0.9m薄煤层SH型槽波频散特征及波形模式

在0.9 m薄煤层中使用放炮方法做微震震源的条件,通过对所采集到的薄煤层槽波信号进行分析,发现薄煤层槽波在频域中存在高频和低频两个独立并且不连续的波段.其中高频区大约以2000 Hz为中心,低频域的中心频率约为490 Hz,并且高频域和低频域的能量差异不显著.通过时频分析,可以清晰地看到高、低两个频域几乎在同一时刻触发,并且其小波相关系数在这两个域中的分布规律表现出一定的相似性.通过对0.9 m薄煤层槽波频散曲线的理论分析可知,现场观测到的Airy震相的频率及速度和其理论值较为接近.震源置于煤层中心,且炸药能量对顶底板的扰动,对第二阶对称波形模式下槽波高频部分的形成起着关键作用.在这一对称高阶波形模式下槽波的波速基本上和煤层顶底板中S波的波速一致.由于这两个触发的波形模式在时间域中具有相似的特征,建议在高频域和低频域同时发育较好的薄煤层槽波勘探中,可以采用在同一时间域中高低频相结合的方法提高利用槽波勘探分析的效果.     

HTI煤层介质槽波波场与频散特征初步研究

煤层内裂隙较为发育,具有明显的各向异性.目前槽波理论研究以各向同性介质为主,对HTI介质中槽波及其频散性质研究很少.本文以弱各向异性、含垂直裂隙HTI煤层介质为研究对象,研究了HTI煤层介质中的三维槽波波场,采用交错网格高阶有限差分法模拟槽波,推导了三层水平层状HTI煤层介质的Love型槽波理论频散公式和振幅深度分布,分析了HTI各弹性参数对频散曲线的影响.HTI介质和各向同性介质基阶Love槽波频散曲线差异较小,高阶较大;煤厚主要影响Airy相频率,而Airy相速度不变;煤层v_s对Airy相速度影响很大;煤层γ对基阶Love槽波影响很小,高阶稍大.各波偏振方向不再与波的传播方向平行或垂直,而是呈一定夹角.利用基阶Love槽波频散曲线推测裂隙发育较为困难,可利用高阶频散曲线.

     

地震反演驱动的改进匹配追踪煤层识别方法

多类型油气藏储层受到煤层反射干扰, 有效识别与去除煤层地震响应是提高煤系储层地震描述精度的关键技术之一.常规煤层匹配识别欠缺考虑煤层弹性参数的影响, 引起煤层定位不准确、识别可靠性低、运算效率低等问题, 本文充分考虑了弹性参数对煤层具有较好的指示作用, 首次提出了地震反演驱动的改进匹配追踪煤层识别方法.首先根据岩石物理分析, 构建煤层指示因子, 提出匹配追踪煤层指示参数的地震反演方法, 该参数能够较好地刻画煤层空间展布; 基于此, 在地震反演驱动下获得了煤层的先验位置, 将其引入匹配追踪算法中约束匹配追踪搜索邻域, 为缓解现有匹配追踪算法运行效率缓慢, 将经验模态分解(EMD)引入匹配追踪领域, 同时将连续相位替换瞬时相位加快匹配追踪运算效率, 研发了煤层指示因子约束下基于EMD字典的改进匹配追踪煤层识别算法.模型测试验证了本文方法识别煤层的可行性, 实际资料的计算结果表明, 该方法在保持精度的情况下大大提高了计算效率, 此外, 预测的煤层与实际测井解释的煤层基本一致, 有助于油气储层预测和识别, 具有重要的实际应用价值.

     

Dispersion calculation method based on S-transform and coordinate rotation for Love channel waves with two components

Dispersion analysis is an important part of in-seam seismic data processing, and the calculation accuracy of the dispersion curve directly influences pickup errors of channel wave travel time. To extract an accurate channel wave dispersion curve from in-seam seismic two-component signals, we proposed a time–frequency analysis method based on single-trace signal processing; in addition, we formulated a dispersion calculation equation, based on S-transform, with a freely adjusted filter window width. To unify the azimuth of seismic wave propagation received by a two-component geophone, the original in-seam seismic data undergoes coordinate rotation. The rotation angle can be calculated based on P-wave characteristics, with high energy in the wave propagation direction and weak energy in the vertical direction. With this angle acquisition, a two-component signal can be converted to horizontal and vertical directions. Because Love channel waves have a particle vibration track perpendicular to the wave propagation direction, the signal in the horizontal and vertical directions is mainly Love channel waves. More accurate dispersion characters of Love channel waves can be extracted after the coordinate rotation of two-component signals.     

井间透射-反射波场分离方法及应用

近十几年来,井间地震在石油勘探领域发挥着重要作用.然而井间地震波极其复杂,给同相轴拾取、层析成像、偏移成像等工作带来了困难.因此,波场分离成为井间地震数据处理的一项重要内容.目前,不少学者研究了井间上下行波分离,纵横波分离等多种方法,但尚未出现相关文献研究透射波和反射波的分离方法.本文根据井间透射波和反射波在不同道集(共炮点集或共接收点集)中视速度极性的差异,首次提出了一种"透射.反射"波场分离方法.该方法首先在不同道集中利用τ-p变换进行视速度分离,得到反射上行波、反射下行波、透射上行波、透射下行波四个波场,然后选择对应的波场叠加,从而得到透射波和反射波.其中,透射波为井间层析成像提供了相对清晰的初至同相轴,尤其是横渡初至同相轴,以便进行到时提取;所得反射波为井中偏移成像提供了可靠的反射波数据,比人工切除透射波方法更为准确有效.本文通过理论模型试验和实际数据处理,证明了该方法的有效性和实用性.此外,在本文基础上,再进行纵横波分离处理可以得到更多的波场分量,为井间成像提供更有效的数据.     

Dispersion of surface waves recorded in Athens

Summary The records at Athens of 85 earthquakes with epicenters in several regions on the earth were used to determine group velocities along thirty five paths. The mean crustal thickness along each path has been estimated by comparing the observations withPress's standard curves. A linear relation has been found between the mean crustal thickness and mean elevation along each path. This relation is in agreement with Airy's isostatic hypothesis. Determination of Love wave dispersion along five paths and Rayleigh wave dispersion along two paths in southeastern Europe and northern Asia Minor gave values from 35 to 45 km for the crustal thickness in this region.     

基阶与高阶瑞利波联合反演研究

研究了六层层状介质模型瑞利波基阶和高模式波相速度对横波速度、深度的敏感性,结果表明：基阶波较高模式波对7 m以内浅部地层的横波速度更敏感,敏感性频带在10～25 Hz范围内,峰值频带集中在18 Hz左右;高模式波较基阶波对深部地层的横波速度更敏感,敏感性频带宽,峰值分散.基阶波对浅层的敏感性和高模式波穿透深度更深的特点为近地表岩土层二维横波速度结构的联合反演提供了前提条件.利用阻尼最小二乘SVD（Singular Value Decomposition）算法联合基阶与高模式波对理论模型和实例数据进行横波速度反演,反演结果表明联合反演增强了反演的稳定性,提高了反演的精度.     

基于交叉梯度约束的地震初至纵波与瑞雷面波联合反演

本文提出了一种初至纵波（P波）与瑞雷面波的交叉梯度联合反演策略.通过对初至P波进行全波形反演可以获得近地表P波速度结构;通过对仅含瑞雷面波信息的地震数据转换到频率-波数域进行加窗振幅波形反演（Windowed-Amplitude Waveform Inversion,w-AWI）可获得近地表横波（S波）速度结构.在二者反演的目标函数中均加入P波速度和S波速度的交叉梯度作为正则化约束项,使得在反演过程中P波速度和S波速度相互制约,相互约束,从而实现对地震初至P波与瑞雷面波的联合反演.数值模拟结果表明交叉梯度联合反演可以提高S波速度反演分辨率,而P波速度反演结果并没有得到提高.实际资料的反演结果表明,交叉梯度联合反演能够获得更加可信的近地表速度结构.     

Dispersion of seismic waves by a causal approach

Basic ideas of the causal approach to wave propagation in random media are first overviewed. This approach appeals from the outset to the linearity, causality, and passivity of the effective medium and is therefore particularly simple from the conceptual viewpoint. The energy analysis and the Kramers-Kronig relations play the major role in this method, which does not resort to ensemble averaging.Then the dispersion of plane wave propagation in randon media is evaluated by extending Wu's results on attenuation induced by scattering. These results are particularly suitable for seismic waves, for which the so-called mean-field approach may not provide adequate modeling. The presence of intrinsic losses is also incorporated. The analysis also includes the case of propagation of a small-amplitude discontinuity.     

Dispersion of Rayleigh waves along the Prague-Warsaw profile

Summary Phase velocities of Rayleigh waves propagating along the Prague-Warsaw profile have been determined. A layered model of the Earth's crust and upper mantle, satisfying the observed dispersion of Rayleigh waves, has been derived. In constructing this model, the results of deep seismic soundings along international profile VII were also taken into account.     

煤层厚度变化时地震槽波理论频散曲线计算方法及频散特征分析

槽波地震勘探利用槽波的频散特性反演煤层的结构特征,故理论频散曲线的计算是一个重要方面.使用水平层状模型假设下的面波频散曲线计算方法能够计算煤层厚度恒定模型地震槽波频散曲线;但当煤层厚度变化时该方法不再适用.基于前人水平层状均匀介质模型的面波理论频散曲线计算方法,对于含煤三层模型,本文发展了煤层厚度变化情况下的地震槽波理论频散曲线计算方法,并使用该方法计算分析了不同厚度函数模型的频散曲线形态特征.研究表明：与稳定厚度煤层相比,煤层厚度变化使得地震槽波群速度成为与频率及传播射线在水平面投影路径相关的二元函数;射线路径上煤层厚度的变化使得频散曲线在群速度方向上压缩,群速度变化范围变小,且使处于最小值位置的埃里相群速度增大;而煤层厚度的线性变化模型频散曲线只与射线首、尾处的煤层厚度有关,与煤层厚度恒定模型相比,曲线形态不发生改变;煤层厚度呈非线性变化时,频散曲线形态上可能发生改变.

     

Dispersion of waves in a continuously stratified elastic medium

Summary It is shown that the waves travelling at normal incidence in a continuously stratified elastic medium in which the longitudinal and the transverse wave velocities increase linearly are appreciably dispersed. Dispersion curves are given showing the variation of phase and group velocities, with frequency and different laws of increase in density. The results are relevant to seismology and underwater acoustics.A part of this paper was presented at the meetings of the Canadian Association of Physicists held in Toronto in June 1967     

Dispersion of Rayleigh waves along a mainly Atlantic path

Summary It is shown that the dispersion curve of Rayleigh waves of an Earthquake of Haiti as observed in Budapest agrees well with those obtained byEwing &Press, as well as byBerckhemer for Atlantic route, though the latter related to purely oceanic routes, while with the curves observed at Budapest 80% of the route refer to an oceanic, 20% to continental path.     

煤层中气水两相运移的NMRI试验研究

首次将先进的无损检测NMRI成像技术引入煤层中气水两相运移的研究领域,将自主设计研制的、可同时改变围压、轴压和孔隙压的、非磁性聚碳酸酯材料制成的三轴渗透仪置于NMRI成像仪磁体腔中,通过气驱水和水驱气NMRI试验 实时观测了气水流动规律.主要以水驱气NMRI试验为例,详细介绍了核磁共振三轴渗透仪和型煤试件的研制,并重点阐述了水驱气试验过程和相关参数,利用NMRI技术实时观测得到了不同时间沿驱替方向型煤试件水平剖面的NMRI成像图,最后对试验结果进行了比较分析,揭示了一些新的规律认识：(1)水驱替前缘具有不一致性,从NMRI试验角度验证了前人甲烷类气体赋存形式主要以吸附在孔隙内表面为主的重要结论;(2)煤试件存在优势驱替路径,且这种优势路径在驱替过程中基本保持不变,水驱气的优势驱替路径易产生在煤试件边缘,即煤孔隙裂隙发育区;(3)水驱流量变化决定了水驱前缘的运移速度,且对水驱气效果具有滞后效应;(4)水驱气初次驱替效果好于二次驱替效果;(5)水驱替气的顺序为：主要大裂隙—周边裂隙—周边孔隙.     

Joint inversion of high-frequency surface waves with fundamental and higher modes

Joint inversion of multimode surface waves for estimating the shear (S)-wave velocity has received much attention in recent years. In this paper, we first analyze sensitivity of phase velocities of multimodes of surface waves for a six-layer earth model, and then we invert surface-wave dispersion curves of the theoretical model and a real-world example. Sensitivity analysis shows that fundamental mode data are more sensitive to the S-wave velocities of shallow layers and are concentrated on a very narrow frequency band, while higher mode data are more sensitive to the parameters of relatively deeper layers and are distributed over a wider frequency band. These properties provide a foundation of using a multimode joint inversion to define S-wave velocities. Inversion results of both synthetic data and a real-world example demonstrate that joint inversion with the damped least-square method and the singular-value decomposition technique to invert high-frequency surface waves with fundamental and higher mode data simultaneously can effectively reduce the ambiguity and improve the accuracy of S-wave velocities.     

Dispersion splitting of Rayleigh waves in layered azimuthally anisotropic media

Rayleigh wave dispersion can be induced in an anisotropic medium or a layered isotropic medium. For a layered azimuthally anisotropic structure, traditional wave equation of layered structure can be modified to describe the dispersion behavior of Rayleigh waves. Numerical stimulation results show that for layered azimuthal anisotropy both the dispersion velocities and anisotropic parameters depend principally on anisotropic S-wave velocities. The splitting S-wave velocities may produce dispersion splitting of Rayleigh waves. Such dispersion splitting appears noticeable at azimuthal angle 45°. This feature was confirmed by the measured results of a field test. The fundamental mode splits into two branches at azimuthal angle 45° to the symmetry axis for some frequencies, and along the same direction the difference of splitting-phase velocities of the fundamental model reaches the maximum. Dispersion splitting of Rayleigh waves was firstly displayed for anisotropy study in dispersion image by means of multichannel analysis of surface waves, the image of which provides a new window for studying the anisotropic property of media.     

Dispersion function of Rayleigh waves in porous layered half-space system

Rayleigh wave exploration is based on an elastic layered half-space model. If practical formations contain porous layers, these layers need to be simplified as an elastic medium. We studied the effects of this simplification on the results of Rayleigh wave exploration. Using a half-space model with coexisting porous and elastic layers, we derived the dispersion functions of Rayleigh waves in a porous layered half-space system with porous layers at different depths, and the problem of transferring variables to matrices of different orders is solved. To solve the significant digit overflow in the multiplication of transfer matrices, we propose a simple, effective method. Results suggest that dispersion curves differ in a lowfrequency region when a porous layer is at the surface; otherwise, the difference is small.     

基于拉东变换的瑞雷面波频散分析与应用

为克服面波谱分析法(SASW)提取频散曲线抗干扰能力差、不能得到多模式频散曲线等缺点,对拉东变换法进行了改进,不对原始记录进行数字处理,避免了数字处理效应的影响.通过对信号的频谱分析、结合场地的地质条件,选择频散分析的频率、速度范围,来达到规避高视速度的直达波、反射波.理论模型合成记录和实际资料的处理表明:研究的频散分析方法是有效的且适应性强,取得了较好的效果.     

Dispersion and attenuation of elastic waves due to multiple scattering from inclusions

The propagation of elastic waves in a medium containing many inclusions is considered. Under the assumption that the spatial distribution of inclusions is uniform, a general equation is derived for the determination of the velocity dispersion and attenuation coefficient of the effective waves. A simple example is presented where scatterers are infinitesimally thin cracks. The calculated results show that the attenuation coefficient Q^?1 takes a peak value for the wavelength nearly equal to twice the crack length.