库鲁克塔格地区巷古勒塔格组瘤状灰岩及其沉积环境

新疆库鲁克塔格地区巷古勒塔格组发育瘤状灰岩,是一种深水沉积序列.本区瘤状灰岩形成于台缘斜坡带,滑塌重力流改造原岩形态,并分为富泥型、过渡型及富灰型3种类型.富泥型瘤状灰岩沉积在CCD线之下,受深度海水溶解作用改造.过渡型瘤状灰岩形成在CCD附近,受海底底流和深度海水溶解的双重作用改造.富灰型瘤状灰岩形成在CCD之上,受周期性的重力流作用的改造和海底底流的溶解作用.岩性组合表明,早奥陶世库鲁克塔格地区处于迅速海侵阶段.     

塔里木盆地玉北5井下奥陶统蓬莱坝组沉积期的暴露标志及其意义

塔里木盆地玉北地区玉北5井下奥陶统蓬莱坝组,属于局限台地潮坪沉积,主要为一套灰、浅灰色泥晶白云岩、灰色藻纹层(藻席)、灰质云岩与细粉晶云岩。首次在岩芯中发现多个层位发育暴露标志,包括钙结壳、渗流豆石、碴状层、溶洞。溶洞主要发育在第10回次下部,碴状层、钙结壳、渗流豆石发育在第10回次中上部至第5回次。蓬莱坝组这些暴露标志的确认,说明玉北地区早奥陶世特马豆克期有一定规模的海平面下降事件,可能是储层形成的重要控制因素。     

四川若尔盖北部寒武－奥陶系太阳顶群沉积环境分析

寒武－奥陶系太阳顶群是西秦岭南亚带天重要的合金－铀岩系，其主要由碳质硅质岩及碱质板岩组成，岩石中还保留了许多沉积组构，如块状构造、纹层构造、韵律构造、结核状构造等。根据岩石学、岩石组合、沉积组构，结合岩石化学、微量元素及稀土元素特征，认为太阳顶群岩石为被动大陆边缘陆缘海槽中的非补偿性沉积，形成于半深水的滞流水沉积环境。     

四川盆地东部中二叠统茅口组顶部钙结壳的发现及其发育模式

对四川盆地东部涪陵地区角帮沟剖面中二叠统茅口组顶部钙结壳进行的岩石学和矿物学系统分析发现,该剖面中钙结壳的矿物组成和含量呈规律变化,可分为基岩带、过渡带及钙结带。岩石学分析表明,基岩带为灰白色中厚层泥晶生物灰岩,其内发育碳酸盐岩砂和岩溶角砾充填的岩溶系统;过渡带为黄白色、黄褐色、褐红色含燧石条带或团块状泥晶生物灰岩,其内发育钙质胶结的原地角砾充填的侵蚀漏斗;钙结带为局部钙结岩化的灰色亮晶生屑灰岩叠覆土黄色多孔块状钙结岩,其内发育多期裂缝、根模、肺泡结构和次生碳酸钙胶结物等典型钙结壳结构。矿物学分析表明,自过渡带至钙结带CaCO₃含量呈逐渐上升的趋势,推测内部次生碳酸钙逐步胶结富集是钙结岩形成的主要原因。结合四川盆地茅口组顶部以发育铝土质泥岩和铝土岩的岩石组合为特征,且其与中二叠世上扬子地区位于赤道附近的古地理背景相吻合,表明四川盆地东部地区茅口组顶部钙结壳形成于湿热气候条件下;并通过与经典钙结壳特征的比较,总结出湿热气候条件下的钙结壳发育模式。该研究成果不仅是对四川盆地中二叠统茅口组表生成岩作用产物的补充,而且还可为国内外同类型钙结壳研究提供详实的材料。     

四川若尔盖北部寒武—奥陶系太阳顶群沉积环境分析

寒武－奥陶系太阳顶群是西秦岭南亚带最重要的含金－铀岩系，其主要由碳质硅质岩及碳质板岩组成，岩石中还保留了许多沉积组构，如块状构造，纹层构造，韵律构造，结核状构造等，根据岩石学，岩石组合，沉积组构，结合岩石化学，微量元素及稀土元素特征，认为太阳顶群岩石为被动大陆边缘陆海槽中的非补偿性沉积，形成于半深水的滞流水沉积环境。     

鄂尔多斯盆地西、南缘奥陶系滑塌堆积

鄂尔多斯盆地西、南缘中、上奥陶统发育有各种重力流沉积,其中含有巨大砾石或外来体.后者可呈不规则长园状和似层状,规模可达十至数十米,甚至百米左右.本文讨论了这种特殊沉积的岩性特征、层位和空间组合关系以及成因.认为它是一种滑塌堆积,它形成于拉张构造背景下的大陆边缘陡坡带,滑塌作用形成了大砾石和外来体,重力流是其搬运的载体.     

西太平洋富钴结壳中磷酸盐化的制约因素探讨

富钴结壳是生长在海底岩石或岩屑表面的一种自生壳状沉积物。大洋富钴结壳老壳层在形成后或形成期间曾遭受不同时代的磷酸盐化(Hein J R等,1993),形成多层磷酸盐化壳层。前人关于磷酸盐化作用对富钴结壳的影响多有论著,但主要涉及矿物成分、化学组成、结构构造等方面(Koschinsky A等,1997;Jeong K S等,     

西沙群岛石岛根管石特征、成因及地质意义

西沙群岛石岛由第四纪地层构成,包括4个风成生物砂屑灰岩层和3个化石土壤层,生物砂屑灰岩层和化石土壤层相间分布,在化石土壤层中发育根管石。研究表明,根管石在结构构造、成分和沉积成岩变化方面具有三层分带性。其中,内带由泥晶碳酸盐组成,具有泥晶结构,环形纹层或纤维状构造,是原始植物根系交代和石化的结果; 中带和外带均为细粒砂屑结构,块状或层理构造,砂屑颗粒由珊瑚、珊瑚藻、有孔虫、软体动物、棘皮类等古生物化石和砂屑组成,中带钙质胶结较强,中带、外带及寄主岩石多为过渡关系。根管石的中带和外带是植物根系附近微化学成岩环境和后期差异风化作用的产物。西沙群岛石岛存在3个根管石发育层,标志着三期成土作用和植被化作用的存在,反映了气候条件的重大变化。西沙群岛石岛风成生物砂屑灰岩层和化石土壤层的相间分布特征,及CaO/MgO比值、锶元素和有机质含量变化,记录了4个气候演变和风成沉积演化旋回。     

济阳坳陷古近系泥页岩成因相划分

系统岩心观察和高密度薄片鉴定等分析测试资料研究结果显示,济阳坳陷沙三下-沙四上泥页岩成分组成及构造类型主要受沉积作用控制,岩石结构特征主要受成岩作用控制。根据泥页岩中方解石成因及重结晶程度,结合岩石成分及构造特征,将济阳坳陷沙三下-沙四上泥页岩划分为沉积主控型、沉积-成岩双控型及成岩主控型三大成因相。沉积主控型分布最为广泛,岩相类型多样,构造特征反映成因环境;沉积-成岩双控型主要见于纹层状岩相,由泥质纹层与显晶粒状方解石纹层互层构成;成岩主控型以柱状、柱纤状方解石垂直层面呈脉状、透镜状产出为特征。成岩主控型和沉积-成岩双控型泥页岩与页岩油气关系密切,是重要的有利成因相类型。     

湘中地区中奥陶统“桃江式”锰矿的成矿作用研究

湘中地区“桃江式”锰矿产于中奥陶统磨刀溪组斜坡相-盆地边缘相沉积之中。发育锰矿层１～２层,锰矿层具有粒序层理、平行层理、斜纹层、水平纹层及角砾状等构造,夹于深水低能的暗色泥岩之中,是一种碳酸盐重力流沉积。其形成受区域构造、岩相古地理、沉积事件及水介质物理化学条件等的影响。其沉积学和地球化学特征显示锰质主要由海底热水补给,是一种热水成矿作用的产物。     

Petrology of recent caliche pisolites, spherulites, and speleothem deposits from central Texas

Recent caliche, including nodules, pisolites, crusts, internal sediment, speleothem deposits, and spherulites, has formed within the dolomitic Cretaceous Edwards Formation of central Texas. As weathering altered the host strata, rhombic crystals of calcite were precipitated concomitantly with dissolution of the dolomite, thereby forming nodules. The highly altered dolomite (i.e. pulverulite) was then removed and spar, internal sediment, and travertine accumulated in the internodular voids. Nodular masses of calcite and dolomite are the most prominent constituent of the caliche. Some of the nodules have a well developed concentric structure as well as other characteristics similar to hypersaline pisolites. Features which appear to be useful in distinguishing caliche from hypersaline pisolites are: regional geological setting, association with other caliche and palaeosoil deposits, types of fossils present, and the presence of rhombic calcite and/or bladed sparry calcite with triangular shaped cross-section. A brick-like calcite texture and relict aragonite rays characterize hypersaline pisolites. Incipient neomorphism of the nodules and pisolites has resulted in the development of a radial pattern of spar within these structures. Geopetal deposits of internal sediment, including terra rossa soil, inhibited spar growth in the upward direction; consequently, spar is much better developed on the undersides of pisolites. Crusts and travertine flowstone (speleothem) deposits are intimately associated with the nodular masses and internal sediment. The brecciated thin crusts and travertine flowstone are end products of the same processes. The crusts formed during times of periodic desiccation of the growing surface while the flowstone formed when water was relatively abundant. Spherulitic bodies within the caliche, commonly 1–2 mm in diameter, display a radial texture and yet are composed of single crystals of calcite. The structures are the product of neomorphosed Microcodium or Microcodium-like globular bodies.     

Meteoric diagenesis during sea-level lowstands: Evidence from modern hydrochemical studies on northern Guam

Hydrochemical data for meteoric waters of the uplifted carbonate platform of northern Guam show that, contrary to recent models of lowstand diagenesis, phreatic dissolution is active beneath a 60–180 m thick vadose zone. Overland flow during high intensity rainfall events is focussed into surface detention ponds, which drain very rapidly via the epikarst and vertical fissures to the freshwater lens. We estimate that these waters contribute 13% of dissolved calcium in samples from pumping wells but may also deliver aggressive and/or organic-rich waters to the lens. Fast-flow vadose waters mix with lens-top waters to form fresher cap that discharges rapidly coastwards via cavernous porosity. Slower vadose percolation, sampled as cave drips, equilibrates with bedrock within the upper 30 m of the vadose zone, accounting for some 46% of dissolved calcium in the lens waters. The remaining 41% calcium is generated by net dissolution within the lens.     

A review of the origin and setting of tepees and their associated fabrics

Carbonate hardgrounds often occur at the surface of shallow subtidal to supratidal, lacustrine, and subaerial carbonate shelf sediments. These are commonly disrupted and brecciated when the surface area of these crusts increases. In the subtidal environment, megapolygons form when cementation of the matrix causes the surface area of the hardgrounds to expand. Similar megapolygons form in the supratidal, lacustrine and subaerial settings when repeated incremental fracturing and fracture fill by sediment and/or cement also causes the area of the hardgrounds to expand. The arched up antiform margins of expansion megapolygons are known as tepees. The types of tepees found in the geological record include: (1) Submarine tepees which form in shallow carbonate-saturated waters where fractured and bedded marine grainstones are bound by isopachous marine-phreatic acicular and micritic cements. The surfaces of these brecciated crusts have undergone diagenesis and are bored. Unlike tepees listed below they contain no vadose pisolites or gravity cements; (2) Peritidal and lacustrine tepees are formed of crusts characterized by fenestral. pisolitic and laminar algal fabrics. This similarity in fabric makes these tepees of different origins difficult to separate. Peritidal tepees occur where the marine phreatic lens is close to the sediment surface and the climate is tropical. They are associated with fractured and bedded tidal flat carbonates. Their fracture fills contain geopetal asymmetric travertines of marine-vadose origin and/or marine phreatic travertines and/or Terra rossa sediments. The senile form of these peritidal tepees are cut by labyrinthic dissolution cavities filled by the same material. Lacustrine tepees form in the margins of shallow salinas where periodic groundwater resurgence is common. They include groundwater tepees which form over evaporitic ‘boxwork’ carbonates, and extrusion tepees which also form where periodic groundwater resurgence occurs at the margins of shallow salinas, but the dominant sediment type is carbonate mud. These latter tepee crusts are coated and crosscut by laminated micrite; the laminae extend from the fractures downward into the underlying dolomitic micrite below the crust. Both peritidal and lacustrine tepees form where crusts experience alternating phreatic and vadose conditions, in time intervals of days to years. Cement morphologies reflect this and the crusts often contain gravitational, meniscus vadose cements as well as phreatic isopachous cement rinds. (3) Caliche tepees which are developed within soil profiles in a continental setting. They are formed by laminar crusts which contain pisolites, and fractures filled by micritic laminae, microspar, spar and Terra rossa. Most of the cements are gravitational and/or meniscoid. In ancient carbonates, when their cementation and diagenetic fabric can be interpreted, tepee structures can be used as environmental indicators. They can also be used to trace the evolution of the depositional and hydrological setting.     

Calcareous crust (caliche) profiles and early subaerial exposure of Carboniferous carbonates, northeastern Kentucky

Sequences of laminated limestones found within thin Carboniferous carbonate strata of northeastern Kentucky were studied to determine their origin and palaeo-environmental significance. These laminated zones are strikingly similar to Holocene and Pleistocene surficial calcareous crusts (caliche) profiles that occur in various parts of the world. Carboniferous laminated carbonates are associated with shallow marine carbonate units, palaeokarst, and overlying palaeosol zones. A typical laminated profile ranges in thickness from 1 to 2 m and contains brecciated, light olive-grey to brown micrite that lacks distinctive bedding. Structures and textures common in most profiles include: (1) calcareous and silicious laminae (laminae form diffuse, alternating light and dark bands that generally parallel bedding but often fill fractures and vugs within the rocks); (2) particles (allochems, and micrite and microspar fragments) coated by brown microcrystalline calcite; (3) brecciated texture; (4) circular to elliptical fossil moulds (occur in sinuous patterns and fill fractures within the rocks); (5) large and small scale fracture patterns. Subaerial weathering and vadose diagenesis of carbonate mud banks or islands is suggested as a mechanism for the formation of these Carboniferous calcareous crust profiles. These ‘crusts’ formed by a combination of solution (karsting), brecciation, and soil development that transformed an exposed marine biomicrite (‘host’ rock) into a porous subsoil rubble. Laminated ‘crusts’ and coated particles developed as the result of dissolution and reprecipitation of CaCO₃ and SiO₃ from the soil and carbonate bedrock. Carboniferous laminated carbonates in northeastern Kentucky are often referred to as ‘algal limestones’ because of their superficial similarity to some modern and ancient algal structures. This study, however, reveals numerous characteristics that can only be explained by diagenesis in a subaerial environment.     

湖相混积岩系同沉积淋滤作用识别标志与优质储层形成机理:以石臼坨凸起陡坡带Q29和Q36构造沙一、二段为例

石臼坨凸起陡坡带Q29和Q36构造中深部储层是渤海最大的湖相碳酸盐岩和扇三角洲碎屑岩的混合沉积,这一亿吨级油气田的发现,刷新了碎屑岩储层最厚、单层油层最厚、测试产能最高纪录.通过岩心观察、薄片鉴定、碳氧同位素分析、元素分析等多种分析手段,认为同沉积大气水淋滤作用,对石臼坨凸起陡坡带混积岩系优质储层的形成起到了至关重要的影响.通过对岩石学标志和元素地球化学标志的分析认为,大气水淋滤作用的主要包括两个过程,一是同沉积淋滤作用下,砾石段产生的选择性溶蚀孔、粒内缝、碎屑高岭石;二是沉积后暴露下,碳酸盐岩段产生的垂直岩溶缝、悬垂状白云石、示顶底构造.在此基础上,提出了大气水淋滤作用的模式,可分为成岩作用差异明显两个成岩带,即大气水渗流带和大气水潜流带,并进一步总结了各带内部的成岩特征和演化模式.      

碳酸盐沉积物的成岩作用

化学沉淀碳酸盐矿物在沉积后很容易受到各种作用的影响,其中最重要的是其在成岩阶段所经历的成岩作用.碳酸盐沉积物在成岩过程中主要受大气降水、海水和埋藏过程中孔隙流体的控制,经历一系列压实、溶解、矿物的多相转变、重结晶、胶结等成岩作用,逐渐转变为固结的岩石.在成岩过程中,由于孔隙流体与沉积流体之间的异同以及温度的变化,碳酸盐沉积物的原始矿物成分、地球化学特征可能会很好的保存下来,但在许多情况下,也可能会改变,从而使我们无法准确反演碳酸盐沉积物在沉积时水体的特征.因此,我们在应用碳酸盐岩重建相关古环境和古气候变化的时候,必须要通过有效的方法来对碳酸盐岩是否受到成岩作用的影响进行鉴定.     

Diagenesis of early Permian high‐latitude limestones,Lower Parmeener Supergroup,Tasmania

The Darlington (Sakmarian) and Berriedale (Artinskian) Limestones are neritic deposits that accumulated in high‐latitude environments along the south‐eastern margin of Pangea in what is now Tasmania. These rocks underwent a series of diagenetic processes that began in the marine palaeoenvironment, continued during rapid burial and were profoundly modified by alteration associated with the intrusion of Mesozoic igneous rocks. Marine diagenesis was important but contradictory; although dissolution took place, there was also coeval precipitation of fibrous calcite cement, phosphate and glauconite, as well as calcitization of aragonite shells. These processes are interpreted as having been promoted by mixing of shelf and upwelling deep ocean waters and enabled by microbial degradation of organic matter. In contrast to warm‐water carbonates where meteoric diagenesis is important, the Darlington and Berriedale Limestones were largely unaffected by meteoric diagenesis. Only minor dissolution and local cementation took place in this diagenetic environment, although mechanical compaction was ubiquitous. Correlation with burial history curves indicates that chemical compaction became important as burial depths exceeded 150 m, promoting precipitation of extensive ferroan calcite. This effect resulted from burial by rapidly deposited, overlying, thick, late Permian and Triassic terrestrial sediments. This diagenetic pathway was, however, complicated by the subsequent intrusion of massive Mesozoic diabases and associated silicifying diagenetic fluids. Finally, fractures most probably connected with Cretaceous uplift were filled with late‐stage non‐ferroan calcite cement. This study suggests that both carbonate dissolution and precipitation occur in high‐latitude marine palaeoenvironments and, therefore, the cold‐water diagenetic realm is not always destructive in terms of diagenesis. Furthermore, it appears that for the early Permian of southern Pangea at least, there was no real difference in the diagenetic pathways taken by cool‐water and cold‐water carbonates.     

Formation of weathering-derived magnesite deposits in the New England Orogen, New South Wales, Australia: Implications from mineralogy, geochemistry and genesis of the Attunga magnesite deposit

Nodular, cryptocrystalline, weathering-derived magnesite deposits in the New England Orogen, Australia, provide a significant source of high-purity magnesite. Common textural features and related isotopic fingerprints indicate a close genetic relationship between weathering-derived magnesite deposits hosted by ultramafic rocks at Attunga and by sediments at Kunwarara while silica-carbonate rock alteration and rare hydrothermal magnesite vein deposits reflect contrasting conditions of formation. Localised weathering of carbonates in a soil environment shifts stable isotopic composition towards low δ ¹³C and high δ ¹⁸O typical for weathering-derived magnesites while intrusion-related fluids do not significantly change the isotopic composition of affected carbonates. At Attunga, magnesite consists of irregular, nodular veins and masses filling faults and cracks in the weathered serpentinite host rock as well as soft powdery magnesite in pervasive serpentinite alteration zones. The high-grade magnesite at Attunga can be contaminated by amorphous silica and serpentine relicts but does not contain dolomite or ferroan magnesite as observed for its hydrothermal equivalent, the Piedmont magnesite deposit, or other widespread deposits of silica-carbonate rock in the Great Serpentinite Belt. Heavy δ ¹⁸O values are compatible with a supergene formation from meteoric waters while low δ ¹³C suggests C3-photosynthetic plants as the predominant source of carbon for the Attunga magnesites. We infer that weathering-derived, nodular magnesite deposits hosted in ultramafic rocks like the Attunga magnesite deposit have formed in a two-step process involving the hypogene formation of a pre-cursor magnesite deposit and complete supergene overprinting by meteoric waters that acquired carbon from percolation through soil.     

The application of cathodoluminescence to interpreting the diagenesis of an ancient calcrete profile

A laterally extensive calcrete profile has been identified in the Late Asbian (Lower Carboniferous) shallow marine shelf limestones of the Llangollen area, North Wales. The upper surface of the profile is defined by a laterally discontinuous palaeokarstic surface and by laminated calcareous crusts which developed within the underlying limestone. The profile contains a unique series of early pore-filling vadose cements which only occur down to 1 m below the palaeokarstic surface. Cathodoluminescence reveals that these cements pre-date the late pore-filling meteoric phreatic cements which occur throughout local Asbian lithologies. A spar cement stratigraphy has been established for the calcrete profile. Subaerial vadose cements comprise two generations of non-luminescent cement, followed by a brightly luminescent generation which occasionally shows an acicular habit. This needle-fibre calcite represents the final stage of vadose cementation. Precipitation of vadose cements was contemporary with subaerial alteration and micritization of the limestone. Textures, visible only with cathodoluminescence, provide evidence of recurrent periods of fabric dissolution. The most extensive phase of dissolution occurred immediately after the precipitation of the non-luminescent subaerial vadose cements. Several different textures have been recorded, each reflecting the morphology of a partially dissolved substrate. Dissolution textures are generally confined to the walls of the larger pores and to early brecciation fractures. These probably acted as fluid pathways in the calcrete during early subaerial diagenesis. Much of the non-marine micrite in the calcrete profile appears as needle-fibre calcite under cathodoluminescence. This acicular calcite was probably formed in response to localized supersaturation of meteoric pore fluids caused by periods of near-surface evaporation. Since needle-fibre luminescence is strongly variable, these ambient conditions are not believed to have directly controlled the activator ion concentrations of cementing pore waters. Needle-fibre calcite is considered to be a cement precipitate which has almost completely recrystallized to micrite, probably during the late stages of subaerial diagenesis. Two generations of subaerial micrite which define a ‘micrite stratigraphy’, have been distinguished under cathodoluminescence. Reconstructing the diagenetic history of this ancient calcrete profile has revealed that subaerial alteration was multistaged, with many diagenetic processes acting simultaneously during a single phase of emergence.     

Petrographic and geochemical analysis of caliche profiles in a Bahamian Pleistocene dune

Two caliche profiles from a Pleistocene carbonate dune on San Salvador Island, Bahamas, were examined by petrographic and geochemical analysis. Profile A is an immature buried caliche profile characterized by caliche pisolites, a friable crust and abundant Cerion. Profile B is a more well-developed caliche profile at the top of the dune which contains abundant pisolites, rhizomorphs, laminated calcrete, a breccia and abundant Cerion. Geochemical changes in caliche profiles relative to the host rock are an increase in Al₂O₃, Fe₂O₃ and total organic carbon, a decrease in Mg and Sr, and a decrease in δ¹³C_carb, δ¹⁸O_carb and δ13C_org. The magnitude of these changes is probably a function of the duration of subaerial exposure and resultant colonization by dune plants and associated microflora. Abundance of calcified filaments and needle-fibre crystals in profile A attests to the importance of microbial processes in the early development of caliche profiles. Biogenic structures are largely destroyed in profile B due to recrystallization, but indirect evidence of biological activity is retained in the form of carbon isotope values.