青藏高原东部地区降水的定量数值预报初探

运用ＬＡＳＧη坐标有限区域数值预报模式对青藏高原东部的川、渝两省市１９８８年的１８次强降水过程进行了不同方式下的定量降水预报的数值模拟,并根据中国气象局制定的有关规定对模拟预报结果进行了评估。该区域地形复杂,天气系统多变,对数值预报模式有较高的要求,ＬＡＳＧη坐标模式以及其比较完善的动力框架和物理过程处理方法获得了较好的预报结果,其对小雨、中雨、大雨预报的ＴＳ评分可超过主观预报的水平。     

青藏高原东部地区降水的定量数值预报初探

运用LASGη坐标有限区域数值预报模式对青藏高原东部的川、渝两省市1988年的18次强降水过程进行了不同方式下的定量降水预报的数值模拟,并根据中国气象局制定的有关规定对模拟预报结果进行了评估.该区域地形复杂,天气系统多变,对数值预报模式有较高的要求,LASGη坐标模式以其比较完善的动力框架和物理过程处理方法获得了较好的预报结果,其对小雨、中雨、大雨预报的TS评分可超过主观预报的水平.     

夏季青藏高原低涡形成和发展的数值模拟

本文利用一有限区域数值预报模式和综合订正后的1979年6～8月FGGE IIIb级资料，选择该年雨季中三例包含形成和（或）发展阶段的较典型的青藏高原低涡过程，设计了控制性试验和降低高原地形、无地面感热和潜热通量、无凝结潜热、减小温度递减率、增大气柱斜压性、无摩擦影响的十余组试验方案，进行了24 h或48 h数值模拟。最后提出了青藏高原低涡发生发展的概念模式。简单地讲，青藏高原低涡可看作是一种强烈依赖于青藏高原地形，同时又受层结稳定度、地面热通量和凝结潜热控制的局地性低压涡旋。     

用青藏高原1～3月OLR作我国夏季降水预报的探讨

对青藏高原１～３月ＯＬＲ与我国夏季降水进行时空综合的ＥＯＦ分析,所得高原ＯＬＲ的时空特征与其单获ＥＯＦ分析的时空特征十分相似,由此,对时空综合ＥＯＦ分析法拟合降水场的收敛速度进行了分析,探讨了用亮原１～３月ＯＬＲ预报我国夏季降水场的可行性,并对预报误差的原因进行了分析。     

夏季青藏高原低涡的能量场分析

本文采用视热源方程,视水汽汇方程,扰动能量方程和涡度方程对1979年6月的三次低涡进行了分析和研究,得到了以下结论：在低涡生成和发展过程中,积云和乱流引起的总热量的垂直涡旋输送很大。当大气处于条件不稳定时,γs＜γ＜γα,积云和乱流的这种输送结果,使得低涡的正涡度增长上升到较高层次;另外,积云和乱流对总热量的垂直涡旋输送使得低涡内扰动有效位能增加,然后向扰动动能转换,使低涡得以生成和发展。     

初始场对暴雨数值预报的影响及集合预报试验

以2003年7月3日至4日发生在淮河流域的暴雨过程为例,利用AREM模式,分析了初始场对暴雨预报的影响,提出了暴雨预报中初始场不确定性包含的两层含义,一是被常规观测遗漏的中小尺度信息误差;另一个则是随着环流变化造成的信息误差的不确定性。并针对着初始场的不确定性,设计了一种初值集合预报的方法,它包含了经典的集合预报方法MCF、LAF、BGM的思想。用这种方法进行了集合预报试验,结果表明:集合平均预报的预报技巧高于24 h控制预报,集合预报还可给出降水概率预报、离散度等产品为暴雨可预报性的评估提供参考。     

一次青藏高原夏季低涡的数值模拟研究

本文利用美国NCAR中尺度模式MM4对1979年6月29－30日一次500hPa高原低涡的生成发展过程进行了数值试验模拟研究。通过对绝热、非绝热、有无地表感热潜热及降低地形等六个对比试验，分析指出：（1）模式对500hPa高原涡中心位置预报与实况吻合，中心平均强度实况接近，平均玫水亦接近（略偏少），落区略有偏差，故可认为对低涡的预报基本合理。（2）低涡主要由非绝热过程引起（22．6，10^－5s^－1），而动力过程是很次要的（6．0）；在非绝热过程中潜热的贡献（8．0）远比由积云对流及湍流所引起的地表感热通量（14．6）小；地表热通量的贡献主要为地表感热通量（13．4），而地表蒸发作用很小（1．2），这与文献[6]的诊断分析结论一致。（3）由半地形高度隆起至全地形时，动力作用对低涡强度的贡献由2．0增至6．0，非绝热过程的贡献由7．2增到22．6。可见模式中真实地处理地形高度是很重要的。本文虽只作了一例，但结论（2）与大量低涡诊断分析的统计结果一致。     

若干数值模式对2003年夏季青藏高原中南部降水预报检验

利用国内外几种数值预报模式的降水预报产品,对2003年主汛期(6～8月)青藏高原中南部的预报能力做了详尽的检验.检验结果表明,各模式小雨预报的TS评分较高,明显高于全国及其它地区的评分;但中雨以上各级降水检验评分较低,主要原因是各模式的预报雨区面积明显偏大,空报率较高.无论是预报员的预报,还是各种全球或区域模式的预报;无论是日本和德国的模式,还是我国目前业务运行的数值预报模式,对青藏高原的降水预报均无明显优势.     

2014年夏季青藏高原云和降水微物理特征的数值模拟研究

为了加强对青藏高原（高原）云和降水微物理特征的深入认识,采用高分辨率中尺度数值预报模式（WRF）,对第三次青藏高原大气科学试验2014年7月3-25日发生的6次不同强度云和降水过程进行了数值模拟分析。研究结果表明:（1）青藏高原夏季云和降水过程具有独特性。高原夏季对流的促发机制主要是午后高原加热造成的,云和降水具有明显的日变化。午夜后,对流性降水一般转化为层状云降水,具有明显的0℃层回波亮带,并且会产生强降水。大部分对流云云顶高度超过15 km（海拔高度）,最大上升气流速度为10-40 m/s。（2）6次云过程中均具有高过冷云水含量,主要分布在0—-20℃层,冰晶含量主要分布在-20℃层以上的区域,强盛的对流云中,可出现在-40℃层以上区域;雨水集中分布在融化层之下,说明其主要依赖降水性冰粒子的融化过程;雪和霰粒子含量高,分布范围广,说明云中冰相过程非常活跃。（3）高原夏季云中水凝物的转化过程和降水的形成机理具有明显特点。霰粒子的融化过程是地面雨水的主要来源,暖雨过程对降水的直接贡献很小,但通过暖雨过程形成的过冷雨滴的异质冻结过程对云中霰胚的形成十分重要。霰粒子的增长主要依靠凇附过程以及聚并雪晶的增长过程。      

青藏高原东部定量降水数值预报试验及业务化应用评估

该文运用LASG η坐标有限区域数值预报模式在青藏高原东部的川、渝两省市进行了定量、定点降水预报的数值模拟敏感性研究和准业务化试验, 并根据中国气象局的有关规定对结果进行了评估。经过对比分析发现:低纬度的天气系统与其活动特性, 对该地区定量、定点降水数值预报有着重要影响; 同样的物理过程和地形影响处理方式在不同的天气过程中对降水量的影响有显著差异; 可选用适当的客观分析方法, 通过强调距格点最近的站点的影响来尽量保持高、低值系统的极值, 从而改进预报效果。准业务化试验结果表明:LASG η坐标模式以其比较完善的动力框架和物理过程处理方法在这个地形复杂、天气系统多变的区域内可获得较好的预报结果, 特别是晴雨预报可获得较高的TS评分, 并能对某些客观预报难度较大的天气过程做出较好的预报。     

A Numerical Investigation on Microphysical Properties of Clouds and Precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau in Summer 2014

In order to improve our understanding of microphysical properties of clouds and precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau (TP), six cloud and precipitation processes with different intensities during the Third Tibetan Plateau Atmospheric Science Experiment (TIPEX-Ⅲ) from 3 July to 25 July 2014 in Naqu region of the TP are investigated by using the high-resolution mesoscale Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. The results show unique properties of summertime clouds and precipitation processes over the TP. The initiation process of clouds is closely associated with strong solar radiative heating in the daytime, and summertime clouds and precipitation show an obvious diurnal variation. Generally, convective clouds would transform into stratiform clouds with an obvious bright band and often produce strong rainfall in midnight. The maximum cloud top can reach more than 15 km above sea level and the velocity of updraft ranges from 10 to 40 m s-1. The simulations show high amount of supercooled water content primarily located between 0 and -20℃ layer in all the six cases. Ice crystals mainly form above the level of -20℃ and even appear above the level of -40℃ within strong convective clouds. Rainwater mostly appears below the melting layer, indicating that its formation mainly depends on the melting process of precipitable ice particles. Snow and graupel particles have the characteristics of high content and deep vertical distribution, showing that the ice phase process is very active in the development of clouds and precipitation. The conversion and formation of hydrometeors and precipitation over the plateau exhibit obvious characteristics. Surface precipitation is mainly formed by the melting of graupel particles. Although the warm cloud microphysical process has less direct contribution to the formation of surface precipitation, it is important for the formation of supercooled raindrops, which are essential for the formation of graupel embryos through heterogeneous freezing process. The growth of graupel particles mainly relies on the riming process with supercooled cloud water and aggregation of snow particles.     

青藏高原冬春雪深分布与中国夏季降水的关系

利用SSMR和SSM／I卫星遥感雪深反演资料,通过与高原测站雪深观测资料的对比分析,揭示了高原雪深的时空分布特征,在此基础上对积雪异常年中国夏季降水异常和大气环流进行了对比分析。结果表明,卫星遥感雪深资料可较真实反映出高原积雪的状况,并可反映出高原西部积雪的变化;高原冬、春季积雪EOF分解第1模态具有相同的空间分布,反映了高原冬、春季积雪分布具有相当的一致性,而春季积雪的第2模态则反映高原积雪的东西差异;冬、春季雪深EOF第1模态的时间序列与中国夏季降水的相关分析表明,大致以长江为界,我国东部地区呈现出南涝北旱的分布模态,春季高原东（西）部多（少）雪与东（西）部少（多）雪年的夏季,我国东部降水表现出长江以南（北）地区为大范围的降水偏多（少）。     

The Relationship between Precipitation and Airflow over the Tibetan Plateau in Boreal Summer

Based on the observation data and the reanalysis datasets, the variability and the circulation features influencing precipitation in the Tibetan Plateau (TP) are investigated. Taking into account the effects of topography, surface winds are deconstructed into flow-around and flow-over components relative to the TP. Climatologically, the flow-around component mainly represents cyclonic circulation in the TP during the summer. The transition zone of total precipitation in the summer parallels the convergence belt between the southerlies and the northerlies of the flow-over component. The leading mode of rainfall anomalies in the TP has a meridional dipole structure, and the first principal component (PC1) mainly depicts the variation of rainfall in the southern TP. The wet southern TP experiences strengthened flow-over, which in turn mechanistically favors intensified ascent forced by the flow-over component. In addition, variations in the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) have an important role in influencing the flow over the southern TP, and the ISM ultimately impacts the precipitation over southern TP.     

高分辨率MRI模式对青藏高原夏季降水及水汽输送通量的模拟

本文使用MRI模式在不同分辨率下(180 km、120 km、60 km、20 km)的AMIP试验结果, 分析了该模式对青藏高原夏季降水及水汽输送通量的模拟, 并考察模式分辨率的影响。结果表明:MRI模式能够较为合理地模拟出青藏高原夏季气候平均的降水空间分布, 但对气候平均水汽输送通量以及降水年际变化的模拟却存在较大的误差。随着分辨率的提高, 该模式对青藏高原气候平均降水的模拟有明显改进, 包括降水年循环以及夏季降水的空间分布等。分辨率为180 km、120 km、60 km、20 km的MRI模式模拟的青藏高原7月平均降水绝对误差分别为2.2 mm/d、1.2 mm/d、0.7 mm/d、0.2 mm/d。另外, 高分辨率模式模拟的青藏高原夏季水汽输送通量的年际变化也更接近观测。当分辨率达到20 km时, MRI模式模拟的西风水汽输送指数与观测的相关系数达到0.43, 通过了0.1显著性水平的显著性检验。但MRI模式对青藏高原夏季降水的年际变化以及气候平均水汽输送通量的模拟技巧并不随分辨率的增加有明显提高。低分辨率模式中模拟降水量偏大、印度季风槽偏强的现象在高分辨率模式中仍然存在。     

Persistence of Snow Cover Anomalies over the Tibetan Plateau and the Implications for Forecasting Summer Precipitation over the Meiyu-Baiu Region

The present reported study investigated the persistence of snow anomalies over the Tibetan Plateau（TP） from the preceding seasons to summer and the relationship between the previous snow cover anomaly and summer precipitation over East Asia. The results showed that, relative to other snow indices, such as the station observational snow depth（SOSD） index and the snow water equivalent（SWE） index, the snow cover area proportion（SCAP） index calculated from the SWE and the percentage of visible snow of the Equal-Area Scalable Earth Grids（EASE-grids） dataset has a higher persistence in interannual anomalies, particularly from May to summer. As such, the May SCAP index is significantly related to summer precipitation over the Meiyu-Baiu region. The persistence of the SCAP index can partly explain the season-delayed effect of snow cover over the TP on summer rainfall over the Meiyu-Baiu region besides the contribution of the soil moisture bridge. The preceding SST anomaly in the tropical Indian Ocean and ENSO can persist through the summer and affect the summer precipitation over the Meiyu-Baiu region. However, the May SCAP index is mostly independent of the simultaneous SSTs in the tropical Indian Ocean and the preceding ENSO and may affect the summer precipitation over the Meiyu-Baiu region independent of the effects of the SST anomalies. Therefore, the May SCAP over the TP could be regarded as an important supplementary factor in the forecasting of summer precipitation over the Meiyu-Baiu region.     

Impact of Dynamic and Thermal Forcing on the Intensity Evolution of the Vortices over the Tibetan Plateau in Boreal Summer

The Tibetan Plateau Vortex (TPV) is one of the main weather systems causing heavy rainfall over the Tibetan Plateau in boreal summer. Based on the second Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA-2) reanalysis datasets provided by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 8 cases of TPV over the Tibetan Plateau generated in June–August with a lifetime of 42 hours are composited and analyzed to reveal the impact of dynamic and thermal forcing on the intensity evolution of TPVs. The results are as follows. (1) The TPVs appear obviously at 500 hPa and the TPVs intensity (TPVI) shows an obvious diurnal variation with the strongest at 00LT and the weakest at 12LT (LT=UTC+6h). (2) A strong South Asia high at 200 hPa as well as a shrunken Western Pacific subtropical high at 500 hPa provide favorable conditions for the TPVI increasing. (3) The vorticity budget reveals that the divergence is indicative of the variation of TPVI. TPVI decreases when the convergence center at 500 hPa and the divergence center at 200 hPa lie in the east of the TPVs center and increases when both centers coincide with the TPVs center. (4) Potential vorticity (PV) increases with the enhancement of TPVI. The PV budget shows that the variation of TPVI is closely related to the diabatic heating over the Tibetan Plateau. The increased sensible heating and radiative heating in the boundary layer intensify the ascent and latent heating release. When the diabatic heating center rises to 400 hPa, it facilitates the development of TPVs.     

Impacts of Topographic Complexity on Modeling Moisture Transport and Precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau in Summer

The non-hydrostatic global variable resolution model (MPAS-atmosphere) is used to conduct the simulations for the South Asian Summer monsoon season (June, July, and August) in 2015 with a refinement over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) at the convection-permitting scale (4 km). Two experiments with different topographical datasets, complex (4-km) and smooth (60-km) topography, are designed to investigate the impacts of topographical complexity on moisture transport and precipitation. Compared with the observations and reanalysis data, the simulation can successfully capture the general features of key meteorological fields over the TP despite slightly underestimating the inflow through the southern TP. The results indicate that the complex topography can decrease the inward and outward moisture transport, ultimately increasing the total net moisture transport into the TP by ~11%. The impacts of complex topography on precipitation are negligible over the TP, but the spatial distributions of precipitation over the Himalayas are significantly modulated. With the inclusion of complex topography, the sharper southern slopes of the Himalayas shift the lifted airflow and hence precipitation northward compared to the smooth topography. In addition, more small-scale valleys are resolved by the inclusion of complex topography, which serve as channels for moisture transport across the Himalayas, further favoring a northward shift of precipitation. Overall, the difference between the two experiments with different topography datasets is mainly attributed to their differing representation of the degree of the southern slopes of the Himalayas and the extent to which the valleys are resolved.     

青藏高原春季土壤湿度异常对我国夏季降水影响的模拟研究

利用耦合的全球海气模式（NCAR CCSM3）, 对青藏高原春季土壤湿度异常影响我国夏季7月降水的机制进行了数值模拟。结果表明, 高原6~62 cm深度的中层土壤湿度异常与表层土壤湿度异常有很好的一致性, 相对而言, 中层土壤湿度异常的持续性较好。若5月高原中层土壤偏湿, 则春末至夏初高原地面蒸发、 潜热通量增加, 而感热通量、 地面温度降低, 高原表面的加热作用减弱, 使得印度高压西撤偏晚, 环流系统的季节性转换偏晚, 东亚地区形成有利于我国夏季出现第I类雨型的环流分布形势, 使我国东部雨带偏北, 华北地区多雨, 江淮地区降水偏少, 华南地区降水偏多; 反之亦然。     

夏季青藏高原上的对流云和中尺度对流系统

运用1998年6～8月逐日逐时日本地球静止气象卫星(GMS)红外辐射亮温资料,计算和分析了青藏高原及周边地区对流云和中尺度对流系统的活动,揭示了它们形成和发展的月际变化和地理分布、强度、日变化、移动和传播等诸多特征,以及与长江流域暴雨过程的关系.