babich’s method. For Gaussian beams all the methods under consideration lead to the similar ordinary differential equations, which are complex-valued nonlinear Riccati equation and related system of complex-valued linear equations of paraxial ray approximation. It is pointed out that Babich’s method provides diffraction substantiation both for the paraxial CGO and for complex-valued dynamic ray tracing method. It is emphasized also that the latter two methods are conceptually equivalent to each other, operate with the equivalent equations and in fact are twins, though they differ by names. The paper illustrates abilities of the paraxial CGO method by two available analytical solutions: Gaussian beam diffraction in the homogeneous and in the lens-like media, and by the numerical example: Gaussian beam reflection from a plane-layered medium.     

Calculation of Synthetic Seismograms with Gaussian Beams

— In this paper, an overview of the calculation of synthetic seismograms using the Gaussian beam method is presented accompanied by some representative applications and new extensions of the method. Since caustics are a frequent occurrence in seismic wave propagation, modifications to ray theory are often necessary. In the Gaussian beam method, a summation of paraxial Gaussian beams is used to describe the propagation of high-frequency wave fields in smoothly varying inhomogeneous media. Since the beam components are always nonsingular, the method provides stable results over a range of beam parameters. The method has been shown, however, to perform better for some problems when different combinations of beam parameters are used. Nonetheless, with a better understanding of the method as well as new extensions, the summation of Gaussian beams will continue to be a useful tool for the modeling of high-frequency seismic waves in heterogeneous media.     

Gabor‐frame‐based Gaussian packet migration

We present a Gaussian packet migration method based on Gabor frame decomposition and asymptotic propagation of Gaussian packets. A Gaussian packet has both Gaussian‐shaped time–frequency localization and space–direction localization. Its evolution can be obtained by ray tracing and dynamic ray tracing. In this paper, we first briefly review the concept of Gaussian packets. After discussing how initial parameters affect the shape of a Gaussian packet, we then propose two Gabor‐frame‐based Gaussian packet decomposition methods that can sparsely and accurately represent seismic data. One method is the dreamlet–Gaussian packet method. Dreamlets are physical wavelets defined on an observation plane and can represent seismic data efficiently in the local time–frequency space–wavenumber domain. After decomposition, dreamlet coefficients can be easily converted to the corresponding Gaussian packet coefficients. The other method is the Gabor‐frame Gaussian beam method. In this method, a local slant stack, which is widely used in Gaussian beam migration, is combined with the Gabor frame decomposition to obtain uniform sampled horizontal slowness for each local frequency. Based on these decomposition methods, we derive a poststack depth migration method through the summation of the backpropagated Gaussian packets and the application of the imaging condition. To demonstrate the Gaussian packet evolution and migration/imaging in complex models, we show several numerical examples. We first use the evolution of a single Gaussian packet in media with different complexities to show the accuracy of Gaussian packet propagation. Then we test the point source responses in smoothed varying velocity models to show the accuracy of Gaussian packet summation. Finally, using poststack synthetic data sets of a four‐layer model and the two‐dimensional SEG/EAGE model, we demonstrate the validity and accuracy of the migration method. Compared with the more accurate but more time‐consuming one‐way wave‐equation‐based migration, such as beamlet migration, the Gaussian packet method proposed in this paper can correctly image the major structures of the complex model, especially in subsalt areas, with much higher efficiency. This shows the application potential of Gaussian packet migration in complicated areas.     

高斯束方法及其应用

高斯束方法是在动力学射线追踪和旁轴近似方法基础上发展而来的.高斯束是波动方程在特定射线附近的高频渐近解.本文介绍了高斯束方法及其与射线方法相比的优越性,以及高斯束在地震波场正演模拟以及偏移方面的应用,并提出了实现高斯束偏移的一种新方法.     

基于射线追踪的微地震多波场正演模拟

对于微地震正演模拟,本文以射线追踪的原理为基础,对两点间的射线追踪问题进行了研究,应用二分算法、改进二分算法和微变网格算法对水平层状匀速模型、弯曲层状匀速模型和复杂地质模型进行射线追踪,使得计算效率和适用范围都得到了很大的改善.文中对每种算法误差范围和计算效率进行了对比验证,对于不同的地质模型,选用合适的算法才能在计算速度和精度上得到双重保证,最后正演模拟了多波三分量记录.在模型建立上引入了超薄层概念,并在前人模拟的直达波、透射波、反射波基础上拟了折射波,使正演模拟的多波场信息更丰富.文中的应用实例及模型结果表明:与二分法相比,改进二分法能够对弯曲界面进行射线追踪,并能保证结果的精度.弯曲层状模型中,改进二分法与微变网格法相比计算速度有显著提高,能够应用到资料的反演中.     

Reverse time migration with Gaussian beams using optimized ray tracing systems in transversely isotropic media

Prestack depth migration is a key technology for imaging complex reservoirs in media with strong lateral velocity variations. Prestack migrations are broadly separated into ray-based and wave-equation-based methods. Because of its efficiency and flexibility, ray-based Kirchhoff migration is popular in the industry. However, it has difficulties in dealing with the multi-arrivals, caustics and shadow zones. On the other hand, wave-equation-based methods produce images superior to that of the ray-based methods, but they are expensive numerically, especially methods based on two-way propagators in imaging large regions. Therefore, reverse time migration algorithms with Gaussian beams have recently been proposed to reduce the cost, as they combine the high computational efficiency of Gaussian beam migration and the high accuracy of reverse time migration. However, this method was based on the assumption that the subsurface is isotropic. As the acquired azimuth and maximum offsets increase, taking into account the influence of anisotropy on seismic migration is becoming more and more crucial. Using anisotropic ray tracing systems in terms of phase velocity, we proposed an anisotropic reverse time migration using the Gaussian beams method. We consider the influence of anisotropy on the propagation direction and calculate the amplitude of Gaussian beams with optimized correlation coefficients in dynamic ray tracing, which simplifies the calculations and improves the applicability of the proposed method. Numerical tests on anisotropic models demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed method, which can be used to image complex structures in the presence of anisotropy in the overburden.     

3D P‐wave traveltime computation in transversely isotropic media using layer‐by‐layer wavefront marching

Subsurface rocks (e.g. shale) may induce seismic anisotropy, such as transverse isotropy. Traveltime computation is an essential component of depth imaging and tomography in transversely isotropic media. It is natural to compute the traveltime using the wavefront marching method. However, tracking the 3D wavefront is expensive, especially in anisotropic media. Besides, the wavefront marching method usually computes the traveltime using the eikonal equation. However, the anisotropic eikonal equation is highly non‐linear and it is challenging to solve. To address these issues, we present a layer‐by‐layer wavefront marching method to compute the P‐wave traveltime in 3D transversely isotropic media. To simplify the wavefront tracking, it uses the traveltime of the previous depth as the boundary condition to compute that of the next depth based on the wavefront marching. A strategy of traveltime computation is designed to guarantee the causality of wave propagation. To avoid solving the non‐linear eikonal equation, it updates traveltime along the expanding wavefront by Fermat's principle. To compute the traveltime using Fermat's principle, an approximate group velocity with high accuracy in transversely isotropic media is adopted to describe the ray propagation. Numerical examples on 3D vertical transverse isotropy and tilted transverse isotropy models show that the proposed method computes the traveltime with high accuracy. It can find applications in modelling and depth migration.     

复杂地质层面的网格化模型及两点射线追踪方法

本文针对三维复杂介质的两点射线追踪的适用性和有效性,提出了网格模型和层状模型相结合的建模方式,文中利用规则网格化的层状模型对复杂地质单元进行数值描述,一方面避免了用纯粹复杂地质网格体描述时需要的大量内存,另一方面结合运用规则化的层状模型,必有利于提高计算效率,在计算单元自动生成的射线追踪方法基础上,本文结合波前法提出一种快速、有效的两点射线追踪方法,利用反射波波前在地表形成的射线方位角和倾角坐标体系,能快速、准确地收敛到所有从源点到接收点的射线路径,亦可有效地解决射线路径的多值解难题,从而可适用于复杂地质模型的特点.     

VTI介质角度域转换波高斯束偏移成像方法研究

转换波偏移可以利用纵横波波场信息,得到高分辨率的成像结果,从而为油藏描述提供高质量的地震资料.目前的研究主要是利用纵波波场信息进行偏移成像,然而,传统的纵波方法在复杂探区成像时具有一定的局限性.为此,本文在各向异性介质声波射线追踪算法的基础上,推导出各向异性介质转换波射线追踪方程,发展了一种转换波射线追踪算法;并将研究的追踪算法应用到偏移成像中,提出了一种各向异性VTI介质角度域转换波高斯束偏移成像方法.通过各向异性VTI介质断块模型和复杂构造模型试算,说明了本文方法的正确性和有效性.模型试算的结果表明,在考虑地下各向异性时,本文研究的方法具有更好的成像效果,提取的角道集结果可以为偏移速度分析提供依据.     

复杂地表条件下叠前菲涅尔束偏移方法

高斯束偏移虽然克服了Kirchhoff偏移不能处理多波至和单程波动方程偏移不能对陡倾构造准确成像的问题,但在复杂地表条件下其偏移精度取决于所选择的初始束宽度,即当初始宽度较小时,近地表成像精度较高,但此时中深层成像质量较差;反之当初始宽度较大时,中深层成像质量提高,但近地表成像精度降低.针对高斯束偏移中深层和浅层成像精度的矛盾,本文发展了一种适用于陆地复杂地表条件的叠前菲涅尔束偏移方法.基于惠更斯-菲涅尔原理,本文首先给出了菲涅尔束的概念及其表征的格林函数,并采用有效邻域波场近似理论和反褶积成像条件,导出了复杂地表条件下叠前保幅深度偏移公式.最后,针对常规旁轴射线追踪中的数值噪音,给出了一种压制策略.同高斯束偏移相比,本文方法不仅解决了中深层和浅层成像精度的矛盾,而且提高了复杂地表条件下平面波的分解精度,使得偏移结果更加准确可靠.典型的模型算例验证了本文方法的有效性和稳健性.     

三角网波行面扩展最小走时射线追踪全局算法

To address the problem of subdividing inflexible rectangular grid models and their poor definition of velocity interfaces, we propose a complex structure triangular net for a minimum traveltime ray tracing global algorithm. Our procedure is: (1) Subdivide a triangle grid based on the Delaunay triangular subdivision criterion and the relationships of the points, lines, and the surfaces in the subdividing area. (2) Define the topology relationships and related concepts of triangular unit ray tracing. (3) The source point and wave arrival points at any time compose the propagating plane wave and the minimum traveltime and secondary source positions are calculated during the plane wave propagation. We adopt the hyperbolic approximation global algorithm for secondary source retrieving. (4) By minimum traveltime ray tracing, collect the path from receiver to source points with the neighborhood point’s traveltime and the direction of the secondary source. Numerical simulation examples are given to test the algorithm. The results show that the triangular net ray tracing method demonstrates model subdivision flexibility, precise velocity discontinuity interfaces, and accurate computations.     

分块三维速度模型生成及理论地震图的计算

本文提出了在计算机上实现分块三维地壳模型及利用加权最小二乘拟合生成平缓光滑的三维速度函数的方法,给出了适用于分块、块内速度连续变化的三维模型中Cauchy射线追踪的新算法,简介了基于上述方法反射线的基本理论所编制的合成三维理论地震图的程序包RSSGTD.给出的两个盆地状模型的算例表明,所使用的模型生成方法具有模拟复杂地壳结构的能力;与三维样条函数方法比较,最小二乘拟合方法能给出更加适合射线方法合成地震图计算的速度函数,并且内存小、计算速度快;所给出的Cauchy射线追踪算法能够适合块状模型中任何体波射线的追踪.     

三维复杂介质的块状建模和试射射线追踪

为了解决三维复杂介质的射线追踪,本文改变了传统的三维层状地层的建模描述方式,提出了块状结构的建模描述方法,结合三角形面片来描述地质界面,可以构造非常复杂的三维地质模型．为了满足射线追踪的需要,本文对模型界面内的法向量进行光滑处理,光滑后的法向量在界面内是连续变化的．在块状模型的基础上,本文运用三角形的面积坐标,提出了几种试射角度的修正方法：细分三角形法、分割三角形法和子三角形法,计算表明子三角形法最好．文中给出了三维块状模型和射线追踪实例．     

基于有效邻域波场近似的起伏地表保幅高斯束偏移

随着我国陆上地震勘探向复杂地表探区的转移,高精度、适应性强的地震成像方法在地震资料的处理、解释及后续属性分析、储层预测中具有重要意义.本文基于有效邻域波场近似理论发展了一种成像精度更高且适用于复杂起伏地表条件的叠前保幅高斯束偏移方法.在传统水平地表高斯束偏移的基础上,本文根据中心射线附近有效邻域内高斯束表征的近似波场,导出了起伏地表条件下具有相对振幅保持的高斯束偏移公式,并给出了一种精度更高的旁轴射线传播角度计算方法.同现有的高斯束偏移方法相比,本文方法不仅考虑了起伏地表对高斯束走时的线性影响,而且首次引入了由地表高程差异和近地表速度变化引起的二次时差校正项和振幅校正项,使得成像结果更加准确可靠.两个典型模型算例验证了本文方法的正确性和有效性.