Spatial variations in heavy metals on tidal flats in the Yangtze Estuary,China

Surface samples are used to determine onshore-offshore variations in heavy metal concentrations on tidal flats on Chongming and Hengsha Islands in the Yangtze Estuary, China. The Mann-Whitney U-Test suggests that proximity to the estuarine turbidity maximum does not result in significantly higher metal concentrations on tidal flats. Principal Components Analysis shows that grain-size is the primary control on metal concentrations, reflecting the occurrence of salt marsh and mud and sand flats. Sediment quality is comparable to that of pristine estuaries because of dilution by high river sediment loads.     

Historical changes in heavy metals in the Yangtze Estuary, China

A 6-m-long core was used to examine historical changes in heavy metals on tidal flats in the Yangtze Estuary, China. Over the last 100 years, human impact was minimal. However, over the last few decades, vertical metal concentrations have been affected by human activities such as local industrialization, urbanization and construction of major sewage outlets. Copper, lead and arsenic were identified as contaminants in the Yangtze Estuary on the basis of national pollution standards and a comparison of metals in the upper core with those in the lower core.     

Heavy metal pollution and assessment of the tidal flat sediments near the coastal sewage outfalls of shanghai,China

Zn, Cu, Cr and Pb concentrations of the sediment collected from three tidal flat sites of Yangtze estuary were investigated in October 2003. Results showed that the average concentrations of heavy metals in the sediments were two to three times to the environment background values of Yangtze estuary tidal flat sediment. The heavy metal concentrations in the sediments near the Bailonggang (BLG) and Laogang (LG) sewage outfalls were obviously higher than those of Chaoyang (CY) tidal flat where there are no sewage outfalls near the coast. And the concentrations of heavy metals in the surface sediments of LG tidal flat decreased with the increasing of the distance to the sewage outfalls. The heavy metal concentration profile in the sediment core changed with the depth, and generally reached maximum values at the depth of plant roots. The assessment results showed that the sediments of LG, BLG and CY tidal flat had been polluted by heavy metals in different level. The pollution degree of heavy metals in the sediments was as follows: Zn > Cu > Pb > Cr. The potential ecological risks of the four heavy metals in three tidal flat sites sediment were all at a middle level, and Cu and Pb made the main contributions. The adverse ecological effects caused by the four heavy metals did not occur frequently.     

潮滩沉积物重金属累积特征研究进展

在分析总结国内外潮滩重金属研究现状和成果的基础上，指出潮滩重金属来源的定量分析尚很不完整；沉积物的物质组成、粒径、水动力作用、潮滩生物、河流输入量、人类活动等都对重金属在潮滩的分布有着重要影响。在垂岸方向，重金属从高潮滩到低潮滩含量逐渐降低，反应了水动力以及粒径对潮滩重金属的分布的控制；沿岸方向，淤涨岸段，重金属含量低，排污口严重影响着重金属的沿程分布，重金属含量随离排污口的距离增大而呈指数减少；垂向方向，在许多地方重金属分布与人类活动、经济发展状况相吻合。生物活动使潮滩重金属的累计特征变得复杂，改变了潮滩局部的微环境。与国内外河口重金属研究相比，潮滩重金属的研究远远不足。沉积物中重金属常用研究方法，如Tes sier地球化学相连续提取法、Meso cosm模型，以及数值和现场模拟的方法的应用，对潮滩重金属的研究将有很大帮助。在潮滩重金属的污染评价中，生物标准较其它标准更为适合。     

长江口现代潮滩沉积物粒度特征及其在沉积相识别中的应用

本研究通过对长江口现代潮滩6个柱状样沉积物的粒度精细分析,试图提取研究区潮滩沉积相识别的粒度敏感指标,并通过对长江三角洲南部平原一个全新世钻孔(SL67孔)潮滩沉积物的粒度研究,检验现代沉积粒度敏感指标在全新世钻孔潮滩沉积相识别中的应用。研究显示,长江口现代高潮滩和中潮滩的黏性颗粒(8μm)和粗粉砂(32~63μm)含量差异显著,可以成为区分高潮滩和中潮滩的敏感组分;在开敞型的中、低潮滩之间,砂(63μm)和细粉砂含量(8~32μm)也差异明显。长江口现代潮滩沉积物的粒度频率曲线及众数值也可以有效协助区分高潮滩、中潮滩和低潮滩沉积物。利用上述粒度敏感组分和众数指标检验SL67孔全新世早中期在海平面波动控制下的潮滩演替过程,并揭示了7.5 cal ka BP前后的一次海平面加速上升事件。     

长江口盐沼滩面发育对有机碳深度分布的制约

通过对长江口崇明东滩高潮滩、中潮滩以及光滩柱状样的有机碳含量与碳稳定同位素组成（δ13C）、粒度组成等的测定,研究盐沼有机碳深度分布特征与形成机制。结果表明,盐沼土壤颗粒有机碳（POC）主要赋存于粒径小于0.016 mm的颗粒中,POC含量对粒径在0.002~0.004 mm区间的颗粒含量变化最敏感,说明盐沼POC主要来自长江径流悬移质,这与有机碳稳定同位素结果一致。土壤POC含量与不同粒径区间颗粒含量相关关系表明,高潮滩与中潮滩柱样的泥沙级配较为接近;光滩柱样POC含量与不同粒径区间颗粒含量相关关系特征与高、中潮滩柱样的基本类似,主要不同表现在粒径大于0.016 mm的粗颗粒,这很可能受控于盐沼不同高程部位动力沉积过程。盐沼植被对高、中潮滩柱样POC的贡献相当可观,个别层段高达55.6%;植被对土壤POC的贡献受到滩面过程的明显制约。滩面动力沉积过程形成盐沼垂向上独特的沙、泥纹层构造,其优良的封堵效能显著影响土壤有机碳的垂向分布。盐沼滩面动力沉积过程是塑造有机碳深度分布特征的关键因素。     

鸭绿江河口西岸潮间带柱状沉积物中重金属的分布特征及其对流域变化的响应

2010年和2011年在鸭绿江西水道和西岸潮间带共采集4根柱状样,通过对2mPb测年、粒度、总有机碳、重金属元素等多指标综合分析,探讨了：（1）鸭绿江河口西水道和西岸潮间带柱状沉积物中重金属的垂向分布及其来源：（2）重金属分布的粒度控制作用：（3）不同时期的粒度和重金属分布变化及其对流域变化的响应。结果表明：f1）Cu和zn可能来源于有机质降解的内源释放：Cr和Ni表征了岩石风化剥蚀形成陆源碎屑的自然来源：Cd和Pb反映了人类活动的影响。（2）除西岸潮间带的Cd和Pb含量可能部分受来源影响外,研究区的粒度效应是控制鸭绿江地区重金属含量分布的最主要因素。（3）粒度变化与流域演变密切相关,重金属含量对流域变化和人类活动响应明显,大致以1940年、1970年、1995年为界分为四个沉积阶段：1940年以前,自然演变对鸭绿江河口西岸潮间带的重金属分布控制明显,而1940年来至今,人类活动的控制作用日益凸显。     

浙闽沿岸泥质潮滩沉积磁性特征及其物源判别

潮滩沉积的物源一直是沉积学领域重要的研究内容。近30年长江入海泥沙量持续减少,致使长江入海泥沙对浙闽潮滩沉积的物质贡献降低。在此背景下,探究浙闽沿岸潮滩沉积的物源具有重要的现实意义。对杭州湾至福州湾沿岸的泥质潮滩表层沉积开展了详细地磁学研究,结果显示,研究区沉积物的磁性主要受磁铁矿主导,但磁性矿物含量、磁畴和矫顽力等磁性特征存在一定差异,这可能意味着沉积物受到多物源影响。皮尔森相关性分析进一步表明,沉积物磁性特征受粒度效应影响有限,主要与物源差异有关。物源判别结果指示,浙闽泥质潮滩沉积的物源包括长江、海岸基岩和浙闽河流。杭州湾至福宁湾,沉积物普遍受到长江和浙江诸河混合物质的影响,且浙江诸河的物质贡献较大;隘顽湾和象山港沉积物还受到其附近海岸基岩的影响;福宁湾沉积物可能还受到闽江源物质和其附近海岸基岩的影响;罗源湾和福州湾沉积物的潜在物源是闽江和其附近海岸基岩,长江和浙江诸河的物质贡献相当有限。     

长江口崇明岛滩地重金属元素分布探讨

该文通过对长江口崇明岛滩地柱状样进行^210Pb和^137Cs以及11个重金属元素的测试，以探讨重金属元素在河口滩地中的沉积与迁移过程，剖析其分布规律，从而为崇明岛滩涂资源的合理规划、利用提供科学依据。研究发现70年代以来的沉积物中重金属元素含量普遍高于70年代以前。在空间上，堡镇附近重金属元素含量比崇明岛其它地方明显要高，在岛上的另一个主要城镇城桥附近，重金属元素没有显示高值，反映重金属含量与径、潮流的淘洗作用有关。     

中国的潮滩

本文将中国潮滩分为平原型和港湾型二类。以渤海湾和江苏海岸为例,讨论了平原潮滩的环境条件、沉积动力过程及沉积相,就浙江、福建具代表性的三个港湾,叙述了港湾潮滩的特征,还讨论了沉积物供应量及潮汐作用对潮滩发育的影响。     

长江中游网湖沉积物重金属元素变化特征分析

在放射性核素¹³⁷Cs和²¹⁰Pb精确计年的基础上,建立了长江中游网湖近代沉积物年代序列。通过对沉积物中金属元素含量和粒度的测定,结合相关的文献资料,分析了100多年来网湖沉积物中重金属元素的垂直分布特征、物源变化,以及自然因素和人类活动对其的影响,最后采用地累积指数法和潜在生态危害指数法进行了重金属污染评价。研究结果表明：  20世纪50年代以前,人类活动对重金属元素沉积影响不大,重金属元素含量低于或接近参考的背景值,主要表现为自然沉积。其中1920～1950年间,流域高频率的洪灾使网湖沉积物中粘土物质减少,战乱和血吸虫病造成阳新县工农业生产衰退,人口急剧下降,受此影响沉积物中重金属含量出现了一段低谷。50年代以后,随着人口的增长、经济的速猛发展,尤其是矿产开发和大规模的水利工程建设,流域水土流失加重,大量陆源物质进入湖泊,使Cu,Ti,Mn,Zn,Co,Fe和Pb含量增加。重金属污染评价结果表明：  100多年来网湖总体上污染较轻,主要污染元素为Pb;   Cu和Zn在60年代后出现轻度污染;   Mn在沉积物表层出现轻度污染。目前,网湖RI=40.83,生态风险较小,但作为水生生物的养殖基地,中国重要的湿地保护区,其重金属污染问题应引起有关方面的关注,以防患于未然。     

环境磁学样品干燥过程中的磁性效应

对长江口南岸潮滩沉积物柱样和表层样品的烘干、风干和冻干法处理,然后进行系统磁性测量和水分、有机质的测定。实验结果得知:以冻干法为参照,烘干和风干方法对样品的磁参数的稳定性影响很小,但研究质地粘重样品时,应避免采用风干方法或校正风干样含水量质量后计算相关的磁参数。有机质的含量与主要磁参数成正相关,它对磁参数的影响很小     

Sources and history of heavy metal contamination and sediment deposition in Tivoli South Bay, Hudson River, New York

Persistent inorganic constitutents preserved in sediments of aquatic ecosystems record temporal variability of biogeochemical functioning and anthropogenic impacts.²¹⁰Pb and¹³⁷Cs dating techniques were used to study the past variations of heavy metals (Pb, Cu, and Zn) and accumulation rates of sediments for Tivoli South Bay, in the Hudson River National Estuarine Research Reserve ecosystem. South Bay, a tidal freshwater embayment of the Hudson, may play an important role in the sediment dynamics of this important river. The measured sedimentation rate range of 0.59 to 2.92 cm yr⁻¹ suggests that rapid accumulation occurred during the time period represented by the length of the cores (approximately the past 50 yr). Direct measurements of sediment exchange with the Hudson River reveal high variability in the sediment flux from one tidal cycle to the next. Net exchange does not seem to be adequate to explain sediment accumulation rates in the bay as measured by²¹⁰Pb and¹³⁷Cs. The difference may be supplied from upland streams or the Hudson River during storm events. Concentrations of the metals Pb, Cu and Zn were found to be well correlated with each other within individual cores at five of six sites tested. This suggests a common proximate source for the three metals at a specific site. The evidence is consistent with mixing in some environmental compartment before delivery to the bay. While metals self-correlate within individual cores, absolute concentrations, depth distribution patterns, and ratios of the metals to each other vary among the cores collected at different locations within the bay. Organic matter, Fe content, and particle size distribution of sediments do not account for the intercore variations in metal concentration. It is likely that cores collected from different sites may have derived metals from different sources, such as watershed streams and tidal exchange with the Hudson River.     

Changing depositional environment and factors controlling the growth of mudflat in a tropical estuary,west coast of India

Mudflats and associated mangroves are most important ecosystems of tropical coastal regions. Mangroves play a very important role in maintaining the environmental balance; thus in addition to mangrove reforestation and restoration, afforestation has also been practiced. We studied distribution of sediment components (sand, silt, clay) organic carbon (OC), heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Cr and Co) and pH in six cores collected from one of the largest mudflats of Mandovi estuary, west coast of India. The temporal distribution patterns of these proxies suggested that past changes in tidal energy conditions, fresh water inflow and anthropogenic activities over the last few decades, together helped in development of a middle tidal flat in this estuary. In cores collected from the mangroves, trapping and deposition of finer particles and organic matter were enhanced by a complex aerial mangrove root system in recent years. Mangroves were, therefore, suggested to enhance the buildup of mudflats in Mandovi estuary. Cores collected from mudflats also exhibited higher deposition of finer particles and organic matter (except MF2) in recent years, suggesting maturity and greater stability of the entire mudflat in recent years. Middle tidal flats (mudflats) of Mandovi estuary may, therefore, prove to be suitable substrates for mangrove proliferation in the near future. Finer sediments deposited mainly from mining activities in recent years exhibited lower pH and higher metal content. Organisms dwelling in these recently deposited sediments are, therefore, at higher risk of bioaccumulation and metal toxicity.     

Reconstructing historical trends in metal input in heavily-disturbed,contaminated estuaries: studies from Bilbao,Southampton Water and Sicily

Estuaries may be important reservoirs for contaminants as they tend to act as sinks for fine, contaminant-reactive sediments, and, historically, they have acted as centres for industrial and urban development. Analysis of dated sediment cores from these areas may allow historical trends in heavy metal input to be reconstructed, and recent and historical inputs of metal contaminants to be compared. Undisturbed saltmarsh settings have been used widely in the reconstruction of historical trends in metal input as saltmarshes provide a stable, vegetated substrate of dominantly fine sediments, and are less prone to erosion and reworking than adjacent mudflat areas. In comparison, much less research on historical pollution trends has been undertaken at estuarine sites which are prone to severe local disturbance, such as intertidal areas which are routinely dredged or where sedimentary processes have been modified by human activities such as shipping, salt working, port activities, land claim etc. This paper assesses the usefulness of ²¹⁰Pb and ¹³⁷Cs dating, combined with geochemical studies, in reconstructing historical trends in heavy metal input and sediment accretion in 3 heavily-modified, industrialised estuarine areas in Europe: the Bilbao estuary (Spain), Southampton Water (UK), and the Mulinello estuary (Sicily). Of these sites, only a salt marsh core from the Mulinello estuary provides a high-resolution record of recent heavy metal inputs. In Southampton Water only a partial record of changing metal inputs over time is retained due to land-claim and possible early-diagenetic remobilisation, while at Bilbao the vertical distribution of heavy metals in intertidal flats is mainly controlled by input on reworked sediment particles and variations in sediment composition. Where ¹³⁷Cs and ²¹⁰Pb distributions with depth allow a chronology of sediment deposition to be established, and early-diagenetic remobilisation has been minimal, mudflat and saltmarsh cores from even the most heavily-disturbed estuarine sites can provide useful information on variations in historical contaminant input. When the sediments have been vigorously mixed or reworked, large-scale compositional variations are present, or significant early-diagenetic remobilisation has occurred, however, only general information on the scale of contamination can be obtained.     

Heavy metals in bottom sediments of great slave lake (Canada): A reconnaissance

Near the shores of Great Slave Lake, natural sources of heavy metals include gold and base metal deposits, mineralized greenstone belts and sedimentary bedrock, and uraniferous granites. Potential anthropogenic sources of heavy metals (As, Zn, Pb) include large gold and base metal extraction -processing facilities on the shores of the lake. Six sediment cores were collected on a traverse of the lake. Heavy metal concentrations and distributions are related to the regional bedrock geochemistry in the drainage basin. Higher uranium concentrations in the northernmost core are attributed to extensive uraniferous areas north of the lake. More subtle variations of concentration are related to sedimentologic characteristics and processes in the lake. The west basin is a natural sink for most of the heavy metals determined. Two centrally located west basin cores had mean zinc concentrations of 145 ppm, whereas cores closer to the north and south shores had mean concentrations of 80–110 ppm. Mn, Ni, and Pb were enriched in some of the cores from the area of shallower water near the MacKenzie River outlet, rather than in the central west basin. The enrichment is related to Mn-, Ni-, and Pb-rich amorphous coatings on quartz grains. Elevated zinc or lead levels from anthropogenic activities were not detected but elevated levels are suspected for arsenic. In the two cores from the center of the west basin, surface sediment contains up to 12 ppm arsenic, not high in comparison with noncontaminated freshwater lakes elsewhere in Canada but considerably elevated relative to concentrations of 1 ppm found deeper in the same cores. Contribution from the National Water Research Institute, Western and Northern Region. Presented at the 10th International Sedimentological Congress, Jerusalem, Israel, 1978.     

Occurrence and spatial distribution of metals in intertidal sediments of a temperate estuarine system (Bahía Blanca,Argentina)

Intertidal sediments of the inner and middle zone from the Bahía Blanca estuary were sampled for geochemical and environmental assessment of metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, Mn, Ni, Cr and Fe). Results indicate that both the organic matter content and the sediment grain size plays an important role in controlling the differential concentrations of the metals found in sediments from both zones. For most of the elements (except Mn), sediment metal concentrations were greater in the middle zone, although the concentrations did not exceed the maximums for quality of marine sediments. In this sense, anthropogenic impact (i.e., sewage drain) appears to be a key factor in the distribution of metals within the estuarine system. Comparing the levels obtained with quality levels (LEL and SEL), except Cu that showed levels slightly above the LEL, the rest of the concentrations of metals were lower to those levels. The low metal concentrations obtained within this highly impacted estuarine system suggest that the great volume of water that flooding the extensive flats in each tidal cycle has much importance. Although the potential risks of metals to the estuarine environment were low, taking into account the toxicity of some of these metals, continuity of monitoring is highly recommended.     

潮间带滩涂沉积物与水体热通量模拟

为了揭示滩涂对近岸水温影响,开展潮间带滩涂沉积物与海水之间热量交换研究。以韩国西南海岸的滩涂为例,建立滩涂沉积物温度模型,模拟不同潮汐状态下沉积物垂向剖面温度以及沉积物与水体间的热通量,并分析了季节、滩涂位置、潮位-太阳辐射相位对热通量的影响。研究表明:模拟出的沉积物温度与实测值吻合较好。沉积物与水体存在大量热量交换,且集中在淹没后的前3 h,最大热通量可达398.7 W/m2。冬季月份海水向滩涂净传热。夏季月份滩涂向水体净传热,且当滩涂淹没时刻发生在当地正午或正午过后3 h内,滩涂传递给水体的热量相对较大,达2.0 MJ/（m2·d）;累积热通量随滩涂干滩率的减小而减小。研究成果为进一步深入研究滩涂影响下近岸水温变化提供了技术支撑。     

Morphological response of tidal marshes,flats and channels of the Outer Yangtze River mouth to a major storm

Systematic morphological changes of the coastline of the outer Yangtze River mouth in response to storms versus calm weather were documented by daily surveys of tidal marshes and flats between April 1999 and May 2001 and by boat surveys offshore during this and earlier periods. The largest single event during 1999 to 2001 was Typhoon Paibaian, which eroded the unvegetated tidal flat and lower marsh and led to accretion on the middle-to-upper marsh and in the subtidal channel. The greatest erosion of 21 cm occurred at the border between the marsh and the unvegetated flat due to the landward retreat of the marsh edge during the storm. Strong waves on the flats increased suspended sediment concentration by 10–20 times. On the upper marsh, where the frequency of submergence by astronomical tides is only 3%, Typhoon Paibian led to 4 cm of accretion, accounting for 57% of the net accretion observed over the 2-yr study. Typhoon Paibian led to 4 cm of accretion, accounting for 57% of the net accretion observed over the 2-yr study. Typhoon Paibian and other large storms in the 1990s caused over 50 cm of accretion along the deep axis of the river mouth outlet channel. During calm weather, when hydrodynamic energy was dominated by tides, deposition was centered on the unvegetated flats and lower, marsh with little deposition on the high marsh and erosion in the subtidal channel. Depositional recovery of the tidal flat from typhoon-induced erosion took only several days, whereas recovery of the subtidal channel by erosion took several weeks. A conceptual model for the morphological responses of tidal marshes, flats, and subtidal channels to storms and calm weather is proposed such that sediment continually moves from regions of highest near-bed energy towards areas of lower energy.     

Seafloor environmental changes resulting from nineteenth century reclamation in Mishou Bay, Bungo Channel, Southwest Japan

This study reconstructed environmental changes to the seafloor associated with reclamation in Mishou Bay, Bungo Channel, Japan, based on measurements of sediment grain size, organic matter and sulfur contents of surface sediments and data from sediment cores. Grain size within sediment cores from the middle of Mishou Bay decreased from the beginning of the 1800s to the 1900s. In contrast, a grain size profile from the river mouth shows a gradual increase in grain size up through the sediment core. These changes in grain size indicate a decrease in tidal current velocity within the middle of the bay and that the delta system is gradually prograding from the river mouth. Records of organic matter composition and sulfur contents indicate that the effect of the river on seafloor sedimentation became stronger during the nineteenth century. These changes are related to reclamation during the late 1700s and 1800s. The decrease in sea area resulting from reclamation probably led to a decrease in tidal prism and current velocity. It is likely that the increasing effect of river water on sedimentation is associated with reclamation-related progradation of the river delta system.