有机质生烃动力学参数研究进展:回顾和展望

生烃动力学,作为一种动态的研究方法,在研究有机质生烃机制和解决油气勘探实际问题中具有独特的优势,因此得到了极大的发展.由于在不同地质背景下形成的不同或相同类型的有机质,其生烃动力学参数存在明显差异,这动摇了以典型干酪根类型为基础发展起来的传统生烃模式,给实际应用带给困难.所以,必须针对具体盆地特定烃源岩进行生烃动力学实验,求取特定烃源岩的生烃动力学参数,这样才能准确地模拟出盆地的生烃过程.为了逼近地质实际,更加精确地描述有机质生烃动力学参数,应加强对有机质分子结构的研究,探讨温、压共同作用下有机质生烃动力学模型.此外,中国南方海相碳酸盐岩生烃动力学的研究将是今后生烃动力学的重要发展趋势之一.     

鄂尔多斯盆地下古生界油气地质动力学研究

以鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系烃源岩为主要研究对象 ,采用盆地动态数值模拟和成藏动力学的方法研究其地史、热史、生烃史及排烃史等油气地质动力学特征 .结果表明 :奥陶系总体上经历了原始沉积、抬升剥蚀、快速沉降、升沉交替和差异抬升剥蚀阶段 ;盆地大地热流值总体较低 ,奥陶系的古热流演化可划分为白垩纪前的较高热流和白垩纪后的较低热流两大阶段 .奥陶系烃源岩有机质热演化整体都已进入高成熟 过成熟阶段 ,生气强度大于生油强度 ,烃类相态以天然气为主 ;单位时间的排油、排气曲线为“多峰型” ,累计排气强度大于累计排油强度 ,具良好的天然气勘探远景 .     

Yong在湖泊生态系统建模中的应用

基于达尔文“适者生存”理论的热力学表述，本文把热力学概念“Ｙｏｎｇ”作为一些重要模型参数的目标函数引入湖泊生态动力学模型，应用Ｙｏｎｇ控制下的参数组合模拟程序实现了参数随时间的变化，并通过变化的模型参数来反映湖泊生态系统中物种组成和生态结构随时间的变化。这一改进克服了以往模型刚性较强，适应性差和生态系统特性考虑少的缺陷，该改进的湖泊生态动力学模型被成功用于滇池生态系统的模拟。     

干酪根二次生烃动力学模拟实验研究

通过干酪根分子级动力学模拟实验求取不同烃类组分（甲烷、Ｃ２－Ｃ５气态烃、 Ｃ６－Ｃ１３轻烃和Ｃ１３＋重烃）以及干酪根镜质体反射率（Ｒｏ）的生成动力学参数．然后结合四 川盆地具体的地质条件，对其下寒武统烃源岩有效的生气强度进行估算，从而为有效 气源岩的定量评价提供一种新的方法和途径，     

(Exergy)在湖泊生态系统建模中的应用

基于达尔文“适者生存”理论的热力学表述，本文把热力学概念“（Exergy）”作为一些重要模型参数的目标函数引入湖泊生态动力学模型．应用拥控制下的参数组合模拟程序实现了参数随时间的变化，并通过变化的模型参数来反映湖泊生态系统中物种组成和生态结构随时间的变化．这一改进克服了以往模型刚性较强、适应性差和生态系统特性考虑少的缺陷，该改进的湖泊生态动力学模型被成功用于滇池生态系统的模拟．     

海湾盆地八面河地区油气运聚与成藏特征分析

采用地质与地球化学原理与方法对渤海湾盆地八面河油气区进行系统测试和分析, 定量估算该油田的油源分配, 提出了相应的运移通道和成藏机理. 研究结果表明, 虽然八面河油田附近埋藏较浅的沙四段烃源岩提供的“未熟-低熟油”在八面河地区原油中占一定的比例, 但这些原油的主体应来自相邻的生油洼陷——牛庄和广利洼陷内埋深超过2700 m的沙四段成熟烃源岩. 定量计算表明, 八面河地区未熟-低熟油的含量不超过20％, 其余为正常原油. 来自生烃洼陷的油气的运移受断层、砂体运载层等优势通道共同控制, 八面河油田只是运移优势通道的指向之一. 新提出的原油来源与运聚模式已为近期油气勘探实践所证实.     

(火用)(Exergy)在湖泊生态系统建模中的应用

基于达尔文"适者生存"理论的热力学表述,本文把热力学概念"(火用)(Exergy)"作为一些重要模型参数的目标函数引入湖泊生态动力学模型.应用拥控制下的参数组合模拟程序实现了参数随时间的变化,并通过变化的模型参数来反映湖泊生态系统中物种组成和生态结构随时间的变化.这一改进克服了以往模型刚性较强、适应性差和生态系统特性考虑少的缺陷,该改进的湖泊生态动力学模型被成功用于滇池生态系统的模拟.     

冻土动力学研究综述

冻土动力学是寒区岩土工程所要考虑的重要内容,是研究冻土抗震和抗长期循环荷载的理论基础。本文主要介绍了冻土动力学参数的测试方法,回顾了冻土动力学参数、冻土动强度、冻土动蠕变破坏特征和冻土动蠕变强度的研究进展,并对部分冻土动态本构模型和动蠕变模型进行了简单的介绍,最后对冻土动力学的发展趋势进行了展望。     

黄土层下覆强风化岩动弹性模量和阻尼比试验研究

运用扭剪仪对小应变εd时黄土层下覆强风化岩的动模量和阻尼比进行了系列研究,分析了其动力学特性。结果表明,在小应变情况下风化岩体的动应力与动应变关系为非线性弹性关系,基本符合双曲线型模型;在相同应变范围内,泥岩阻尼比大于红砂岩的阻尼比;在相同固结条件下,红砂岩的初始动弹模大于泥岩初始动弹模。研究为厚覆盖层黄土场地及其下覆强风化岩层、隧道、高边坡动力反应分析和地震后土体变形机理研究提供了必要试验技术和参数。     

动力基础系统非线性力学模型

采用定参理想集总参数计算体系，以动力基础非线性动力学模型和非线性广义刚度函数的概念为基础，将动力基础模型从竖向非线性振动推广至水平非线性振动、扭转非线性振动以及水平-回转二自由度耦合非线性振动和竖向-水平-回转三自由度非线性耦合振动，建立了动力基础非线性动力学模型的一般表达式，为动力基础非线性设计提供了理论。     

Kinetic energy–rainfall intensity relationship for Central Cebu, Philippines for soil erosion studies

In the study of soil erosion, specifically on detachment of soil particles by raindrop impact, kinetic energy is a commonly suggested indicator of the raindrop's ability to detach soil particles from the soil mass. Since direct measurement of kinetic energy requires sophisticated and costly instruments, the alternative approach is to estimate it from rainfall intensity. The present study aims at establishing a relationship between rainfall intensity and kinetic energy for rainfalls in Central Cebu, Philippines as a preface of a wider regional investigation.

Drop size distributions of rainfalls were measured using the disdrometer RD-80. There are two forms of kinetic energy considered here. One is kinetic energy per unit area per unit time (KE_R, J m⁻² h⁻¹) and the other is kinetic energy per unit area per unit depth (KE, J m⁻² mm⁻¹). Relationships between kinetic energy per unit area per unit time (KE_R) and rainfall intensity (I) were obtained using linear and power relations. The exponential model and the logarithmic model were fitted to the KE–I data to obtain corresponding relationships between kinetic energy per unit area per unit depth of rainfall (KE) and rainfall intensity (I). The equation obtained from the exponential model produced smaller standard error of estimates than the logarithmic model.     

关于动力Alfven波的色散与朗道阻尼

根据完全动力论理论,证明了可由简化漂移动力论方程求得动力Ａｌｆｖｅｎ波色散方程,即横向用磁流体力学方程,纵向用Ｖｌａｓｏｖ方程,在初级近似下由此推导出适合于日冕和太阳风的色散关系和Ｌａｎｄａｕ阻尼,得到在性质上与ＭＨＤ　Ａｌｆｖｅｎ波完全不同的动力Ａｌｆｖｅｎ波,太阳风中Ａｌｆｖｅｎ湍流很容易由动力Ａｌｆｖｅｎ波演化而来。提出由动力Ａｌｆｒｅｎ波构筑太阳风高速流模型将更符合观测结果。     

Non-equilibrium interphase heat and mass transfer during two-phase flow in porous media—Theoretical considerations and modeling

Mass and heat transfer occurring across phase-interfaces in multi-phase flow in porous media are mostly approximated using equilibrium relationships or empirical kinetic models. However, when the characteristic time of flow is smaller than that of mass or heat transfer, non-equilibrium situations may arise. Commonly, empirical approaches are used in such cases. There are only few works in the literature that use physically-based models for these transfer terms. In fact, one would expect physical approaches to modeling kinetic interphase mass and heat transfer to contain the interfacial area between the phases as a variable. Recently, a two-phase flow and solute transport model was developed that included interfacial area as a state variable [36]. In that model, interphase mass transfer was modeled as a kinetic process.     

Removal of Cationic Dye from Aqueous Solution by a Macroporous Hydrophobically Modified Poly(acrylic Acid‐acrylamide) Hydrogel with Enhanced Swelling and Adsorption Properties

A macroporous, hydrophobically modified poly(acrylic acid‐acrylamide) hydrogel was prepared. The fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM) results showed that the hydrogel had a macroporous structure. The dynamic swelling and removal of cationic dyes, crystal violet (CV) and basic magenta (BM), by this macroporous hydrophobically modified poly(acrylic acid‐acrylamide) hydrogel were studied. The adsorption capacity and kinetic and isotherm studies of the cationic dyes into the hydrogels have been evaluated. It was found that the macroporous hydrophobically modified hydrogel (M) exhibited improved swelling and adsorption capacity compared with the non‐macroporous hydrophobically modified hydrogel (NM). The adsorption process agreed very well with the Langmuir model and the adsorption of the cationic dyes depended on the pH of the solution via a mechanism combining swelling, electrostatic, and hydrophobic interactions. Moreover, adsorption kinetic studies showed that the adsorption followed a pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model, indicating that chemical adsorption was the rate‐limiting step.     

The kinetic energy budget of monsoon circulation over the Indian region during ISMEX-1973

A kinetic energy budget over the Indian region is computed for the period 4–9 July 1973, when a twin monsoon depression-one in the Bay of Bengal and another in the Arabian sea were the dominant synoptic features. The generation term caused by the cross-contour flow is a dominant source to the kinetic energy. The dissipation term is computed as a residual and is a major sink for the kinetic energy. The horizontal flux divergence is also a sink term but is much smaller in magnitude than other major source and sink terms. From the results it may be inferred that the generation term is the most important for the maintenance of monsoon disturbances.     

Submerged granular channel flows driven by gravity

The paper presents a rheological model for gravity driven granular flows saturated with water. The model adopts the kinetic theory for the collisional regime, which is dominant near the free surface, while for the frictional regime a specific model is proposed, which matches the Coulombian condition at the boundary with the loose static bed. The solution for the frictional regime is based on the observation that the frictional and the collisional regimes are not stratified but coexist across the flow depth.The model is able to predict the distribution along the depth of velocity, concentration, granular temperature, shear and normal stresses. In particular, it is possible to discriminate between the collisional and the frictional components of the normal and shear stresses.The results of the model are compared with the data of a laboratory investigation on a steady, uniform, highly concentrated saturated granular flow, composed of spheres with a uniform diameter of 6 mm.Another important issue addressed in the paper concerns the balances of the kinetic energy of the granular phase. The model is able to describe the mechanisms of production, diffusion and dissipation of kinetic energy, relevant to both the mean component of the flow and the fluctuating component (i.e., the collisional component). Also in this case the comparison with the experimental data is reasonably good. Near the static loose bed, the model predicts that the flux of the diffused fluctuating energy exceeds an order of magnitude the locally dissipated flux of fluctuating energy. This suggests that the motion of the grains, even at concentrations close to that of packing, is always accompanied by a certain degree of granular temperature.     

惯性区低-β等离子体中的动力学Alfvén孤波

运用双流体MHD方程描述电子和离子的行为, 采用非扰动理论, 把孤子看作经典粒子, 通过推导的赝势(也称Sagdeev势)方程, 结合数值计算来研究惯性区低-β等离子体中动力学Alfvén孤波的特性. 结果表明离子热效应对Alfvén孤波特性的影响不可忽略, 且在惯性区稀疏型孤波和压缩型孤波均存在. 此结论与Freja卫星在极区上空所观测结果吻合很好. Alfvén孤波携带有平行电场, 它对带电粒子的加速有重要作用, 这给极光粒子加速提供了一种可能的物理机制.     

The effect of a new zealand beech forest canopy on the kinetic energy of water drops and on surface erosion

Rain and throughfall drops were sampled during rain events in a New Zealand beech forest and the frequency distributions of drop mass and kinetic energy calculated. The kinetic energy of throughfall under the canopy was always greater than that of rainfall in the open, notwithstanding interception losses. During a typical rain event in which 51 mm fell in 36 h, the total kinetic energy of throughfail was 1.5 times greater than that of rainfall, and the mean amount of sand splashed from sample cups was 3.1 times greater under the canopy than in the open. It appears that where mineral soil is exposed at the surface, by animal trampling or burrowing for example, rates of soil detachment by splash under a forest canopy will probably exceed those in the open.     

THEORETICAL ANALYSIS ON THE VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF PARTICLE CONCENTRATION

1 wrRonvCTIoxIn steady solid-liquid tuIbulen flows, tWo twcal pattems of particle concentration distribuhon, namelypattem I and pattem II, have been found by man investigatOI'S (e.g. Bouvard & Petkovic l985, Wang &Ni l990), as shown in Fig.l. Genend sPeaking, pattem II is conunn, and most inveshgators fOcused theirefforts on this pattem. Vedous theories such as the diffesion theory, the ndxtUre theory, the enery theory,the sindlarity theory and the stochashc theory among others have co…     

长安—临潼断裂的活动与西安地区地震危险性探讨

阐述了西安地区最大规模的长安-临潼断裂带的展布、构造形迹、运动特征。指出了它是西安地区地震活动的主要发震构造。根据其地震活动特征等分析,对断裂带未来危险性作了评估。