Ecological studies on the Kerkini reservoir (N Greece)

The influence of hydrological regime of the artificial lake Kerkini (N Greece) on the qualitative and quantitative distribution of plankton populations, was studied during a 12 months period.Cyanophyceae, chlorophyceae, dinophyceae, diatomeae, crysophyceae andcryptophyceae, in considerable seasonal variation in their abundance, diversity and number comprised the phytoplankton population. The abundance of rotifers and the presence of various copepod stages throughout the year were also characteristic. Lake Kerkini should be considered as eutrophic with a tendecy to become hypertrophic. River inflows affect greatly in reservoir's water volume, nutrients' concentration and water's transparency, which, consequently, affects the plankton growth. For Part I, Morphometric, Hydrological, Physical and Chemical Features see Geo Journal 28, I, 73–80 (Sep 1992)     

Artificial tracers for geothermal reservoir studies

Safe disposal of thermally spent geothermal brines that contain environmentally hazardous constituents is commonly obtained by reinjection. The reinjection process also serves to maintain reservoir pressure, enhance thermal recovery, and eliminate possible compactional subsidence. To avoid premature thermal breakthrough of reinjected fluids, tracer tests are employed for detection and evaluation of preferential path networks. In this paper some promising tracers that have not received much attention in geothermal reservoir studies are discussed, and a comprehensive tabulation of field sites of artificial tracer utilization is presented. Chemical and transport processes responsible for tracer retention by the formation of reservoir solids, as well as available tracer detection techniques, are emphasized.     

Impact of suspended sediment load on the silting of SMBA reservoir (Algeria)

The phenomenon of suspended sediment load is very complex in Mina River basin because of its important soil heterogeneity, vegetation deficiency and rainfall variability in time and space. The methodological approach adopted in this paper consists of finding a regressive power model, which may explain better the suspended sediment discharge as a function of the flow discharge collected at Wadi El-Abtal and Sidi AEK Djilali hydrometric stations by studying this relation at various temporal scales: daily, annual, monthly and seasonal. The obtained monthly power relations, explaining the greatest part of the variance, lead to interpolate, extrapolate and analyse suspended and bed loads deposited on Sidi M’hamed Ben Aouda (SMBA) reservoir since being in service in 1977/1978. These allow authors to find relations between specific erosion and effective rainfall and propose some solutions for river basin managers and policy makers to reduce the silting of SMBA reservoir.     

我国油藏渗流-温度-应力耦合的研究进展

油藏流固耦合理论的研究,近年来引起中国学者的极大兴趣,成为油藏工程及相关领域研究的热点问题之一。笔者不但比较系统地介绍了石油工程中遇到的不可忽略的流固耦合问题,而且,对油藏流固耦合的主要研究方法、研究结果等进行了报道,并对油藏热流固耦合研究的发展趋势和前沿方向进行了展望。     

Effects of land-based sources on water quality in the Omerli reservoir (Istanbul,Turkey)

The Omerli reservoir is located on the northeastern side of the Istanbul City. It is one of the most important sources of drinking water with a surface area of 23.1 km² and a volume of 220 × 10⁶ m³ in the Marmara Region. Water quality characteristics of the lake investigated from May 2002 to April 2003 enabled us to identify the effect of waste loads on water quality of Omerli Lake. The following parameters were measured in the lake water: temperature (16.1°C), conductivity (250 μS/cm), secchi disk depth (1.9 m), dissolved oxygen (DO) (9.36 mg/L), nutrients [ortho-phosphate (78.9 μg/L), nitrate + nitrite (707.5 μg/L) and ammonia-nitrogen (264 μg/L)], chlorophyll a (9.43 μg/L), total organic carbon (3.33 mg/L), total suspended solids (4.54 mg/L), total poly aromatic hydrocarbon (t-PAH) (0.69 μg/L) and copper (24.5 μg/L). T-PAH (16.5 mg/g-dry-w), Cu (96.5 μg/g-dry-w), organic carbon (org-C) (2.0%) and N (0.44%) were determined in the surface sediment. The values of chlorophyll a and DO in the upper layer were relatively high and low secchi disk depths indicates eutrophic state. There are five channels discharging water, including waste water, into the lake. All channels were sampled during six occasions in order to cover variations between seasons. The following parameters were measured: total organic carbon, total phosphorus, total kjeldahl nitrogen, ammonia and total suspended solids with the flow rates. The Göçbeyli stream has the highest flow into the lake (1.5 × 10⁸ m³/year) but most of the nutrients were discharged from the Pa?aköy channel. It is accounting for 81% of ammonia and 80% of total phosphorus into the lake. Three scenarios were run using AQUATOX model: (1) all existing inflows are discharging into the lake (present situation); (2) none is discharging; (3) all are discharging except the Pa?aköy channel. The first scenario produced concentrations consistent with measurements in the lake. In all stations, a phytoplankton peak value was predicted during November and December 2002, and January 2003. In the second scenario, as expected, a significant decrease in the concentrations was predicted. In the third scenario, a small improvement in the water quality was obtained. To significantly improve the state of the lake, instead of entering Pa?aköy channel, wastewater should bypass the lake.     

二纺蛛总科（蜘蛛目：新蛛下目）蜘蛛化石研究进展

二纺蛛总科包括5个现生科、5个化石科以及一些科级位置未定的化石物种,是蜘蛛目中较为古老的一个类群。目前已知最早的二纺蛛总科化石记录可以追溯到早侏罗世,但分子系统发育研究推测其起源时间为二叠纪。二纺蛛总科蜘蛛在中生代最为繁盛,化石物种相对较多,是蜘蛛化石类群的重要组成部分。而现生二纺蛛总科蜘蛛十分稀少,且主要分布在热带和亚热带地区。近年来的系统发育研究认为二纺蛛总科可能是复杂生殖器类的姐妹群,是蜘蛛演化研究的关键类群。因此,本文对二纺蛛总科分类系统的研究历史进行了回顾,总结了二纺蛛总科化石类群在不同地质历史时期的组成和分布,统计了二纺蛛总科蜘蛛化石的名录。目前,二纺蛛总科蜘蛛化石分类研究基础薄弱,部分化石类群的系统位置存疑,二纺蛛总科内部系统发育关系尚不清晰。在将来的研究中,需要利用多种技术手段获取化石材料的形态学信息,打好分类学基础;结合化石类群和现生类群进行系统发育分析;进而联系古地理、古生态、生物学行为等研究,全方位分析二纺蛛总科的自然演化历史。     

二纺蛛总科（蜘蛛目：新蛛下目）蜘蛛化石研究进展

二纺蛛总科包括5个现生科、5个化石科以及一些科级位置未定的化石物种,是蜘蛛目中较为古老的一个类群。目前已知最早的二纺蛛总科化石记录可以追溯到早侏罗世,但分子系统发育研究推测其起源时间为二叠纪。二纺蛛总科蜘蛛在中生代最为繁盛,化石物种相对较多,是蜘蛛化石类群的重要组成部分。而现生二纺蛛总科蜘蛛十分稀少,且主要分布在热带和亚热带地区。近年来的系统发育研究认为二纺蛛总科可能是复杂生殖器类的姐妹群,是蜘蛛演化研究的关键类群。因此,本文对二纺蛛总科分类系统的研究历史进行了回顾,总结了二纺蛛总科化石类群在不同地质历史时期的组成和分布,统计了二纺蛛总科蜘蛛化石的名录。目前,二纺蛛总科蜘蛛化石分类研究基础薄弱,部分化石类群的系统位置存疑,二纺蛛总科内部系统发育关系尚不清晰。在将来的研究中,需要利用多种技术手段获取化石材料的形态学信息,打好分类学基础;结合化石类群和现生类群进行系统发育分析;进而联系古地理、古生态、生物学行为等研究,全方位分析二纺蛛总科的自然演化历史。     

Thermohydrodynamic modeling of the natural state of the Mutnovsky geothermal reservoir (Kamchatka)

The paper presents results of modeling of the natural state of the Mutnovsky geothermal field (Kamchatka) developed to produce electric energy. The modeling was performed using the TOUGH2 program, currently the most perfect instrument for analyzing heat-and-mass transport in porous-fissured medium. It is based on the conceptual model of a geothermal reservoir based on previous investigations. The results confirmed the main statements of the conceptual model: location of heat sources, pattern of fluid flow in the reservoir, and location of the two-phase zone, and can serve as a basis for predicting the behavior of the Mutnovsky reservoir during its exploitation.     

水资源持续利用(生态水利)原理的探讨

旨在探讨可持续发展中的水资源持续利用(生态水利)的基本原理。给出了水资源持续利用的概念、定义及内涵;表述了原理内容及其关键的整体、协调、优化和良性循环四个环节的意义与关系;提出了水资源持续利用的数学模型。     

A zircon study from the Rhodope metamorphic complex, N-Greece: Time record of a multistage evolution

Zircons from an eclogite and a diamond-bearing metapelite near the Kimi village (north-eastern Rhodope Metamorphic Complex, Greece) have been investigated by Micro Raman Spectroscopy, SEM, SHRIMP and LA-ICPMS to define their inclusion mineralogy, ages and trace element contents. In addition, the host rocks metamorphic evolution was reconstructed and linked to the zircon growth domains.

The eclogite contains relicts of a high pressure stage (ca. 700 °C and > 17.5 kbar) characterised by matrix omphacite with Jd_40–35. This assemblage was overprinted by a lower pressure, higher temperature metamorphic event (ca. 820 °C and 15.5–17.5 kbar), as indicated by the presence of clinopyroxene (Jd_35–20) and plagioclase. Biotite and pargasitic amphibole represent a later stage, probably related to an influx of fluids. Zircons separated from the eclogite contain magmatic relicts indicating Permian crystallization of a quartz-bearing gabbroic protolith. Inclusions diagnostic of the high temperature, post-eclogitic overprint are found in metamorphic zircon domain Z2 which ages spread over a long period (160 – 95 Ma). Based on zircon textures, zoning and chemistry, we suggest that the high-temperature peak occurred at or before ca. 160 Ma and the zircons were disturbed by a later event possibly at around 115 Ma. Small metamorphic zircon overgrowths with a different composition yield an age of 79 ± 3 Ma, which is related to a distinct amphibolite-facies metamorphic event.

The metapelitic host rock consists of a mesosome with garnet, mica and kyanite, and a quartz- and plagioclase-bearing leucosome, which formed at granulite-facies conditions. Based on previously reported micro-diamond inclusions in garnet, the mesosome is assumed to have experienced UHP conditions. Nevertheless, (U)HP mineral inclusions were not found in the zircons separated from the diamond-bearing metapelite. Inclusions of melt, kyanite and high-Ti biotite in a first metamorphic zircon domain suggest that zircon formation occurred during pervasive granulite-facies metamorphism. An age of 171 ± 1 Ma measured on this zircon domain constrains the high-temperature metamorphic event. A second, inclusion-free metamorphic domain yielded an age of 160 ± 1 Ma that is related to decompression and melt crystallization.

The similar age data obtained from the samples indicate that both rock types recorded a high-T metamorphic overprint at granulite-facies conditions at ca. 170 – 160 Ma. This age implies that any high pressure or even ultra-high pressure metamorphism in the Kimi Complex occurred before that time. Our findings define new constraints for the geodynamic evolution for the Alpine orogenic cycle within the northernmost Greek part of the Rhodope Metamorphic Complex. It is proposed that the rocks of the Kimi Complex belong to a suture zone squeezed between two continental blocks and result from a Paleo-ocean basin, which should be located further north of the Jurassic Vardar Ocean.     

Inexact methods for sequential fully implicit (SFI) reservoir simulation

Computational Geosciences - The sequential fully implicit (SFI) scheme was introduced (Jenny et al. J. Comput. Phys. 217(2), 627–641 2006) for solving coupled flow and transport problems....     

海湾水库蓄水初期底质与淡水盐分交换的试验研究

在现场调查和钻探的基础上,采集了沐官岛水库库区3种典型底质(粉质粘土、泥质粉沙和中细砂)的原状/扰动土样和地表水样,然后分别采用静水土柱和动水水槽试验测定盐分的时-空变化规律,最后定量计算出不同底质盐分的释放通量,从而为该海湾水库蓄水初期水质的评价和预测提供了科学依据.土柱试验表明,在分子扩散作用下高盐分区主要集中在水-沉积物界面之上7.5 cm的范围内,7.5 cm之上的水体盐分较为均一,底质盐分释放通量按粉质粘土、中细砂、泥质粉沙的顺序递减,盐分释放通量符合负的幂指数形式,而且抽排界面之上高浓度水体对降低水体盐分含量效果显著.根据水槽模拟试验,风的吹拂会影响到界面之上水体盐分的分层,有利于海湾水库中盐分的混合作用.     

Quaternary studies in Corsica (France)

Fluvial, glacial, and colluvial deposits in Corsica have been studied in terms of their distribution, soils, sedimentology (arrangement, shape analysis, size analysis, petrography, and weathering of pebbles; size distribution, shape analysis, and mineralogy of matrix), and relationships to marine sediments. A relative chronology is based on the topographic and stratigraphic relationships between the sediments, and to a large extent on their degree of weathering. The intensity and the type of pebble weathering suggest a possible correlation of the older alluvial units with the Alpine Quaternary succession. Quaternary paleoclimates in Corsica alternated between glacial and interglacial. During glacial stages, when glaciers developed in the high mountains and formed tongues in the valleys, periglacial climates characterized the low altitude zone. Tectonic movements occurred in Corsica during the Quaternary, probably until the Middle Würm.     

油气藏信息系统(OGRIS)及其在油气成藏条件时空配置研究中的应用

在介绍地理信息系统（ＧＩＳ）技术及其特点的基础上,提出了建立油气藏系统（ＯＧＲＩＳ）,并探索采用ＯＧＲＩＳ技术进行油气藏成藏条件时空配置的综合研究。以鄂尔多斯盆地下古生界风化壳型气藏为例,介绍了基于ＧＩＳ的油气藏信息系统的建立方法,通过ＯＧＲＩＳ的多源信息复合分析与空间分析技术,对鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系气藏形成条件的时空配置及其对油气富集控制规律进行了初步研究,结果表明在主成藏期气藏生储盖组合与构造沉     

Long-term hydrochemical earthquake precursor studies at the Koyna-Warna reservoir site in western India

Koyna-Warna region of western India is an active seismic zone due to the Reservoir Triggered Seismicity (RTS). Earthquake precursor studies are carried out monitoring hydrochemical and stable isotope signatures in the groundwater from 15 bore wells since January 2005, for more than 12 years (January 2005 to February 2017). Depth of these boreholes ranges from 100 to 250 m. Cyclic or temporal variation in hydrochemistry is observed in few sensitive wells in Koyna region. The Govare well in Koyna is found to be most sensitive and the observed hydrochemical cycle is closely associated with local earthquakes of M > 5. The earthquakes M <5 occurring either in Warna cluster or close to the observation wells, did not generate hydrochemical precursory changes. The increase in hydrochemistry is hypothesized as mixing of two aquifer waters with different hydrochemistry. It is noted that a precursory hydrochemical cycle is observed during first quarter of 2015, but no earthquake M > 5.0 occurred till date. The cyclic changes in hydrochemistry, however, indicate on-going earthquake processes and an impending earthquake of M > 5 in the region.     

Geochemistry and isotope geochemistry of the Monfalcone thermal waters (northern Italy): inference on the deep geothermal reservoir

Geochemical investigations were carried out to define the origin of the low- to moderate-temperature thermal waters feeding the Monfalcone springs in northern Italy. Chemical data indicate that waters approach the composition of seawater. Mixing processes with cold low-salinity waters are highlighted. The δ¹⁸O and δD values are in the range ?5.0 to ?6.4 ‰, and ?33 to ?40 ‰, respectively, suggesting the dilution of the saline reservoir by karst-type freshwaters. A surplus of Ca²⁺ and Sr²⁺ ions with respect to a conservative mixing is ascribed to diagenetic reactions of the thermal waters with Cretaceous carbonates at depth. The measured Sr isotopic composition (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratio) ranges between 0.70803 and 0.70814; after correction for the surplus Sr, a ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratio indicating Miocene paleo-seawater is obtained. The dissolved gases indicate long-lasting gas–water interactions with a deep-originated gas phase of crustal origin, dominated by CO₂ and marked by a water TDIC isotopic composition in the range ?5.9 to?8.8 and helium signature with 0.08?<?R/Ra?<?0.27, which is a typical range for the crust. A possible scenario for the Monfalcone thermal reservoir consists of Miocene marine paleowaters which infiltrated through the karstic voids formed within the prevalently Cretaceous carbonates during the upper Eocene emersion of the platform, and which were entrapped by the progressive burial by terrigenous sediments.     

苏北海中地区火成岩储层预测及其应用

海中地区火成岩发育,为含油层序,但地震地质条件复杂,受火成岩影响资料品质较差,火成岩与地层解释有较大难度。笔者应用测井、地球物理方法结合钻井资料,重点介绍利用火成岩的高速、高阻抗特征,应用STRATA测井约束反演对火成岩进行地震识别;应用EMERGE孔隙度反演技术,预测火成岩厚度与孔隙度。     

Noble gas evidence for two fluids in the Baca (Valles Caldera) geothermal reservoir

Noble gas elemental and isotopic abundances were measured in steam from four wells in the Baca geothermal reservoir located in the Valles Caldera, New Mexico. The ${}^{40}\text{Ar}{}^{36}\text{Ar}$ ratio and noble gas elemental abundances relative to ³⁶Ar are all strongly correlated with 1/³⁶Ar, the inverse of the argon content. Ratios of (α,n)-produced ²¹Ne1 and radiogenic ⁴⁰Ar1 to total ⁴He (dominantly radiogenic) are nearly constant at 2.1 × 10?8 and 0.20, respectively. The ${}^3\text{He}{}^4\text{He}$ ratio covers a restricted range of 3.9 to 4.8 times atmospheric. The high ³He content of the gas indicates the presence of a helium component ultimately derived from the mantle. Kr and Xe isotopic compositions are close to atmospheric; excess ¹²⁹Xe1 is <0.25% of the total ¹²⁹Xe.The high degree of linear correlation among the various noble gas results strongly suggests that the Baca reservoir contains two distinct fluids that are produced in varying proportions from individual wells. The noble gases in fluid A (~2900 mg/1 C1) are air-like, but with lighter gases and isotopes preferentially enriched. The fluid A ³⁶Ar content is low, only 13% that of 10°C air-saturated water (ASW). The second fluid, B (~ 1700 mg/1 C1), is the dominant carrier of the radiogenic and mantle-derived gases. The heavier non-radiogenic gases are preferentially enriched in fluid B, and its ³⁶Ar content is very low, only 5–7% ASW. The source of the noble gases in fluid A is tentatively ascribed to leaching of the relatively young (<1.4 m.y.) volcanic Bandelier Tuff. The radiogenic gases and mantle-derived helium in fluid B suggest a deeper source, possibly including gases escaping from a magma.