生于菊科植物中的矿物(学术报告概要)

这是地球科学探矿法中可期望的指示植物,也是一般植物中普遍存在的矿物研究的一环.本报告揭示了在高等植物内属于被子植物双子叶类合瓣花类的代表菊科的实例.研究对象的矿物主要是10mц大小的微细物质,存在于植物的细胞中,采集时需要特别小心.在试样制备上除常温灰化之外,必须排除地表矿物及肥料的污染等因素,在处理上应加注意之点很多.在菊科植物中发现的矿物主要有CaC_2O_5·H_2O(水草酸钙石),也有K_2SO_4(钾芒硝),K_2Ca(SO_4)_2·H_2(钾石膏),KCl(钾盐)等.在这些矿物中,也有在细胞中直接观察不出的矿物.     

淄博市大气降尘矿物微形貌及其来源判识

用场发射扫描电子显微镜及能谱仪和X射线衍射仪,对淄博市中心城区大气降尘的矿物组成、微形貌和微区成分进行了分析.结果表明,淄博市大气降尘的矿物组成有石英、长石、石膏、方解石、赤铁矿、白云母、伊利石和非晶质等.矿物微形貌特点和矿物组成揭示了降尘组分主要来源于3种途径:与高温过程有关的工业活动排放的产物,自然成因和大气化学反应的产物.球形赤铁矿、板状方解石和絮状石膏是本研究中观察到的3种典型矿物微形貌.     

桂林某些岩溶洞穴矿物

洞穴矿物是在洞穴环境下由冷的地下水活动所产生的表生化学沉积作用产物。桂林地区(包括兴安—桂林—阳朔一带)岩溶洞穴中的次生矿物已发现有方解石、文石、石膏、氢氧磷灰石、磷铝石、磷铝钾石、磷钙铝石和半蛋白石等。文章中列举了这些矿物的偏光显微镜、化学分析、x光粉晶衍射、差热分析和扫描电镜等鉴定结果,并概要地探讨了其成因。      

现代盐湖低品位固体钾盐溶矿数值模拟研究——以察尔汗盐湖别勒滩矿区为例

察尔汗盐湖拥有2.96亿t低品位固体钾盐,这些资源相当于一个超大型钾矿.通过溶解转化技术将其转化成与盐层晶间卤水组成相似的富钾卤水,方可利用.本文采用PHREEQC软件对察尔汗盐湖低品位固体钾盐溶解转化过程进行了反向模拟,旨在定量研究该溶矿过程.通过模拟计算出了溶矿过程中主要矿物相的转移量,结果表明:溶矿过程中,每1 mmol L溶液中石膏析出量在10.85～12.97 mmol之间,石盐的溶解量在494.2～1616 mmol之间,杂卤石的溶解量在0.63～3.119 mmol之间,光卤石的溶解量在4.732～380.2 mmol之间,钾石盐的溶解量在63.64～387.6 mmol之间,方解石的溶解量在0.141～0.381 mmol之间,NaX与MgX2发生的离子交换量在101.1～918 mmol之间.察尔汗盐湖地层中的主要钾盐矿物为杂卤石、光卤石和钾石盐,溶矿过程中这些矿物的溶解使溶液中K+含量不断增加,不同溶矿区域液相中K+浓度增加量不同,是盐层地质构造差异及钾盐矿物分布不均匀造成的;推测杂卤石的溶解是造成微量石膏析出的主要原因;溶剂含有浓度较高的MgCl2,NaCl与MgCl2之间同离子效应及阳离子交换作用共同影响着液相中石盐的溶解度.     

云冈石窟砂岩中碳酸盐胶结物化学风化及相关文物病害研究

云冈石窟地区云冈组上段砂岩中碳酸盐胶结物的含量普遍在10%以上,其主要矿物成分为含铁方解石和含铁白云石。在碳酸盐胶结物化学风化过程中发生的化学反应包括碳酸盐矿物溶解、Fe2+ 离子氧化及Fe3+ 离子水解,以及石膏、泻利盐、水碳镁石、球碳镁石等矿物结晶。水、砂岩中裂隙和层理发育、大气污染等是影响碳酸盐胶结物化学风化的主要外因。碳酸盐胶结物化学风化引发了多种文物病害,对云冈石窟的文物价值造成严重破坏。      

法国罗瓦尔河口悬移质中的石膏颗粒及表面新生方解石霰石晶体描述

本文介绍在暖温带河口悬移质中发现的石膏颗粒及其表面的新生方解石和霰石晶体。石膏颗粒经受了不同程度的化学和生物化学风化。在一部分风化石膏表面,存在大量的数微米到数十微米大小的方解石和霰石晶体,某些晶体还呈现出亲岩生物遗留的生长纹。由于河口水的溶蚀作用,一部分石膏颗粒已充分碳酸钙化。     

华北石炭——二叠纪煤系粘土岩夹矸中铝的氢氧化物矿物研究

华北石炭——二叠纪煤系太原组和山西组不同煤层粘土岩夹矸中,广泛含有一水软铝石、一水硬铝石和三水铝石。大多数一水铝石矿物呈薄纹层状、似层状及层状聚集于富岩质及富有有机质粘土岩夹矸条带中,有的呈细脉状沿炭质条带及粘土岩夹矸层理的节理裂隙分布,并与玉髓、方解石、高岭石或迪开石和铵云母细脉共生。铝的氢氧化物矿物可以作为成岩古温度和成岩阶段划分的标志矿物。最后还讨论了该矿物的成因。     

白云鄂博碳酸岩中矿物的次生反应边结构

在白云鄂博粗粒方解石碳酸岩中,发现了三种围绕硅酸盐矿物的次生反应边结构:1)在方解石中的石英被磷硅钙铈矿反应边环绕与方解石分隔开;2)在方解石中的碱性闪石被磷硅钙铈矿反应边环绕与方解石分隔开;3)方解石中的榍石被硅钛铈矿反应边环绕与方解石分隔开。这种情况表明,在后期阶段该区有富稀土的流体活动,该流体沿石英或硅酸盐矿物与方解石矿物颗粒接触边缘进行交代,生成了次生稀土矿物的反应边环带。这进一步表明,白云鄂博矿床稀土的富集至少与一期富稀土流体的交代作用有关。流体除含REE外,还含有铁和钠,该种流体的成分与以往有关白云鄂博矿床流体研究所得的成分结论是完全一致的。     

兰州市取暖期可吸入颗粒物中单颗粒矿物组成特征

为研究兰州市2005年冬季大气可吸入颗粒物(PM10)中单颗粒的矿物组成,用能谱扫描电镜识别和统计了兰州市区(东方红广场)和郊区(榆中县)两个采样点的单矿物颗粒。结果在市区样品中识别出方解石、伊/蒙混层、石英、斜长石、伊利石、石膏、绿泥石、高岭石、浊沸石和钾长石等21种矿物,前7种占统计总量的75%以上;郊区样品中识别出20种矿物,以方解石、石英、伊利石、绿泥石、斜长石和伊/蒙混层为主(占70%以上),与市区相比缺少钾石膏、金红石和水铝酸钙而增加了硫酸镁和磷灰石。总体来看,大气PM10中的矿物颗粒可分为粘土类、长石类、碳酸盐类、硫酸盐类、氧化物类和其他六类,以粘土类和碳酸盐类矿物为主(约占60%);冬季市区颗粒物表面的“硫化”现象较郊区严重;这些矿物颗粒主要来自地表土,人为排放和大气中二次化学反应生成的矿物的贡献较小。     

华北石炭─二叠纪煤系粘土岩夹矸中铝的氢氧化物矿物研究

华北石炭─二叠纪煤系太原组和山西组不同煤层粘土岩夹矸中，广泛含有一水软铝石、一水硬铝石和三水铝石。大多数一水铝石矿物呈薄纹层状、似层状及层状聚集于富岩质及富有有机质粘土岩夹矸条带中，有的呈细脉状沿炭质条带及粘土岩夹矸层理的节理裂隙分布，并与玉髓、方解石、高岭石或迪开石和铵云母细脉共生。铝的氢氧化物矿物可以作为成岩古温度和成岩阶段划分的标志矿物。最后还讨论了该矿物的成因。     

Mineralogy of granulated wood ash from a heating plant in Kalmar, Sweden

The central heating plant of Kalmar, Sweden produces 200-300 tons wood ash every year. A stabilised material for nutrient recycling is produced by adding water and dolomite to the wood ash and granulating the mixture. Combined mineralogy and chemistry can be used to interpret the transformation processes that occur during hardening and weathering of the granules, thus leading to a possibility to refine the production process and final characteristics of the granules. Mineralogy was separately studied in the wood ash, dolomite, self-hardened wood ash and granules by X-ray diffraction. Magnesium- and calcium-containing minerals are most common in the ash materials in the present study. The amounts of portlandite and calcite present in self-hardened and granulated ash samples are clearly higher than those in the untreated ash, showing that these minerals are formed during the treatments. Additionally, one potassium-containing secondary mineral, syngenite, is formed during the self-hardening of wood ash. Quartz, dolomite and the Fe-K-Mg-silicate in the granules originate from dolomite. The secondary minerals gypsum and calcium silicate hydrate are present in the granules. Portlandite occurs only in control granules in the field study. This suggests that hardening of granules continues in the field and portlandite is transformed into calcite. After up to 3 years on forest soil, the crystalline compounds dolomite, calcite, quartz, ankerite, albite and alumohydrocalcite are present in granules, of which alumohydrocalcite is formed as a secondary mineral in the field. These results suggest that the dissolution of granulated wood ash is strongly delayed compared with untreated wood ash and self-hardened wood ash because of the formation of less soluble compounds during the granulation process.     

矿物材料应用于香烟过滤嘴降害的研究现状与展望

总结了近几十年来包括活性炭、沸石、蒙脱石、海泡石、麦饭石、凹凸棒石、氧化铝、氢氧化钠、明矾、纳米材料等矿物材料作为卷烟滤嘴添加剂以去除烟气中有毒有害物质的研究和实验应用及效果。实验结果和市场调查表明,活性炭是减少卷烟危害最快、香烟市场应用增长最快的过滤嘴添加剂。从降低卷烟有害成分的比例和成本等综合因素来看,铝硅酸盐类滤嘴和多材料复合滤嘴亦有很好的应用前景和市场需求,应积极进行研制。     

环境地质新课题：技术成因成岩作用研究

技术成因成岩作用包括技术成因交代作用和技术成因沉积作用。前者主要是被污染地下水中阴离子替代组成含水层介质骨架的矿物晶格中阴离子,生成新的矿物相的过程。后者是指从被污染地下水中沉淀析出石膏、方解石、萤石以及某些重金属元素的氢氧化物、氧化物、酸式盐和碱式盐的过程。本文探讨了这两种作用发生的物理化学条件,有关实例和研究意义。     

天台盆地恐龙蛋化石结构和组分研究

采用扫描电镜、电子探针和Ｘ射线粉末衍射分析技术,研究了浙江天台盆地ＴＢ－１恐龙蛋化石的结构和组分。初步了解这个含似蛋白和蛋黄的恐龙蛋化石的结构和组分为;含铁钛的硅酸盐矿物售合体（蛋壳表层）、灰褐色方解石（蛋壳内层）、浅米黄色方解石（壳内矿物层）、白色石膏（腔内似蛋白矿物）和米黄色萤石（腔内似蛋黄矿物）。     

Minerals provide tints and possible binder/extender in pigments in san rock paintings (South Africa)

Minerals such as iron oxides and clays provide high tinting strength and improve the adhesive properties of pigments. In this study, we investigated the mineral composition of pigments from samples of San rock art. We used X‐ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy to determine the mineral composition and micromorphology of pigments. Results showed that the major minerals in pigments in San rock art are whewellite, quartz, gypsum, hematite, and various alumino‐silicate minerals. The red hue in the pigment is due to hematite; gypsum and clays provide the white coloration, whereas black might be due to amorphous manganese compounds. We believe that whewellite with globular habit was extracted from plant sap (e.g., aloe vera) and added to the pigment, perhaps as binder, extender, or whitener. Whewellite with needle‐shaped morphology was present in cracks that developed in pigments and indicated an early stage of deterioration of the rock art. We propose that conservationists should seriously evaluate any change in the environmental conditions at the art site (e.g., removal of vegetation to improve touristic view) because such changes might significantly increase thermal fluctuations in pigments and promote crack formation and hence the decay of the San rock art. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Depositional conditions of the coal-bearing Hirka Formation beneath Late Miocene explosive volcanic products in NW central Anatolia,Turkey

This work focuses on the relationship between the coal deposition and explosive volcanism of the Miocene basin, NW central Anatolia, Turkey. The coal-bearing Hirka Formation was deposited over the Galatian Andesitic Complex and/or massive lagoonal environments during the Miocene. The investigated lignite is a high ash (from 32 to 58%) and sulphur (from 1.43 to 3.03%) lignite which is petrographically characterised by a high humunite content. The mineral matter of the studied lignite samples is made up of mainly clay minerals (illite-smectite and kaolinite), plagioclase and quartz in Bolu coal field, clay minerals (illite-smectite, smectite and illite), quartz, calcite, plagioclase and gypsum in Seben coal field, quartz, K-feldspar, plagioclase and clay minerals (kaolinite and illite) in K?br?sc?k, and dolomite, quartz, clinoptilolite, opal CT and gypsum in Çaml?dere coal field. The differences in these four types of lignite with specific mineralogical patterns may be due to the explosive volcanic events and depositional conditions which changed from one coal field to the others. There is a zonation from SW to SE in the studied area for zeolites such as Opal CT+smectite-clinoptilolite-analcime-K-feldspar. Carbonate minerals are commonly calcite in Seben and K?br?sc?k coal fields. In Bolu, coal samples are devoid of calcite and dolomite. These analyses show that there is an increase in the amount of Mg and a decrease in the amount of Na from the northwestern part to the southern part in the study area.     

Mineralogical composition and ash geochemistry of raw and beneficiated high sulfur coals

Coal is one of the most available energy sources on earth. The mineralogical and geo-chemical aspects of coals are of prime importance for their utilization. The mineralogical composition, ash chemistry, and ash fusion temperature (AFT) ranges of raw and beneficiated coals are investigated in this paper. Further, the mineral matter transformation during the beneficiation processes viz. by oxidative desulfurization; alkali extraction and ultrasonication along with the relationship of the ash fusion temperature (AFT) ranges with the ash components in the coal are discussed. The major oxides present in the coal and beneficiated coal ashes include Fe₂O₃, Al₂O₃, SiO₂, CaO, and MgO, which significantly affect the ash fusion temperature ranges. Initial deformation temperature (IDT) changes with the ash components and, increases with the increase in the Fe₂O₃ content in coal ash. With increasing concentrations of both Al₂O₃ and SiO₂, the initial deformation temperature (IDT) also increases. The increasing and decreasing nature of the initial deformation temperature (IDT) observed is also dependent upon the CaO and MgO contents. XRD analysis of the coal samples revealed significant changes in mineral matter contents with the types of beneficiation processes adopted for coal. The minerals like chlorite, illite, montmorillonite, pyrite, calcite, aragonite, and alumina have been removed during the beneficiation processes. The FTIR spectra also indicate the presence of minerals like gypsum (G), calcite (C) aragonite (Ar), quartz (Q) and kaolinite (K) in the raw coal and their subsequent removal after the beneficiation processes.     

成都市近地表大气尘的矿物学特征及其环境指示意义

通过对成都市近地表大气尘X射线衍射、电镜扫描分析等研究显示:其主要由石英、长石、伊利石、绿泥石、方解石、石膏等矿物组成;就其形状看有致密的不规则粒状、片状单矿物、不规则粒状聚合体、浑圆形球状飘珠、聚合体放大观察可见片状的粘土矿物和细小的粒状单矿物,偶见藻类;矿物形貌特征及矿物组成空间分布特征的研究显示:球形状飘珠及伊利石、绿泥石、石膏的空间分布特征与工业布局和表层土壤的pH值密切相关,成都市近地表大气尘主要为地表扬尘和工业烟尘的混合物;与土壤的矿物组成比较可见,近地表大气尘重金属污染除土壤贡献外,还有其他污染贡献;石膏在本次研究中平均含量高达8.2%,推测可能成为成都市往年燃煤量大而无明显酸雨现象的原因之一。     

太原盆地西温庄隆起硫酸盐型岩溶热矿水成因研究

太原盆地是新生代断陷盆地, 盆地内受南北和东西多组断层控制形成了多个断垒、断块, 岩溶热矿水主要分布在三给地垒以南和田庄断裂以北的区域。岩溶热矿水的主力产水层为奥陶系的峰峰组和上、下马家沟组的碳酸盐岩储层。项目组采集了18个地热水样品, 同时收集了已有文献中的9个地热水和3个地下冷水的水化学数据。根据分析化验结果, 岩溶热矿水的水化学类型为SO₄-Ca ·Mg型。根据热矿水中的离子浓度关系和主要矿物的饱和度指数可以推断水化学类型主要受石膏层的影响。地下水溶滤过程中除了方解石与白云石溶解作用外, 石膏的溶解作用占主导地位。根据矿物饱和度指数, 石膏溶解产生过多Ca2+以及热矿水温度的升高还导致了方解石或者白云石更加饱和, 可能发生沉淀。西温庄隆起内的岩溶热矿水混合了古水, 年龄均大于20 000 a, 岩溶热储温度为72.6~91.1 ℃, 循环深度为2123~2663 m。长时间的水岩相互作用, 为热矿水的形成提供传导加热的时间和丰富的矿物质组分。西温庄隆起作为岩溶热矿水温度、TDS以及锶浓度的高值区, 是盆地内热矿水的汇水区, 同时也是区域热矿水条件最好的区域。TDS和Sr浓度升高趋势反映了地下水从补给区到盆地内排泄区明显的溶滤作用, 并且发生了由低TDS的HCO₃-Ca ·Mg型地下冷水往高TDS的SO₄-Ca ·Mg型岩溶热矿水的发展。