Theis不稳定潜水井流模型的改进——具入渗补给

地下水的补排主要包括垂向的地面入渗补给、蒸发排泄（蒸发可视为入渗的负值）及侧向的地表水补给、排泄。水文地质学最基本的问题之一——地下水可持续开釆量的评价准则,涉及补给的增量与排泄的减量,因此地下水开采的预测模型必须包含上述两类的补给、排泄因素,否则不能满足要求。然而,经典的Theis不稳定井流模型,即使在傍河抽水,也只有侧边界的补给、排泄作用,而不涉及上边界的地面入渗补给。这样一来,这个解析模型基本上不能够用于预测,而只能在旱季用于井流试验求取含水系统的参数。为此,文章的目标是发展具地面入渗补给的Theis不稳定潜水井流模型。对于潜水流问题,不能再用承压水流的以水头为应变量的方程来建立,应采用第二类线性化方法的势函数来建立潜水流问题。对于既有降雨入渗补给,又有抽水井作用的复杂的水文地质问题所概化数学模型的求解,采取的方法是把它分解成若干个简单的子模型问题求解,然后将其合成为原来复杂数学模型的解。基于质量守恒原理,假定渗流服从Darcy定律并满足Dupuit徦定建立了水流基本微分方程。然后对于两平行河流及一河流平行一隔水边界形成的两类条形区域,具地面均匀稳定入渗补给的井流问题,获得通用水位方程和几类常见的特定条件水位方程及其流量方程。此外,提出并采用“边界对边界的反映法”用以求解一河流平行一隔水边界条形区域的同一问题,减少了许多推导过程。最后,作为上述理论成果的初步应用,也是一个重要的应用,即在河水水质不能满足要求的河流附近,设有一口抽水井,计算该抽水井在不汲取河水的前提下的临界流量方程,获得具重要意义的结构简洁的关系式。该方程也可以用于滨海区的抽水井,在不发生海水入侵前提下的临界抽水流量计算。给出了上述条件不稳定井流过程某时刻的地下水流网图,其流网与文献中常见的傍河井流的流网相比,具显明的特征。     

基于广义径向流模型的非均质孔隙含水层井流试验分析

Theis模型、Dupuit模型等经典井流模型分析非均质含水层井流试验数据有一定的局限性,获取的参数不适合表征非均质含水层特性。而GRF模型可以获取含水层流动特性的数据。相比于Theis模型、Dupuit模型,GRF模型更能表征非均质含水层特性。以黄石东湖新村棋盘洲长江大桥的抽水试验数据为例,采用Theis模型和GRF模型计算含水层渗透系数,结合实际水文地质条件,对比分析不同方法计算的水文地质参数,并计算含水层水流维数和表观压力传导系数（K_f /S_sf）。结果表明:研究区含水层为细砂夹条带状黏土透镜体的非均质含水层,采用GRF模型计算结果更符合实际情况,渗透系数为 4.09×10?3cm/s;含水层水流维数为1.61,地下水为双线性流动状态,含水层对抽水试验的响应主要受黏土条带控制;观测井和抽水主井的K_f /S_sf呈非线性相关,进一步验证了含水层的非均质性。在非均质孔隙含水层中,应用多孔联合非稳定GRF井流试验方法不仅能确定水文地质参数,并且能丰富对含水层特性的认知。     

埋藏型岩溶地下水源地的三维数值模拟——以天津市宁河北岩溶地下水源地为例

根据宁河北岩溶地下水源地已有的水文地质勘查成果和大型抽水试验资料,对研究区水文地质条件进行概化,建立地下水流三维非稳定流数学模型并进行数值计算,对开采性抽水试验的地下水位变化过程进行模拟。结果表明,该模型可以刻画埋藏型水源地地下水流场的变化过程,用它对规划的水源地三种开采方案的开采动态进行预测计算也取得了良好的效果。模拟计算中将开采条件下浅层第四系含水层对深层奥陶系灰岩含水层的越流补给处理为边界条件,可以刻画埋藏型水源地在开采条件下获得的补给增量。      

多层含水层系统水文地质参数计算

为求取含水层水文地质参数,常用的试验方法是抽水试验。在进行抽水试验时,经常有越流现象,计算时一般采用越流模型计算。越流模型假定非抽水含水层的水位恒定不变,但在实际抽水过程中,抽水含水层和非抽水含水层间通过越流相互影响、相互作用。如果只考虑抽水含水层的水位变化而不考虑非抽水含水层的水位变化,会导致计算的水文地质参数不准确。实际工作中,有时会在非抽水含水层中布置一口观测井来观测抽水含水层抽水时对非抽水含水层的影响。如果采用多层含水层系统模型的方法,即可利用各含水层观测井中的数据计算出每个含水层和相关弱透水层的水文地质参数,提高参数计算精度、节省资金和工作量。     

利川压气站岩溶场区消防水井选址及其供水需求评估

在前期野外地质调查及工程水文物探勘察的基础上,研究压气站场区地层发育特征及水文地质条件,确定经济合理的消防水井宜井区。并根据非稳定流抽水试验数据,求取该场区地下水含水层的水文地质参数,同时利用泰斯井流公式对该区消防井的地下水供水需求作出预测评估,结果满足消防井的设计水量要求,且按Q=240m^3／d此等强度抽水,不会引起地下水位持续下降造成的各种生态环境地质问题。     

永定东中石灰石矿区抽水试验

分析抽水试验观测记录数据,计算确定含水层水文地质参数,判断地下水补给来源、影响范围、含水层富水性和矿区地下水运动变化规律,为矿山生产建设科学发展形成技术依据要求。应用永定东中石灰石矿区抽水工作实例,为正确分析单孔稳定流抽水试验资料并建立合适的Q-S曲线方程以预测未来水平矿坑涌水量提供借鉴。     

基于Aquifer Test的含水层水文地质参数计算——以塔城市供水改扩建工程为例

水文地质参数的计算是水文地质勘察的一个重要环节。根据在塔城市北东方向喀拉墩地区进行的抽水试验资料,分别采用Aquifer Test软件和Dupuit公式迭代法计算抽水试验参数,对所求取的参数进行对比分析,通过Aquifer Test软件求取的参数与Dupuit公式迭代法求取的参数相近,各参数偏差率低,最终通过抽水试验数据,经不同的方法计算,确定含水层渗透系数K值为31.14 m/d。     

典型隔水边界非稳定流承压含水层抽水试验研究

隔水边界附近的承压含水层,即半无限区域的承压含水层参数的准确求取对于特定地段的地下水资源量计算具有重要意义。以高密市柴沟镇小于家庄抽水试验为例,详细阐述了隔水边界附近的承压含水层参数求取过程,并对结果进行较为详尽的讨论。     

岛状地区地下水在雨季和旱季的增加和减少

本文提供了岛状地区无限含水层中,在恒定补给和蒸发条件下,地下水增多和减少的近似解析求解。这些解是通过使用Grinisky势和Dupuit假设获得的,并且这些结果是按无因次形式求取的。这些解可以用于对确定、评价和管理淡水岛状区的地下水位做出长期和短期预测。     

非承压含水层定水头抽水两区井流数值模型研究

为了揭示在非承压含水层中定水头抽水试验引起的达西-非达西两区流动机理,提出基于有限差分法的地下水定水头抽水井流数值模型。该模型根据抽水的流态特征将含水层分为2个区域：靠近抽水井的有限非达西渗流区域和远离抽水井的半无限达西渗流区域,其中非达西流区域流态的模拟基于Izbash方程实现。通过与COMSOL Multiphysics的有限元数值解进行比较,验证了所提出数值解的可靠性。最后,研究有限非达西流效应对水头和抽水井抽水速率的影响以及井内水头对抽水井抽水速率的影响。研究表明：在抽水试验中非达西区域的影响不可忽略,湍流会分别导致两区流中水头较纯非达西流和纯达西流的水头偏大和偏小,且随抽水时间的增加逐渐变大;通过减小抽水井井内水头或增大非达西系数可提高抽水速率,但该影响会随抽水时间的增加而逐渐减弱;断面流量随径向距离的增大而不断减小,断面流量与径向距离曲线下降速率不断减小,且在转换界面处会出现转折点。该模型为定量研究在非达西流和达西流耦合作用下抽水井附近的井流水头特征提供了一种简洁的方法,并为调查定水头抽水测试期间的抽水速率提供理论依据。     

陈崇希教授的学术思想和成就综述

在地下水资源评价理论方面, 陈崇希教授分析了"平均布井法"不符合质量守衡原理的实质, 纠正了以"地下水补给量计算可持续开采量"的错误, 提出了基于"质量守衡"的地下水资源评价原则, 强调分析"补给的增加量与排泄的减少量"在评价地下水可持续开采量时的重要意义.在地下水动力学领域, 陈崇希教授纠正了稳定井流"影响半径"模型的错误, 恢复了Dupuit"圆岛模型"的原貌, 拓展了Theis公式和Hantush公式的应用条件, 改进了地下水非稳定井流理论, 完善了其中的某些基本概念.在水文地质模拟仿真技术方面, 陈崇希教授提出确定滨海承压含水层海底边界的理论和方法; 提出地下水混合井流的模型和模拟方法, 解决了混合抽水试验确定分层水文地质参数的难题; 提出岩溶管道-裂隙-孔隙三重介质的地下水线性-非线性流动的模型; 建立了考虑井管水流雷诺数对滤管入流量分布的水平井-含水层系统的地下水流模型; 完成了"渗流-管流耦合模型"的砂槽物理模拟, 并用数值方法仿真了地下水流的规律; 最近向观测孔水位形成的传统观念———常规观测孔中的水头降深反映该孔滤水管中各点的平均降深———提出质疑.陈崇希教授建立的"渗流-管流耦合模型"使传统的基于线汇/线源的井孔-含水系统模型提高到新的水平.陈崇希教授积极倡导"防止模拟失真, 提高仿真性", 强调精细地分析水文地质条件、合理地概化模型和采用正确的仿真技术的重要性.      

Development of a simple method for determining the influence radius of a pumping well in steady-state condition

Influence radius of a pumping well is a crucial parameter for hydrogeologists and engineers. Knowing the radius of influence for a designed drawdown enables one to calculate the pumping rate required to layout a project foundation that may need lowering of groundwater level to a certain depth due to dewatering operation. In addition, this is important for hydrogeologists to determine ground water contamination flow paths and contributing recharge area for domestic water supply and aquifer management purposes. Empirical formulas that usually neglect vital parameters to determine the influence radius accurately have been traditionally utilized due to lack of adequate methods. In this study, a physically based method, which incorporates aquifer hydraulic gradient for determining the influence radius of a pumping well in steady-state flow condition, was developed. It utilizes Darcy and Dupuit laws to calculate the influence radius, where Darcy's law and Dupuit equation, in steady-state condition, represent the inflow and the outflow of the pumping well, respectively. In an untraditional manner, this method can be also used to determine aquifer hydraulic conductivity as an alternative to other pumping test methods with high degree of accuracy. The developed method is easy to use; where a simple mathematical calculator may be used to calculate the influence radius and the pumping rate or hydraulic conductivity. By comparing the results from this method with the MODFLOW numerical model outputs with different simulated scenarios, it is realized that this method is much superior and more advantageous than other commonly used empirical methods.     

淄博孝妇河源区地下水资源的开发利用研究

在分析淄博市孝妇河流域源头的南神头－窑广地下水富水区水文地质条件的基础上，应用数值模拟方法建立了该区的地下水流模型，并根据当地的资源需求建立了地下水动态预测模型，研究了可能通过该区出流边界补给下游地区地下水的侧向排泄量。应用系统工程学和运筹学理论，以“开采费用最小”为目标函数，以研究区的需水量及开采井的供水作为约束条件，建立了该区的地下水最优控制模型。通过优化地下水开采布局对出流边界的流量进行了研究，既为富水区的地下水资源利用确定开采方案，又科学地评价地富水区北部边界对下游地区的地下水侧向补给量。     

Optimal Groundwater Development in Coastal Aquifers Near Beihai, China

INTRODUCTIONThe city of Beihai,located on the south coast ofGuangxi,China,relies heavily on groundwater for its potablewater supply and agricultural irrigation.With rapid increasein population (for instance,from 134 0 0 0 in 1987to 47930 0in1995 ) and in developm ent program s,the demand for freshwater has been growing. Approxim ately 170 0 0 0 m3/ d ofgroundwater has been pumped from the productive coastalaquifers in recent years.Contamination of the fresh water inthe coastal aquifers b…     

Groundwater flow modelling of Hindon-Yamuna interfluve region, Western Uttar Pradesh

The study area Hindon -Yamuna interfluve region is underlain by a thick pile of unconsolidated Quaternary alluvial deposits and host multiple aquifer system. Excessive pumping in the last few decades, mainly for irrigation, has resulted in a significant depletion of the aquifer. Therefore, proper groundwater management of Hindon-Yamuna interfluve region is necessary. For effective groundwater management of a basin it is essential that careful zone budget study should be carried out. Keeping this in view, groundwater flow modelling was attempted to simulate the behavior of flow system and evaluate zone budget. Visual MODFLOW, pro 4.1 is used in this study to simulate groundwater flow. The model simulates groundwater flow over an area of about 1345 km² with a uniform grid size of 1000 m by 1000 m and contains three layers, 58 rows and 37 columns. The horizontal flows, seepage losses from unlined canals, recharge from rainfall and irrigation return flows were applied using different boundary packages available in Visual MODFLOW, pro 4.1. The river — aquifer interaction was simulated using the river boundary package. Simulated pumping rates of 500 m³/day, 1000 m³/day and 1500 m³/day were used in the pumping well package.The zone budget for the steady state condition of study area indicated that the total annual direct recharge is 416.10 MCM and the total annual groundwater draft through pumping is of the order of 416.63 MCM. Two scenarios were considered to predict aquifer system response under different conditions. Sensitivity analysis on model parameters was conducted to quantitatively evaluate the impact of varying model inputs. Based on the results obtained from the sensitivity analysis, it was found that the model is more sensitive to hydraulic conductivity and recharge parameter. Present study deals with importance of groundwater modelling for planning, design, implementation and management of groundwater resources.     

Optimal schemes of groundwater exploitation for prevention of seawater intrusion in the Leizhou Peninsula in southern China

The Lei-Qiong Depression Zone, near the Leizhou Peninsula in southern China, consists of unconsolidated sediments of 500-3,000 m thickness. Groundwater occurs in a multi-aquifer system in the Leizhou Peninsula. The aquifers receive recharge from precipitation, canal and reservoir infiltration, and discharge mainly through subterranean drainage into the sea. Artificial pumping for drinking and agricultural purposes is another way of groundwater discharge. Groundwater development along the coast faces the threat of seawater intrusion. A quasi-three-dimensional finite element model, containing 457 nodes and 833 elements, has been used to simulate the spatial and temporal distribution of groundwater levels in the three-aquifer system. Verification of various aquifer parameters and boundary conditions was performed with the simulation model. Linear programming models have been developed for groundwater exploitation within the two confined aquifers. The objective function of the models is to maximize the total groundwater pumpage from the confined aquifers. Control of seawater intrusion is examined by restricting the water levels at points along the coast and the withdrawal rates in coastal management cells. A response matrix approach was used in the optimization models. The response matrix was obtained from the simulation model by forecasting drawdown produced by pumping at a unit impulse discharge. Groundwater development in the Leizhou Peninsula can be primarily optimized by allocating the pumping rates of the management cells.     

美国Sand Hills地区地下水数值模拟及水量平衡分析

利用地下水数值模型MODFLOW和非饱和带水平衡模型对处于半干旱半湿润沙丘地区(Sand Hills)地下水位进行了模拟,并分析了含水层补排水量,河流与地下水补排关系,以及区域水平衡过程。揭示了独特沙丘地形和土壤特性对地下水补排量的影响。模拟结果表明,入渗率大、非饱和带厚的沙丘有利于降水入渗补给,减少了地下水蒸散发损失。加上下覆含水层具有良好的地下水储水空间,是该地区储存丰富的地下水量,以维持河流稳定流量,供给众多湖泊和湿地的原因。该研究对我国地下水资源评价和生态环境脆弱地区水资源保护具有指导意义。     

Evapotranspiration capture and stream depletion due to groundwater pumping under variable boreal climate conditions: Sudogda River Basin,Russia

Groundwater pumping and changes in climate-induced recharge lead to lower groundwater levels and significant changes in the water balance of a catchment. Water previously discharged as evapotranspiration can become a source of pumpage. Neglecting this effect leads to overestimated streamflow depletion. A small river basin (Sudogda River Basin, Russia) with a boreal climate and with long-term records of groundwater head and streamflow rate (showing that the measured stream depletion is less than the pumping rate) was investigated. The role of evapotranspiration in the water balance was analyzed by a hydrogeological model using MODFLOW-2005 with the STR package; the annual variation in recharge was obtained with the codes Surfbal and HYDRUS. The Sudogda River Basin was classified according to landscape and unsaturated-zone texture classes, and for each classified zone, the unsaturated-zone flow simulation was used to calculate the annual recharge dynamics for the observation period. Calibration of the regional flow model was conducted using flow and head observations jointly for two steady-state flow conditions—natural (before pumping started) and stressed (pumping). The simulations showed that pumped water originates from three sources: intercepted baseflow (75% of the annual total pumping rate), the capture of groundwater evapotranspiration discharge plus increased groundwater recharge (17%), and induced stream infiltration (8%). Additionally, multi-year precipitation records were analyzed to detect any long-term recharge and pumping water-budget changes. The results showed that increasing groundwater recharge by natural precipitation leads to (1) decreased intercepted baseflow and induced streamflow infiltration and (2) increased intercepted evapotranspiration discharge, thereby reducing stream depletion.     

Regional groundwater flow model for Abu Dhabi Emirate: scenario-based investigation

Despite the continuous increase in water supply from desalination plants in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, groundwater remains the major source of fresh water satisfying domestic and agricultural demands. Groundwater has always been considered as a strategic water source towards groundwater security in the Emirate. Understanding the groundwater flow system, including identification of recharge and discharge areas, is a crucial step towards proper management of this precious source. One main tool to achieve such goal is a groundwater model development. As such, the main aim of this paper is to develop a regional groundwater flow model for the surficial aquifer in Abu Dhabi Emirate using MODFLOW. Up to our knowledge, this is the first regional numerical groundwater flow model for Abu Dhabi Emirate. After steady state and transient model calibration, several future scenarios of recharge and pumping are simulated. Results indicate that groundwater pumping remains several times higher than aquifer recharge from rainfall, which provides between 2 and 5% of total aquifer recharge. The largest contribution of recharge is due to subsurface inflow from the eastern Oman Mountains. While rainfall induced groundwater level fluctuation is absent in the western coastal region, it reaches a maximum of 0.5 m in the eastern part of the Emirate. In contrast, over the past decades, groundwater levels have declined annually by 0.5 m on average with local extremes spanning from 93 m of decline to 60 m of increase. Results also indicate that a further decrease in groundwater levels is expected in most of Emirate. At other few locations, upwelling of groundwater is expected due to a combination of reduced pumping and increased infiltration of water from nonconventional sources. Beyond results presented here, this regional groundwater model is expected to provide an effective tool to water resources managers in Abu Dhabi. It will help to accurately estimate sustainable extraction rates, assess groundwater availability, and identify pathways and velocity of groundwater flow as crucial information for identifying the best locations for artificial recharge.