无居民海岛有偿使用制度浅析

实行无居民海岛有偿使用制度是贯彻国家建立健全资源有偿使用制度这一方针的重要举措,是推进无居民海岛自然资源管理和利用的重大变革,对促进无居民海岛资源合理开发与可持续利用具有重要的意义。文章从自然资源管理、国有资产、价值评估、经济调控、管理模式等5个角度论述了加快推进无居民海岛有偿使用制度的必要性和紧迫性,并就取得方式、流转方式、效率公平和监督管理等技术问题进行了研究和探讨。     

中国海域有偿使用制度实施现状及建议

根据国家推行海域有偿使用制度的历程及历年海域使用管理数据,从海域有偿出让方式、海域有偿出让配套措施、海域使用金征收等方面总结了中国海域有偿使用制度实施现状。结果表明:目前,中国海域有偿出让以行政审批为主,同时,市场化方式出让工作稳步推进,沿海各地纷纷开展海域使用权招标拍卖挂牌出让工作。国家海域使用金征收逐步规范,执行2007年新海域使用金标准后,全国海域使用金征收总额大幅增加,以招拍挂方式出让海域征收的海域使用金也逐年递增。不过,填海造地用海海域使用金标准远低于毗邻土地价格,无法有效调控填海造地规模。针对海域有偿使用制度实施现状,提出了几点建议,认为海域使用金标准需要进一步细化,海域市场化出让要和严格的海域用途管制相结合,填海造地项目应该与毗邻土地捆绑出让,海域市场化出让方式暂时以招标和挂牌为主。     

关于海域使用金征管有关问题的研究

一、海域使用金各级财政分成比例海域使用金是国家凭借海域所有权依法向海域使用权人征收的一定年限的海域使用权出让金。海域有偿使用制度的核心就是海域使用金的征收管理。近年来，随着全国各地海域使用管理工作力度的不断加大，全国沿海各省、直辖市、自治区在全面推行海域审批确权制度的同时，相继建立了海域有偿使用制度，明确规定了海域使用金的征管方式、征收标准、分成比例、资金用途和减免政策等内容。几年来的海域使用管理实践证明，海域使用管理是一项政策性强、涉及面广、管理对象多、技术性强、管理成本高的工作。海域使用金作…     

无居民海岛使用权流转法律问题探析

无居民海岛使用权流转不仅是充分实现海岛价值的必要途径,而且是发展市场经济的必然要求和落实用岛人自主权的必要前提。我国《海岛保护法》虽对无居民海岛使用权的设立予以了明确,但对其流转的规范还比较欠缺,存在权利客体不明确、流转方式单一、流转程序缺失、登记制度和价值评估体系不合理等问题。为此,建议根据无居民海岛自然资源的物权属性,从明确权利客体、扩大流转方式、规定流转程序、完善登记制度和价值评估体系入手,来促进无居民海岛使用权的流转。     

海域使用权立体分层设立若干问题探究

海域使用权立体分层设权是国家鼓励探索的一种用海新模式,海域空间的立体化开发利用已成必然趋势,但海域管理领域真正涉及海域使用权立体分层管理机制的系统性研究几乎没有。研究表明：国家是海域使用权立体分层设立的唯一主体;同一宗海区块空间已设定水体用海使用权可开发利用的海域空间边际外部分为客体范围;无偿划拨和有偿出让是两种常见设立方式;迭代升级行政审批程序应增加海域立体空间规划、创新空间管理体系,同时要考虑线性用海动态性;从登记客体、观测技术、登记制度、登记方法和登记内容5个维度改革创新权属登记模式;可通过研制海域使用权立体分层开发规划,赋予已设定海域使用权人优先权,支持相邻海域使用权人设立海域役权等方式协调与已设定海域使用权人权益。     

我国无居民海岛有偿使用制度研究

文章以无居民海岛为研究对象,将自然资源有偿使用机制引入无居民海岛管理领域,介绍了无居民海岛有偿使用制度的内涵和特点,阐述了构建无居民海岛有偿使用制度的必要性和可行性,分析了我国无居民海岛有偿使用制度的主要内容,为我国无居民海岛的管理实践提供参考.     

宁波市海域使用权价格管理体系建设研究

随着海域有偿使用制度改革的逐步推进,宁波市海域市场已初步形成,建立海域使用权价格管理体系对于宁波市海域市场的规范发展有着重要的现实作用。文章通过分析宁波市海域使用权价格管理中存在的问题,结合宁波市海域使用使用权价格管理工作现状,提出了海域使用权价格管理体系的建设框架。     

关于对《海域使用管理法》确立的几项基本制度的初步理解

一、关于海域使用权登记制度１．海域使用权登记制度是由海域使用权的性质决定的海域使用权具有物权的性质。我国“民法通则”，“土地管理法”，“矿产资源法”，“水法”等，承认国有土地和资源所有权与使用权的分离，规定了组织和个人可依法取得国有土地使用权、或采矿权、或取水权等。法学专家将对国有自然资源的使用权归为用益物权。改革开放以来，我国海域使用的种类和规模不断扩大，对海域空间资源使用权的取得越来越迫切。如港池、养殖、围海、油气开发、海上娱乐场等海域使用权，是从海域国家所有权中分离出来的一种排他性权利。海…     

论我国海域使用权抵押

我国的海域作为一种自然资源,在经济社会生活中占有非常重要的地位,建立行之有效的法律制度是合理开发利用海域资源、维护国家海域所有权和海域使用权人合法权益的重要保障。2001年10月27日,我国第五届人大常委会第24次会议通过了《中华人民共和国海域使用管理法》（以下简称《海域法》）,确立了海域使用权制度,并对海域使用权的范围作出了界定,但是对海域使用权抵押制度没有作出规定。     

江苏省海域使用权不动产登记数据共享交换设计与实现

《不动产登记暂行条例》将海域登记与房屋、林地、草原、土地登记一并纳入不动产的统一登记范畴.《自然资源统一确权登记暂行办法》中明确,国家实行自然资源统一确权登记制度.将海域使用权登记纳入不动产的统一登记,主要问题是解决不同业务平台之间的数据共享交换.本文阐述了江苏省海域使用权不动产登记的数据共享交换设计与实现.在对江苏省海洋综合管控平台接口改造后,实现与江苏省级不动产登记信息管理系统海域使用权不动产登记的数据交换和信息共享.     

Model of the post-Cenozoic evolution of the cryolithozone of the shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea

The analysis of the structure of the cryolithozone, facies, and thicknesses of the Quaternary sediments and the results of the physicochemical mathematical modeling of the modern shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea support the influence of the Late Pleistocene glaciations on the heat conditions and the distribution of the permafrost in the area. A ～200-m thick glacier formed under aerial conditions from atmospheric precipitation represented the metamorphosed snow cover. According to the modeling, the long-living (from 60?50 to 10?4 ky) glacier reduced the thickness of the permafrost rocks in the reviewed shelf area for 280–360 m. The Holocene marine transgression additionally decreased the thickness from 50–140 m on the inner shelf to 220–350 m on the outer shelf. The modern submarine cryolithozone 450-0 m thick is wide-spread in the studied region from the coast to the shelf boundary (isobaths of 130–140 m), where it pinches out at a distance of ～380 km from the coast at a depth of ～250 m above the sea level.     

Investigation of the mechanism of the long-term evolution of the carbon cycle in the ecosystem of the Sevastopol bay

We analyze the components of the carbon system of the Sevastopol bay waters and the balance of main sediment-forming substances using the data of field investigations in 1998–2008. The interannual variations of total inorganic carbon and the equilibrium partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the bay water are noted. An increase in the flux of carbon dioxide into the bay and in the content of organic carbon in bottom sediments is revealed, and an explanation of this phenomenon is given. The priority accumulation of organic carbon in the sediments of the bay is established. We assess the interannual variation in the relative abundances of organic and inorganic carbon as an index of the carbon cycle stability.     

Contemporary state of the investigation of the influence of the discharge of rivers on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea

We generalize and analyze the state of investigations of the influence of river waters on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea. Specific features of the water, regime and hydrography of rivers flowing into the sea, data on the discharge of rivers, and intrayear and interyear variability of the discharge are presented. We discuss and analyze works studying the transformation of river waters, routes of desalinized sea waters, and their influence on the thermohaline structure and dynamic regime of the sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Modelling of the ecosystem of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube

We analyze the results of numerical calculations performed according to the three-dimensional interdisciplinary model of an ecological system of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube. The complete system of equations of hydrothermodynamics is solved together with transport equations of the advection-diffusion-reaction type used to describe the transformation of a substance (nitrogen) between the components of the characteristic vectors of the ecosystem: plankton, detritus, and biogenic elements (nitrates). We describe the distinctive features of the circumcontinental distribution of components obtained as a result of numerical experiments and present arguments for the conclusion that the ecosystem of the Danube estuary water area plays the role of a buffer zone between the press of the Danubian biogenic pollutions and the neighbouring areas of the shelf zone and open sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Dynamics of the ice cover and peculiarities of the ice transportation of the sediments at the tidal flats of the Kandalaksha Gulf of the White Sea

Ten years of semistationary studies of the interaction of the ice cover and the coastal relief of the Kandalakhsa Gulf in the White Sea allowed us to reveal the peculiarities of these processes in the warm and cold years and the mechanisms of the origination of ice forms, including ice tents, which govern the character of the tidal flats. Three dynamic fast ice zones are distinguished by their geomorphological location, morphology, and ice dynamics. The dependence of the mechanisms and volumes of the enrichment of the fast ice in the sediments on the coastal zone??s relief was established. At the coast of the Kindo Peninsula (Velikaya Salma Strait), the ice mostly contains fine-sandy sediments. Coarser sediments, including boulders, are occasional and frozen into the ice at the contact of the fast ice and the bottom. At the expense of the ice??s spreading by 4?C6 times in the warm years and 2?C4 times in the cold years, several thousand tons of sediments mostly from the tidal flat??s surface (100?C700 m³ from 1 km of coast in the wide tidal flats and <50 m³ on the steep coasts) are delivered to the water area.     

Relationship between the path of the Kuroshio in the south of Japan and the path of the Kuroshio Extension in the east

A relationship between paths of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension (KE) is investigated, using the satellite-derived altimetry dataset of 1993–2008. When the Kuroshio takes the nearshore nonlarge meander path or typical large meander path and resultantly goes through the deeper channel (about 2500 m) of the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge, the KE path adopts a relatively stable state with the two quasi-stationary meanders. On the other hand, when the Kuroshio takes the offshore nonlarge meander path and then passes over the shallower part of the Ridge (about 1000 m), the KE path tends to be convoluted, i.e., an unstable state.     

Variability of the nutrient runoff of the rivers of the Arctic Basin

The spatiotemporal variability of the hydrochemical composition of the riverine runoff in nearmouth areas is presented using the example of selected rivers of the Arctic Basin. The temporal dynamics of the riverine nutrient runoff are mainly determined by the seasonal and interseasonal variations in the drainage basins. The spatial variations in the chemical composition of riverine waters in the near-mouth areas are mainly caused by the dynamics of the water flow and the river bed relief and, to a lesser degree, by biochemical processes. It is shown that the variations in the nutrient composition of the waters in near-mouth areas are comparable in magnitude to those at the river-sea geochemical barriers.     

Parameters of the sediments of the deep-water basin of the Black Sea

The methodology and the first results of the computations of the volumes, masses, and growth rates of the sedimentary body of the buried Black Sea basin are presented. Their temporal evolution reflects the regional paleogeodynamics, in particular, the reorientation of the vector of the relative movement of the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates and the related intensification of their collision in the late Miocene-Pliocene.     

Modelling of the ecosystem on the shelf of the Republic of Guinea

Three mathematical models are considered: a two-dimensional model for calculating the concentration fields of the ecosystem components on the shelf of the Republic of Guinea, a pointwise model for the annual variation of the components, and a two predators-prey model. These models are used to study the effect of hydrodynamic conditions on the state of the shelf ecosystem and for research into the causes which distort the balance between marketable and unmarketable fish.Translated by Mikhail M. Trufanov.     

Evolution of the slope of the buried depression of the Black Sea

The first data on the temporal evolution of the slope of the buried depression of the Black Sea are obtained. The sharp change in the rate of the decrease in the slope steepness that occurred in the Late Miocene-Pliocene time reflects a reorientation of the vector of mutual movement and a related intensification of the collision between the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates.