人工神经网络台风预报系统

系统在经大量数据训练、运算基础上，选用了ＢＰ网络模型。为适应台风路径预报，对ＢＰ网络进行了改进，应用改进后的ＢＰ网络，自动训练到２１５９次后，由神经网络输出的判定台风移向趋势－西进，北上，西北移与实际历史移行路径概括率达９７％。在业务实用时，只需在指定硬盘路径中给出系统运行的３个文件，包括天气系统主要特征参数，系统即可以人机对话形式给出当前台风移动路径概率值。     

温州市台风预报决策服务系统

温州市台风预报决策服务系统是一个集历史资料检索、台风路径追踪、实时资料分析、天气预报制作、预报产品分发于一体的决策服务系统。该系统收集了五十多年来有关的台风资料、浙江风雨和温州灾情资料、形势场、实况场和物理量场资料，建立了大型综合资料库和相似检索系统。系统还具有专家咨询、预报方法综合、预报决策、服务决策、服务产品制作和分发等多种功能。在近两年的台风预报服务中发挥了重要作用，取得了较好的社会效益和经济效益。     

台风路径统计预报的改进

应用数值预报产品并采用多种预报方案相结合建立了台风路径的统计释用综合预报模式，从而提高了台风路径预报的技巧。经１９９４年台风季节业务试用，其预报性能比原有的统计预报模式有较大的提高，试验表明，充分利用在预报时可得到的数值预报输出产品的采用多种方案集成是改进台风路径客观的有效途径。     

PP法用于江苏台风暴雨预报的经验,结果和应用前景

本文在总结以往台风预报经验的基础上，应用数值预报产品释用中的ＰＰ法，建立了江苏省台风暴雨预报工具，通过利用Ｔ６３模式产品的试报经验，工具具有一定实用价值。     

我国台风科研和业务预报的回顾及现状

本文回顾了中华人民共和国成立以来,我国台风科研和业务预报发展的过程,介绍了现在的情况。并在此基础上,提出了为提高热带气旋路径预报精度,应该进行的工作。     

南海灾害性土台风统计分析

根据台风年鉴资料统计分析了南海热带气旋(指在南海海域生成的热带气旋、又称南海灾害性土台风、下面简称TC)，TC数量逐年逐月变化较大，除3月没有TC出现外，其余月份均有TC出现，年生成最多的TC为11个，最少的为1个，年平均6．2个，月生成最多的TC为5个，最少的为零个。TC登陆最多的是8月，12月至翌年4月没有TC登陆中国大陆，登陆范围主要在汕头至海南岛之间。TC的持久期一般均在4—7天，最长亦有19天。南海上生成的TC只有15％能够加强为台风，均集中在水深超过150米的海域。南海是TC发生频繁、数量较多的海域。     

广东台风特大暴雨预报

使用台风年鉴，天气图，天星云图等气象资料，对１９６０－１９９１年影响广东的３９例特大暴雨台风进行了对比分析，台风特大暴雨主要是由其云系中的中尺度强降水系统造成，归纳出形成发展的概仿模式和相应环境流场特征，建立预报思路与方法。１９９４年作１５次预报试验，其准确率达７３％。     

台风暴雨PP预报工具

在总结以往台风暴雨预报经验的基础上，应用数值预报产品，建立了江苏省台风暴雨ＰＰ预报方程，利用Ｔ６３模式产品试验报检验表明，该方法具有实用价值，应用前景广阔。     

浙江沿海台风阵风系数的影响因子分析

利用2004—2015年影响浙江海岛的台风及沿海气象站资料,分析台风阵风系数与平均风速、台风强度、测站高度、岛屿位置、台风与测站之间距离、台风象限和月份等因子的关系。结果表明,当平均风速较小时阵风系数的均值和波动幅度较大。在相同风速情况下,台风中心强度较强时的阵风系数会大些且其变化幅度随高度增大;而台风强度较弱时的阵风系数随高度变化不明显。最大阵风系数一般出现在台风与测站距离为150~250 km的区域内。台风第一和第四象限不仅其影响风力明显比第二和第三象限的强,且阵风系数变化幅度也较大。近海岸岛屿测站的阵风系数比远海岸岛屿测站要大。9月阵风系数波动范围比7—8月的小。从台风的自身环流来看,中低层的高度场、垂直速度场和湿度场等因子与阵风系数相关密切。      

基于静止锋的强对流过程个例诊断分析

本文利用常规天气图、中尺度暴雨 η模式输出的物理量场和红外卫星云图资料对 1999年 7月 18日 0 8时～ 7月 19日 0 8时东南沿海 2 1～ 30°N ,110～ 12 2°E范围内的强对流过程进行了分析 ,并仔细考察了对流云团强烈发展的前期条件。结果表明 :此次强对流过程与副高边缘的强暖湿不稳定及准静止锋的活动有关 ,静止锋活动是产生雷暴的直接原因 ,同时也与午后的热对流运动有关。对流不稳定和惯性不稳定是这次雷暴的触发机制 ,相对湿度和对流有效位能的大值中心附近未来可能将有雷暴出现。     

东南沿海地区中α尺度雷暴云团卫星云图特征分析

利用GMS-5卫星IR、VIS、WV和分裂窗云图资料及常规天气图对1996～1999年3～9月发生在我国东南沿海地区的对流(雷暴)天气进行分析表明，对流(雷暴)天气主要发生在静止锋等六种不同的天气形势下，它们在卫星云图上的基本数字特征有相同之处，也存在明显的差异。通过对卫星云图中α尺度雷暴云团的灰度和局地标准差等基本数字特征的分析，发现局地标准差极大值或红外一分裂≤0极小值的出现，预示4h左右后雷暴云团将达最强。由此，可以较好的把握雷暴云团的发展阶段以及发展趋势，提高雷暴的预报水平。     

暴雨落区的统计与分析研究

用34 a的降水资料对安徽省4—9月暴雨落区进行了统计分析,结果表明安徽暴雨主要集中在6月到7月,暴雨日数多寡和暴雨范围大小,基本决定了汛期降水多少和旱涝趋势。汛期暴雨落区集中出现在582—584 dagpm的500 hPa等压面斜坡上,因此暴雨带的位置预报大致可以用584 dagpm线的移动作参考。并用2003年梅雨期20场暴雨与一些实况物理量场进行对比,得出西风急流北侧以及500 hPa上升运动中心南侧到850 hPa上升运动中心北侧,有利于暴雨发生发展。     

ANALYSIS OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF WEST-PACIFIC TYPHOONS AFFECTING THE SEA AREA AROUND THE ISLAND OF TAIWAN

1 INTRODUCTION Inflicting hundreds of millions yuan (RMB) worth of economic losses annually, strong winds and torrential rains caused by tropical cyclones are two of the major meteorological disasters exposed in the southeastern coast of China. Much effort has been devoted to the research on the patterns of TC genesis, evolution and variation. Being to southeast of Chinese mainland, the island of Taiwan is separated from Fujian province by the Taiwan Strait to the west and faces the P…     

4月台风“利奥”和“浣熊”的对比分析

利用常规气象观测资料、NCEP/NCAR-2再分析资料和NOAA的向外长波辐射(OLR)资料,比较分析了近60年来登陆我国大陆的两个4月台风9902(LEO,利奥)和0801(NEOGURI,浣熊)的生成发展背景、路径变化和风雨分布特征。结果表明:(1)4月台风"利奥"和"浣熊"均是在La Ni?a事件下发生,在此背景下南海地区偏强的对流活动、弱的水平风垂直切变和高层辐散条件有利于4月台风的形成;"利奥"由季风低压发展而成,"浣熊"由东风波演变而成;(2)"利奥"路径多变与大陆冷高压强盛和副热带高压偏弱多变有关;"浣熊"移动则受偏强且稳定的副高环流影响,路径以稳定西北行为主;(3)"利奥"和"浣熊"登陆时强度和地形条件相似,热带气旋带来的强降水量级差异主要受水汽输送和动力抬升大小及持续时间的影响。     

CONTRAST ANALYSIS OF APRIL TYPHOONS LEO AND NEOGURI

The conventional observations data,NCAR/NCEP-2 reanalysis data,and NOAA outgoing longwave radiation data are used to investigate different characteristics of Leo and Neoguri,two April typhoons that ever made landfall on the continent of China over the past 60 years.The results showed that both Leo and Neoguri occurred during the La Nina events.Strong convective activity,weak vertical wind shear and upper-level divergence were in favor of the formation of these April typhoons.Leo originated from a monsoon depression and Neoguri evolved from an easterly wave.The meandering moving track of Leo attributed to strong northeast monsoon and a weak and changeable subtropical high;the steady moving track of Neoguri was governed by a strong and stable subtropical high.Leo and Neoguri had similar terrain conditions and intensities during landfall but were different in precipitation as water vapor transport and duration of kinetic uplifting resulted in apparent discrepancies between them.     

ANALYSIS OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF WEST-PACIFIC TYPHOONS AFFECTING THE SEA AREA AROUND THE ISLAND OF TAIWAN

1 INTRODUCTION Inflicting hundreds of millions yuan (RMB) worth of economic losses annually, strong winds and torrential rains caused by tropical cyclones are two of the major meteorological disasters exposed in the southeastern coast of China. Much effort has been devoted to the research on the patterns of TC genesis, evolution and variation.     

登陆台风远距离暴雨的观测研究和预报

对１９８７￣１９９２年在汕头以北登陆的全部台风个例分析表明：登陆台风陆上活动类型和远距离暴雨特点与台风在近海的活动方式有关；登陆台风远距离暴雨的发生与台风登陆前后大气低层东南气流里是否存在中尺度暖区有关，落区与中尺度暖区在台风、副高系统中的相对位置有关，最后，建立了台风远距离暴雨预报的天气学模式。     

STATISTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF MCSS OVER ASIA AND WESTERN PACIFIC REGION

Mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) are severe disaster-producing weather systems. Previous attempts of MCS census are made by examining infrared satellite imageries artificially, with subjectivity involved in the process unavoidably. This method is also inefficient and time-consuming. The disadvantages make it impossible to do MCS census over Asia and western Pacific region (AWPR) with an extended span of time, which is not favorable for gaining a deeper insight into these systems. In this paper, a fire-new automatic MCS identification (AMI) method is used to capture four categories of MCSs with different sizes and shapes from numerical satellite infrared data. 47,468 MCSs are identified over Asia and western Pacific region during the warm season (May to October) from 1995 to 2008. Based on this database, MCS characteristics such as shape, size, duration, velocity, geographical distribution, intermonthly variation, and lifecycle are studied. Results indicate that the number of linear MCSs is 2.5 times that of circular MCSs. The former is of a larger size while the latter is of a longer duration. The 500 hPa steering flow plays an important role in the MCS movement. MCSs tend to move faster after they reach the maximum extent. Four categories of MCS have similar characteristics of geographical distribution and intermonthly variation. Basically, MCSs are zonally distributed, with three zones weakening from south to north. The intermonthly variation of MCSs is related to the seasonal adjustment of the large-scale circulation. As to the MCSs over China, they have different lifecycle characteristics over different areas. MCSs over plateaus and hill areas, with only one peak in their lifecycle curves, tend to form in the afternoon, mature at nightfall, and dissipate at night. On the other hand, MCSs over plains, which have several peaks in their lifecycle curves, may form either in the afternoon or at night, whereas MCSs over the oceans tend to form at midnight. Affected by the sea-land breeze circulation, MCSs over coastal areas of Guangdong and Guangxi always come into being at about 1500 or 1600 (local time), while MCSs over the Sichuan Basin, affected by the mountain-valley breeze circulation, generally initiate nocturnally.