南水北调中线工程对汉江中下游水环境的影响与可持续发展研究

南水北调中线工程的实施,对汉江中下游流域的水环境会造成一系列的影响,汉江丹江口以下的水量、水质将发生变化,防洪、水体污染、水土流失、水资源配置与供给、工农业生产以及城市发展等将受到不同程度的影响.通过分析南水北调工程对汉江中下游流域环境的不利影响,提出促进汉江中下游地区可持续发展的基本思路,如生态保护的措施与对策.     

中线调水对汉江中下游区水文情势影响研究

2014年南水北调中线工程正式通水,汉江中下游区水文情势发生显著变化。定量评估汉江中下游区水文情势变化特征,可为此区域水资源可持续开发利用提供科学依据。以黄家港、皇庄、仙桃站1987—2019年流量和水位数据,采用距平分析法、Mann-Kendall趋势检验法以及Yamamoto突变检验法对年、月尺度流量和水位序列进行分析,并采用水文变化指标法分析中线调水前后水文特征值变化。结果显示：调水后汉江中下游区典型站年径流量和年水位均较调水前呈下降趋势;各水文特征值均发生较为显著变化,各站点月平均流量和水位、年极端流量和水位总体低于调水前;调水后径流年内分配趋于均匀化。表明南水北调中线调水工程对汉江中下游流量和水位产生了显著影响。     

流量过程变异对汉江中下游河流健康影响分析

流量过程变异会对河流健康产生重要影响。对汉江中下游流量过程变异及其影响因素进行分析;通过实例计算,定量地分析了流量过程变异对汉江中下游河流健康影响程度,并提出了流量过程变异指标分析计算中所存在的问题。     

中线调水前汉江中下游水量和水质本底特性及变化趋势分析

为研究南水北调中线工程调水前,汉江中下游的水量和水质本底特性及变化趋势,选择汉江中下游6个水文站及4个水质观测断面,采用数理统计、Mann-Kendall检验和Spearman秩次检验法,分别从水量和水质两个方面进行了分析。研究结果表明:(1)对比分析历史长序列流量资料,1999~2013年间汉江中下游地区处于偏枯期;(2)汉江中下游水量的年际变化较大,极值比介于2.7~3.3之间。水量年内各月分配变化也较大,汛期径流量占全年的63%~66%,非汛期仅占全年的34%~37%;(3)汉江中下游地区各水文测站的年均流量序列,总体上随时间变化的趋势均不显著,但经历了1980~1990的偏丰期及1990~2013的偏枯期;(4)汉江中下游地区的水质达标情况较好,大部分年份的水质均优于III类水质标准,且水质无显著的变化趋势。     

南水北调中线工程对汉江中下游的水文情势影响分析

为更好地开展南水北调中线工程对汉江中下游水华生态环境问题的量化研究,分析了调水工程对汉江中下游水文情势的影响.基于仙桃断面的流量数据,计算分析了调水145亿m3后有、无引江济汉工程两种方案下的流量特征值的变化,并应用分形理论分析了调水前后多年月平均径流过程线的形态特征.结果表明:调水工程对汉江中下游的水文情势有明显影响,主要表现为:径流年内分配趋于均匀化,径流年内集中度变小,径流年内相对变化幅度变小,径流过程线峰谷差变小,引江济汉工程使这些变化更显著;各种历时(年、枯期、汛期)平均流量均变小、旬平均流量极小值变小,引江济汉工程对这些变化起补偿作用.由于汉江水华的暴发期集中在枯水期,由调水工程引起的枯期流量减小以及旬流量极小值变小必然对汉江水华的爆发起到促进作用.     

汉江中下游突发性水污染事故污染物运移扩散模型

以汉江中下游为例,基于MIKE 11模型的降雨径流模块、水动力模块、对流扩散模块建立了汉江中下游的降雨-径流模型、水动力模型和对流-扩散模型,通过对模型进行率定和验证,表明该模型具有较理想的模拟效果;在此基础上运用构建的模型模拟了汉江中下游2003年冬季、夏季不同水文情况下,突发性水污染事故中污染物的运移扩散过程,定量模拟了突发性水污染事故发生后,汉江不同地点处污染物到达的时间和浓度值,并对突发风险事故的影响范围、程度、时间做出定量预报.     

平面二维水流-水质有限体积法及黎曼近似解模型

根据研究工程、工业废水及生活污水的水环境影响的需要,提出一个平面二维水流-水质有限体积法及黎曼近似解模型。在无结构网格上对偏微分方程进行有限体积的积分离散,把二维问题转化为一系列局部的一维问题进行求解,模型具备有限单元法及有限差分法两者的优点。由于模型采用黎曼近似解计算水量、动量及污染物输运等通量,不仅提高了数值模拟的精度,而且能模拟包括恒定、非恒定或急流、缓流等水流-水质状态。应用若干理想条件下的精确解对模型精度进行了检验,并结合汉江中下游的水质问题验证了模型的实际应用能力。模型计算结果与精确解拟合极好,与汉江中下游实测的污染分布带也相当吻合,为中线南水北调对汉江中下游水质的影响评价提供了依据。     

泾河中下游枯季径流量特点及预报方法研究

枯季河流径流量较小,水资源供需矛盾突出,城乡生活、工农业生产用水以及生态环境需水等合理分配显得愈来愈重要。做好枯季径流预报工作,对于合理分配利用有限的水资源非常重要,本文在分析研究泾河中下游枯季径流变化特性及影响因素的基础上,对适合泾河中下游枯季径流预报方法进行了分析研究,并对预报方法的精度进行了评定和检验得出结论。     

南水北调中线工程对襄阳市水资源持续利用影响与对策

南水北调中线工程是从汉江丹江口水库调水解决北方水资源紧缺问题,优化水资源配置的世纪工程。工程实施后丹江口水库水位抬高,使襄阳北部岗地形成自流灌溉;下游配套补偿工程,为襄阳可持续发展带来一定的综合效益。下泄水量的减少,对汉江沿岸农业灌溉、城市工业和生活供水、生态环境等方面也带来不利影响。分析了襄阳市水资源利用现状及存在的问题,从加强水资源的规划管理、兴配套工程、加强生态环境建设、构建节水型社会、防治水污染、加强水文测报等几个方面提出了对襄阳市水资源可持续利用的对策与建议。     

汉江流域降水多时间尺度特性及其与环流因子的相关性分析

首先利用Morlet小波对汉江流域降水进行多时间尺度分析,然后分析主要周期下汉江流域降水与74个环流因子的相关性.结果表明:近50年,汉江流域降水有4,7和18年的主要周期,其中以18年的主要周期最为突出,降水呈现偏少的趋势,同时降水量与西太平洋副高面积指数、冷空气、东太平洋副高北界、北半球极涡中心位置等14个环流因子具有非常强的正相关,而与东亚槽位置、太平洋区极涡强度指数、亚洲区极涡强度指数有非常强的负相关.研究成果将为今后提高汉江流域降水预报水平和有效开展汉江流域及长江中下游防汛抗旱工作提供科学依据.     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.