宁夏与甘肃沙尘暴过程的时空分布对比研究

选取宁夏13个代表站1955-2003年共49a的沙尘暴实测资料,确定了宁夏区域性沙尘暴天气过程强度标准,划分了1955年以来的特强、强和一般性沙尘暴天气过程,研究了宁夏沙尘暴过程的时间和强度演变特征,得出了一些新的认识。最后与上游甘肃省沙尘暴过程进行了时空分布特征的对比分析．为西北东部地区沙尘暴的监测预警和联报联防提供了一定的科学依据。     

甘肃省春季沙尘暴强弱年份大气环流特征对比分析

文中使用NCEP/NCAR1955～2000年全球月平均再分析网格点资料(2.5°×2.5°纬度/经度)和甘肃省区域性沙尘暴过程资料,分别选取了甘肃省5个春季典型沙尘暴年份和5个春季非沙尘暴年份,对其气候平均的大尺度环流场和有关物理量场的动力和热力结构差异进行了对比分析。初步探讨了甘肃省春季沙尘暴发生与全球海温异常的关系。分析结果表明,甘肃省春季沙尘暴年和非沙尘暴年大尺度高低空环流场和有关物理量场差异明显,从而揭示了沙尘暴形成的大尺度环流以及动力和热力因子影响的事实,以期对我国西北地区沙尘暴气候成因有更全面深入的了解,为沙尘暴短期气候预测提供理论依据和强信号。     

MODIS沙尘暴判识方法与业务系统

为了利用MODIS资料对沙尘暴的范围和强度进行定量判识,应用2002--2004年多次MODIS资料,通过对沙尘暴、云、雪和沙漠光谱特征的分析,构建了定量判识沙尘暴范围和强度的两个沙尘指数.利用2002-2007年数次沙尘暴过程对沙尘指数的判别效果进行检验,表明构建的两个M()DIS沙尘指数能够有效地监测沙尘暴的范围和强度,且方法简单,适用于业务应用.针对目前西北沙尘暴遥感监测业务服务以定性图像为主,服务产品较为单一的问题,对MODIS沙尘暴判识方法进行业务化,并结合GIS进行沙尘暴影响范围的分析,开发研制了自动运行的MODIS沙尘暴监测和影响评估业务系统.系统具生成沙尘暴MODIS影像图、沙尘暴范围和强度遥感监测图、沙尘暴影响土地类型图、全国各省(直辖市)沙尘面积统计表、全国不同土地类型沙尘暴影响面积统计表、甘肃省各县沙尘暴的影响面积统计表和甘肃省不同土地类型沙尘影响面积统计表等功能,为沙尘暴定量和精细服务提供了丰富的产品.     

甘肃沙尘暴短期、短时业务化预报方法研究

利用1955~2002年甘肃省80个站的观测资料，对发生在甘肃境内的64个强或特强沙尘暴个例逐个进行了天气气候分析，总结了甘肃沙尘暴天气气候特点，沙尘暴爆发的天气类型，移动路径。得出沙尘暴短期和临近预报的着眼点，建立了甘肃沙尘暴短期预报概念模型。通过用计算机语言和模块化设计方案，成功设计了中国西北地区沙尘暴监测预警人机交互预报平台，实现了沙尘暴监测预警预报业务化。     

宁夏不同强度沙尘暴环流差异特征的对比分析

利用宁夏1970—2003年沙尘暴过程资料及NCEP/NCAR(1971—2000年)逐日全球再分析资料,依据沙尘暴强度划分标准,对同期宁夏不同强度沙尘暴过程的环流差异特征进行合成对比诊断分析。结果表明:在不同环流背景下,特强、强及一般性沙尘暴过程频次明显不同,一脊一槽、西北路径冷空气是宁夏区域性特强和强沙尘暴过程最主要的环流和冷空气类型;而在基本相同的大尺度环流背景下,由于乌拉尔山高压脊、贝加尔湖冷低压、蒙古气旋及地面冷高压等的强度和位置不同,造成的沙尘暴强度有显著差异。同时,200 hPa高层西风急流的不同分布,与宁夏沙尘暴的强度也有密切关系。     

内蒙古中西部强和特强沙尘暴的气候学特征

使用1957－1996年40年内蒙古中西部74个地面测站沙尘暴观测资料，确定了不同范围强和特强沙尘暴标准，给出了强和特强沙尘暴过程的个例谱，对其地理分布、时间分布特征进行了详细的统计分析，结果表明：内蒙古中西部有三个强和特强沙尘暴多发中心；强和特强沙尘暴气代际变化、年际变化和日益变化显著，70年代和60年代次数最多，强度也最强，80年代开始减少，2000年，2001年又趋于增加，在一年内强和特强沙尘暴集中出现在春季的3－5月份，一天之中则主要出现在午后到傍晚，文中还对形成上述统计特征的气候学成因作了初步讨论。     

通辽市一次沙尘暴过程气象要素及PM_(10)变化特征分析

利用通辽气象观测站高空探测资料、地面常规观测资料和沙尘暴监测资料,对2012年3月29日通辽市沙尘暴天气过程气象要素变化特征及其与沙尘暴强度之间的关系进行了分析,并分析了沙尘暴过程中pM_(10)浓度变化特征。结果表明:蒙古气旋和冷锋是形成这次沙尘暴的主要原因,高空和近地面的风速、风向、温度、湿度及气压变化均与沙尘暴的强度密切相关,pM_(10)浓度与沙尘暴的强度之间有很好的对应关系,强沙尘暴时pM_(10)浓度最大值为13548.8 ug·m~(-3)。     

各气象要素影响沙尘暴的方式和强度研究

利用1954—2005年甘肃60个测站春季17个气象要素和沙尘暴的日资料,对这些要素影响沙尘暴的方式和强度进行了详细分析。结果表明,风速、最大风速、蒸发量是甘肃省沙尘暴的正影响因子;相反,相对湿度、最小相对湿度、最低气压、水汽压和日照时数是负影响因子;气压、最高气压、气温、最高和最低气温,以及20:00～08:00,08:00～20:00和20:00～20:00的降水量对沙尘暴的影响方式具有明显的区域性差异。各要素对沙尘暴的影响强度具有明显的区域性差异,平均而言,最大风速、平均风速、最大风速风向、日照时数及蒸发量对甘肃沙尘暴的影响强度依次最大,20:00～08:00,08:00～20:00和20:00～20:00的降水量、气压和气温的影响强度依次最小。     

沙尘天气产生的气候背景及物理机制

沙尘天气发生频率、强度与大风、干旱过程、异常大气环流的气候背景以及人为因素有关。它的物理过程是地表上升气流把疏松地表尘粒带入空中,并且在一定层结条件下形成和加强的。利用1958~2000年内蒙古中西部70个测站的沙尘暴观测资料,对沙尘暴的地理分布、时间分布特征进行了统计分析。结果表明:内蒙古中西部有三个强沙尘暴多发中心,沙尘暴年代际变化和年际变化较明显,且沙尘暴集中出现在春季的3~5月份。     

内蒙古地区沙尘暴个例谱

使用1995—2008年14年内蒙古地区118个地面测站沙尘暴、能见度、风速风向观测资料,确定了不同范围、不同强度沙尘暴标准,给出了特强、强、次强和弱沙尘暴个例谱。为从事沙尘暴研究工作者提供参考。刘景涛等[1]曾应用内蒙古中西部74个地面测站1957—1996年沙尘暴资料给出内蒙古中西部地区强和特强沙尘暴过程个例谱。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.