Rock Magnetism Study on Loess-Paleosol Sequence at Huixinggou Section of Sanmenxia Basin

Rock magnetism is the foundation of paleomagnetism and environmental magnetism study, and is effective in identifying the components, grain size and content of magnetic minerals in rocks and sediments. A systematic rock magnetism investigation has been conducted on the Huixinggou loess-paleosol sequence at Shuigou-Huixinggou Paleolithic site of Sanmenxia Basin in the southeastern Loess Plateau. Results show that the magnetic assemblage of the section is dominated by magnetite and maghemite, as well as hematite, exhibiting the average grain size of magnetic minerals is attributed to Pseudo-Single Domain (PSD). The variation curves of magnetic parameters are consistent and well comparable to marine oxygen isotope curves, with low values corresponding to the loess deposition during glacial periods, and high values corresponding to the paleosol development during interglacial periods, jointly demonstrating the glacial-interglacial cyclicities of magnetic mineral types, composition, and grain size of Chinese loess-paleosol sequences under the influence of alternating strengthening and weakening of Eastern Asian paleomonsoon over the Quaternary period. Comprehensive analysis reveals that the relative content of high-coercivity antiferromagnetic minerals is higher in loess than in paleosol, whilst the absolute content of high-coercivity antiferromagnetic minerals in paleosol is generally higher than that in loess accompanying increasing intensity of pedogenesis. The mass-specific magnetic susceptibility (χ) shows distinctly positive correlations with anhysteretic susceptibility (χ_ARM), Saturation Isothermal Remanent Magnetization (SIRM) and magnetic grain size dependent parameters (χ_ARM/SIRM and χ_ARM/χ), indicating that the pedogenic producing Single Domain (SD) and small PSD ferrimagnetic particles contribute significantly to the magnetic susceptibility enhancement.     

靖远黄土剖面磁性地层的初步研究

曹岘黄土剖面位于甘肃省靖远县,系黄河中游六级阶地黄土堆积,厚约505m,含33层古土壤,系黄土-古土壤系列,是目前已知世界上最厚的黄土剖面。作者对该剖面进行了古地磁学研究,结果表明:曹岘黄土剖面含布容正极性时和松山反极性时,B/M 界线位于L₈中部,加拉米洛正极性亚时位于L₁₀—L₁₃,位置。曹岘黄土堆积始于1.40MaB.P.,该黄土剖面可以与兰州、洛川和蓝田等黄土剖面对比。     

天山北麓黄土记录的30万年以来古气候演变

对天山北麓黄土分布特点与形成年代的研究,以及以此为载体应用各代用指标的古气候重建已经取得了不少进展。在前人工作的基础上,选取黄土—古土壤序列分明,底部S3古土壤发育的鹿角湾剖面为主要研究对象,结合天山北麓的其他多个典型黄土剖面,运用色度、粒度、常量地球化学元素含量和环境磁学参数等指标,探讨大约30万年以来的古气候演变。鹿角湾黄土实验结果显示,各古气候代用指标随剖面深度变化与黄土—古土壤更替大概一致,剖面上部（L2及其以上）与下部区别明显。粒度分布揭示黄土物源输入主要受控于两股不同风系,随黄土古土壤的更替两者的主次地位发生变化。环境磁学实验结果显示,剖面下部磁性弱,频率磁化率低,但古土壤层稳定单畴含量较高,反映湿润成壤环境下超顺磁亚铁磁性矿物溶解或转化为弱磁性矿物;剖面上部比剖面下部的磁性要强,磁性矿物粒度更粗;S0为磁性成壤增强模式,与其他黄土古土壤层不同。再结合其他典型剖面的记录,可以推断研究区30万年以来有干旱化的趋势,但S2发育阶段总体上可能比S3发育阶段略为湿润,这一阶段之后气候明显变干,S1发育阶段明显比S2与S3发育阶段干旱,干旱化趋势一直保持至全新世开始之前。     

中亚地区现代表土磁学特征及其古环境意义*

在中国西北地区主要沙漠、绿洲和戈壁及蒙古国南部戈壁等亚洲中部粉尘源区采集了表土(包括沙漠和土壤)样品,系统分析了样品的磁学性质(包括磁化率、无磁滞磁化率、等温剩磁、磁滞回线和热磁曲线)。结果表明,中亚地区表土样品中主要磁性矿物是铁磁矿,含有赤铁矿和磁赤铁矿,并伴有少量顺磁性矿物;磁性矿物粒度主要是准单畴(PSD)和多畴(MD),超顺磁性颗粒含量较低,接近于中国西部黄土地层含量。中亚地区表土磁性矿物含量总体都较低,磁性矿物含量在空间上与降雨量成正比。研究结果指示西部地区(准噶尔盆地和南部塔里木盆地)表土样品较北部地区(鄂尔多斯高原、阿拉善高原以及蒙古高原)表土样品,其粗颗粒磁性矿物含量高,而细颗粒磁性矿物含量低。本研究结果为黄土地层古土壤磁性增强源自成土过程提供了最直接的证据。     

East Asian summer monsoon intensity inferred from iron oxide mineralogy in the Xiashu Loess in southern China

The Xiashu Loess, in comparison to the well-studied loess sequences in the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP), provides a good opportunity for studying East Asian monsoon variations from a southern China perspective. Here we present a study of the iron oxide mineralogy of the Xiashu Loess using integrated geochemical and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) measurements as well as magnetic data. Our results show that the free iron oxide (Fe_d) to total iron (Fe_t) ratio (Fe_d/Fe_t), hematite (Hm) to goethite (Gt) ratio (Hm/Gt) and saturation isothermal remanent magnetization (SIRM) to magnetic susceptibility (χ) ratio (SIRM/χ) all indicate particularly strong summer monsoons during the formation of paleosols PS5 and PS4 (equivalent to Marine Isotope Stage 13 and 11, respectively). However, magnetic susceptibility and Fe_d/Fe_t are not consistently reliable indicators of summer monsoon intensity for the whole section. Our results indicate that a multi-proxy approach can give a more reliable summer monsoon intensity reconstruction. The summer monsoon shows a cooling trend and a declining of precipitation from 0.5 to ～0.3 Ma, after which it becomes warmer and wetter towards the top of paleosol PS1 (equivalent to MIS 5). However, PS1 was formed under a relatively cooler temperature and wetter soil conditions in comparison to PS5 and PS4. Such supra-orbital variations in the East Asian summer monsoon superimposed on the effects of glacial–interglacial cycles in southern China are also reflected in the 0.4–0.5 Ma cycle of marine carbon isotopes in the global ocean, possibly indicating a strong link between terrestrial weathering and the global carbon cycle.     

南京老虎山黄土剖面中铷锶地球化学和磁化率与古气候变化的关系

宁镇地区的下蜀黄土记录了古气候变化的丰富信息，作为中国北方风尘堆积的南部边缘相，下蜀黄土在全球环境变化研究中占有重要的地位。本文以10cm间距系统分析了老虎山剖面的Rb、Sr含量和频率磁化率。结果显示，磁化率和Rb含量可以较好地指示东亚冬季风强度变化；Rb/Sr比可以作为下蜀黄土化学风化强度的替代性指标；剖面的Rb/Sr比由下至上升高是南京地区12万年以来化学风化作用增强的结果。     

郑州邙山桃花峪高分辨率晚更新世黄土地层

风成邙山黄土分布于河南郑州西北黄河南岸。黄土序列较完整,初步研究了桃花峪剖面S₂以上黄土地层,S₀、L₁、S₁、L₂和S₂分别厚0.6m、70.8m、9.9m、12.4m和1.0m。特别有意义的是晚更新世马兰黄土厚度巨大,分辨率高。以10cm间距对邙山桃花峪剖面进行了磁化率测量,并与海洋氧同位素时间序列进行对比,按Kukla等的磁化率年龄模式,获得相应的年代时间标尺。对末次冰期黄土以40cm间距进行了粒度分析,不同冰期或冰阶的平均沉积速率和分辨率有很大的差异。特别是末次冰期晚冰阶黄土粒度所反映的冬季风振荡的频率和幅度都超过了格陵兰冰芯记录。邙山晚更新世黄土地层是进行高分辨率黄土地层与短时间尺度过去全球变化研究的极好对象.      

中原邙山黄土地层

位于黄土高原与华北平原过渡带上的中原黄土地层,以邙山赵下峪剖面为其典型代表。据光释光和热释光测年及磁性地层研究结果,该剖面从邙山塬面至黄河河床出露S₀-S₁₀黄土-古土壤序列,总厚度172.1m,B/M界线记录于S₈古土壤层顶部,以厚层晚更新世S₁古土壤(15.7m)和巨厚L₁黄土(77.3m)为其特色。赵下峪剖面上末次间冰期以来的平均沉积速率明显增大,其中以末次冰期晚冰阶L₁LL₁黄土的沉积速率最大,高达34.5mm/a。在邙山黄土堆积过程中,倒数第二冰期末(相当于L₂顶部),约150ka B P,发生了风尘沉积速率的突变,其原因是此时黄河贯通三门峡东流,给风尘源区带来丰富的物质。同时赵下峪剖面的磁化率曲线所示,黄土-古土壤的磁化率强弱,并不简单地反映夏季风强度,也要受到沉积速率变化的影响。      

桂林水南洞洞穴沉积物的古地磁记录及其古环境意义

通过对桂林水南洞2.5m厚的洞穴沉积物剖面的古地磁初步研究,其结果及地质证据表明该沉积剖面形成期可能与贾拉米洛正向期对应。根据磁化率、磁性矿物的特征和沉积学特征,对该地区这一地质时期的古环境变化提出以下认识:1.第三暖湿期,以钙华沉积为特征;2.第二干冷期,以含有少量钙质的黄褐色粘土为特征,并以含有高矫顽磁性矿物和低磁化率为特征;3.第二暖湿期,以互层的红褐色粘土、含高含量钙质的粘土或钙华为特征,并以含有低矫顽磁性矿物和高磁化率为特征;4.第一干冷期,以褐灰色粘土为特征,并以含有高矫顽磁性矿物和低磁化率为特征;5.第一暖湿期,以地下河沉积相(砂卵石为主)为特征。      

Mangshan Loess in Central China and the Paleomonsoon Variationssince the Last Interglaciation

The Mangshan Yuan is a loess platform on the southern bank of the Yellow River, which is located in northwestern Zhengzhou of Henan Province, China. The typical Zhaoxiayu section of the Mangshan Yuan preserves stratigraphical loess units above S10 with a total thickness of 172.1 m, which includes 15.7 m of the last interglacial paleosol S1, 77.3 m of the last glacial loess L1 that consist of 41.6 m of the late stade L1LL1, 13.2 m of the interstade L1SS1 and 22.5 m of the early stade L1LL2. Based on the age marking points by correlating magnetic susceptibility of the section with the SPECMAP curve, the timescale of the section was constructed, and the average accumulation rate and the resolution of each loess strata over the S2 were subsequently calculated using the     

洛阳北窑遗址年代再研究

文章重新研究了洛阳北窑遗址的地层序列,并测定了黄土-古土壤序列的磁化率曲线,认为洛阳北窑遗址的年代从MIS 7延续到MIS 2,光释光法测年和 ¹⁴ C 测年得出的数据也与这一结果吻合。其中1998年发掘的层位的年龄从MIS 7延续到MIS 4的早期,而不是先前所认为的从MIS 5延续到MIS 3。     

郑州邙山马兰黄土的光释光(OSL)测年初步研究

对郑州市西北邙山黄土塬赵下峪(34°58'N,113°22'E)剖面上部马兰黄土(厚约87m)不同层位的24个样品作了细颗粒(4-11μm)组分红外释光(IRSL)测年,其中8个样品同时进行了细颗粒组分绿光释光(GLSL)测年。样品的IRSL和GLSL信号强度都在Daybreak1100TL/OSL检测系统中测量。该系统的本底计数为70-80光子/秒。被检测的IRSL和GLSL波长分别为340-480nm和340±25nm;激发光束波长分别为880±80nm和514±14nm,功率为18mW和15-16mW。所有样品的等效剂量都用再生释光法测定;环境剂量率是通过测定样品的铀、钍和钾含量,按Aitken(1985)的转换系数确定的,考虑了含水量的影响及宇宙射线的贡献。从这批样品的光释光测年结果可得以下初步认识:
(1)8个样品细颗粒组分的IRSL和GLSL测定的等效剂量和年龄值,除1个样品外,都在1-2σ范围内一致。这可能提供了沉积物光释光测年可靠性的一种自检方法。(2)邙山剖面马兰黄土不同层位段的沉积速率变化十分显著,从0.4m/ka到5.6m/ka,并与剖面上质量磁化率测定值的变化大致相吻合。该剖面马兰黄土至少有4个快速堆积层(沉积速率>3m/ka),其磁化率低而变化小;3个缓慢堆积层(沉积速率<0.5m/ka),其磁化率大或变化显著,它们之间有一系列过渡层。(3)邙山马兰黄土大体可三分即上部(L_1-1)埋深2.7-27.5m,中部(L_1-2)埋深27.5-57.9m)和下部(L_1-3)埋深57.9-87.9m。它们的形成年代分别为10.8-36.2ka B P,36.2-70.3ka B P和70.3-80.2ka B P。较详细的黄土-古土壤序列年代表将在文中讨论      

Late Pleistocene Climatic Variations at Achenheim, France, Based on a Magnetic Susceptibility and TL Chronology of Loess

New field investigations of the Achenheim sequence (Alsace, France) allow for the characterization of variations in the low-field magnetic susceptibility over most of the last climatic cycle, i.e., the past 130,000 yr. New stratigraphic data and thermoluminescence measurements permit reassessment of the previous chronological interpretation of the Upper Pleistocene at Achenheim. A high-resolution analysis of magnetic susceptibility discloses the occurrence of a fine-grained “marker” horizon which was also found recently in another section. This horizon is interpreted as a small-scale dust layer deposited prior to the main interval of loess deposition. The horizon, deposited at the marine isotope stage (MIS) 5/4 boundary, has been found in other loess sequences and is especially prevalent in central Europe. It is characterized by low susceptibility values and a grayish color. New thermoluminescence dates indicate that the loess deposition took place after the MIS 5/4 boundary, i.e., after 70,000 yr. These results are consistent with the Greenland GRIP ice-core dust record which also demonstrates a dusty atmosphere after 72,000 yr ago. On a more regional scale, the Achenheim loess sequence demonstrates a reliable correlation between the western side of the Eurasian loess belt and the dust record of the Greenland ice cores.     

黄土记录的中亚干旱区东部全新世气候与环境演化

选取位于中亚干旱区东部新疆天山地区的两个典型黄土沉积剖面,通过磁学参数（χ_ARM/SIRM）、亮度（L^*）、有机碳/氮同位素（δ¹³C_org和δ¹⁵N）等记录,对研究区内全新世以来的气候环境进行重建。结果表明：早全新世,χ_ARM/SIRM、L^*指示黄土成壤较弱、有机质含量低,δ¹³C_org记录表明区域降水较少,共同反映该时期地表植被覆盖低、相对干旱的气候环境;中晚全新世,χ_ARM/SIRM、L^*和δ¹³C_org记录的湿度逐渐增加,黄土δ¹⁵N偏正变化,指示地表生态系统生产力增强、植被覆盖增加,表明该区域气候适宜期发生在中晚全新世。中亚干旱区东部全新世以来的气候环境特征,与北半球高纬度冰盖、太阳辐射强度的变化密切相关。     

Magnetic parameters reflecting pedogenesis in Pleistocene loess deposits of Argentina

Quaternary loess sequences of Argentina, with interbedded loess and buried soils (palaeosols), provide terrestrial records of past climates and environmental conditions. Study of rock magnetic parameters measured over a large area of the Pampean loess seems to indicate that the existing magnetoclimatological models cannot adequately account for the complexities of the Pampean loess.The Chinese loess has been considered as typical, where magnetic properties are largely controlled by pedogenesis. On the other hand, the Siberian loess is an alternative magnetoclimatological model in which palaeosols appear as magnetic lows and the intercalated loess as magnetic highs. Argentine loess is apparently closer to the Siberian model. However, considering the data obtained in Argentina, the situation seems to be more complicated. The higest magnetic values (SIRM and susceptibiliy values) in silty and sandy loess indicate a more efficient entrainment of dense iron oxides particles during stormy dry (glacial) intervals.The parent material shows the highest susceptibility values (>100 × 10⁻⁸ m³/kg) while the waterlogged horizons show the lowest ones (below 20 × 10⁻⁸ m³/kg). Pedogenesis resulting in the development of BC and B soil horizons of palaeosols in the parent loess produced decreases in susceptibility values and increases in the F factor. This phenomenon occurs at some degree of humidity in which the process of gleying caused the total depletion of both susceptibility and frequency factor. The magnentic data allows consideration of the relevance of major cycles (arid/humid) separated by discontinuities as the main factor favoring one particular behavior of the magnetic parameters. The B horizons of palaeosols developed during an arid cycle will not show a notable difference in the magnetic records from the parent material. In contrast, during humid climate condition the pristine loess can be progresively obliterated by pedogensis through to the extreme situation of gleying.     

中原邙山黄土地层划分的讨论

地层时代和地层划分研究一直是基础性、先导性工作,随着科学研究的深入和材料的丰富,地层划分不断被重新认识。黄土地层时代和划分主要依靠OSL、14C、古地磁和磁化率的对比。中原邙山因发育巨厚的马兰黄土而闻名中外,但地层划分却出现了不同的认识。早期对赵下峪剖面的研究认为L₁层厚98 m,并发育L₁SS₁弱古土壤层;剖面底部出露最老地层为S₁₀层。后来的观点把早期的L₁层划分为L₁、S₁、L₂层,剖面底部出露最老地层为S₁₁层。通过对B/M界线进行详细的古地磁研究,剖面上部补充年代测试样品,结合已有测年结果,分析认为早期对L₁的划分和对剖面最老地层的确认是正确的,但B/M界线位置划分有误;而后期的研究对B/M界线位置的划分是正确的,但把底部最老地层划分为S₁₁是不当的,同时把马兰黄土中弱古土壤层L₁SS₁划分为S₁也是不合适的。地层对比表明,邙山黄土发育了S₀—S₁₀黄土—古土壤序列,B/M界线位于L₈下部。      

黄土高原西部白草塬剖面L1和S1记录的古地磁场特征

文章详细介绍了黄土高原西部白草塬剖面L₁和S₁的高精度岩石磁学和古地磁学结果,讨论了白草塬剖面记录古地磁场的特征,从古地磁学角度探讨白草塬剖面黄土沉积的连续性。白草塬剖面黄土沉积物中,磁铁矿和磁赤铁矿是主要的亚铁磁性矿物,粗粒的碎屑磁铁矿是其天然剩磁和特征剩磁的主要载体。白草塬剖面L₁和S₁没有记录任何地磁漂移。其中,L₁没有记录MonoLake或Laschamp地磁漂移的原因可归结于黄土沉积物堆积过程的不连续性和/或粗颗粒载磁矿物的重磁化,但前者是主要原因,而堆积过程的不连续性是导致S₁没有记录Blake地磁漂移的主要原因。因此,白草塬剖面的L₁和S₁分别存在约2000年和4000～6000年的沉积不连续。     

黄土高原-阿拉善高原典型断面表土磁学特征研究

在黄土高原-阿拉善高原区域沿接近降水量最大梯度线方向系统采集了表土(包括沙漠和土壤)样品,详细研究了其环境磁学、粒度和有机质含量等环境替代指标的变化特征.结果表明,整个断面表土中的强磁性矿物主要为磁铁矿和磁赤铁矿,并含有赤铁矿.阿拉善高原表土中磁性矿物颗粒多为多畴(MD),总体含量偏低,磁性矿物中硬磁组分含量较高;黄土高原区表土中磁性颗粒多为准单畴(PSD),总体含量偏高,磁性矿物中软磁组分含量较高.进一步分析发现,在干旱地区,频率磁化率与降水有良好的相关性,而常用的磁化率不能较好地反映降水量变化.本研究指示在干旱地区应用单一磁化率指标解释环境变化需要谨慎.     

陕西长武黄土剖面L3～S6土层渗透性研究

根据渗水实验、孔隙度、粒度、磁化率测定,研究了长武黄土剖面L₃～S₆土层的渗透性及其成因。研究结果表明,L₃,L₄,L₅和L₆黄土层渗透性较强,稳定入渗速率较高,它们的渗透系数变化在0.57～1.06mm/分之间,4层平均为0.75mm/分;S₃,S₄,S₅和 S₆古土壤渗透性较弱,稳定入渗率较低,它们的渗透系数变化在0.18～0.71mm/分之间,4层平均为0.44mm/分。红色古土壤达到稳定入渗率的时间一般比黄土层要长;   黄土层的平均空隙度比红褐色古土壤高,渗透性强,粒度成分较粗,黄土层比红褐色古土壤层更利于构成含水层;   红褐色古土壤层粒度成分细,空隙度低,渗透性弱,比黄土层利于形成隔水层。长武第4层古土壤厚度小,纵向裂隙发育强,入渗速率较大,不易形成隔水层。磁化率、粘粒含量资料表明红褐色古土壤层与黄土层渗透性、含水空间和隔水性的差异主要是当时气候冷干和温湿交替变化的结果。     

河北坝上丰宁黄土剖面记录的230 ka BP以来的环境演化*

河北坝上地区位于东亚季风气候边缘区,对气候变化响应敏感。丰宁黄土剖面为研究该区域长时间尺度的环境演化提供了理想材料。通过丰宁黄土剖面地球化学元素和磁化率分析,结合光释光测年结果,恢复了该地区230,ka BP以来的环境演化历史; 通过野外观察,识别出了S₁古土壤之下发育的风化淋滤黄土层,探讨了S₁古土壤发育时期的风化淋滤特征及其所揭示的气候变化问题。结果表明: (1)230,ka BP以来的磁化率记录可与深海氧同位素3—8阶段进行细节上的对比,表明丰宁黄土堆积区对全球气候变化有着积极的响应;(2)S₁古土壤发育时期,由于受到强降水的影响,土壤中元素受到强烈淋溶从而向下迁移到L₂黄土中,造成L₂上部地球化学记录与磁化率的差异;(3)从S₁古土壤顶部到钙结核层之间土壤属于酸性淋溶土,可能相当于现今中国北亚热带的黄棕壤,其剖面由土壤层、风化淋滤黄土层和CaCO₃淀积层构成;(4)S₁古土壤发育时期的温度和降水量与现今江苏泗洪和六合地区相当,表明当时研究区为亚热带气候。