植被大气间能量储存分项对能量闭合率的影响分析

植被大气间能量储存分项对能量闭合的影响在地表能量平衡研究中有重要意义。以张掖市盈科灌区玉米农田为研究区,在采用TDEC（Thermal Diffusion Equation+Correction）方法修正土壤热通量的基础上,分析了植被大气间能量储存分项对能量闭合率的影响。结果表明：能量储存分项对于能量闭合率具有一定的提升作用,平均提升幅度约为5.18%。能量储存分项对能量闭合率的影响与有效能量（R_n-G）相关。各能量储存分项对能量闭合率的贡献从大到小依次为：光合作用 >植被冠层热储存 >空气热储存 >空气湿度变化≈露水焓变,其中后两项量级极小,可在相关研究中忽略。量级较大的前三项能量分项具有明显的单峰日变化趋势,其中光合作用项相对另两分项在时间上有所滞后。此外,不同天气条件下（如有云和无云）能量储存分项对于能量闭合率的影响不同,有云时其影响相对较大。     

三江平原典型沼泽湿地能量平衡和蒸散发研究

基于涡度相关技术对三江平原典型沼泽湿地的水热通量进行了连续观测,研究沼泽湿地能量平衡和蒸散发的季节变化,确定观测期内沼泽湿地总蒸散量,并通过逐步回归方程估算沼泽湿地水面蒸发和植被蒸腾。结果表明,沼泽湿地的能量平衡具有明显的季节变化特征,总体看来,潜热通量是湿地的主要能量支出项,占净辐射的45.5%,感热通量和存储热通量分别占净辐射的27.9%和26.7%。2006年5~10月份沼泽湿地总蒸散量为310.6mm,月均日蒸散量最高值出现在7月。观测期内沼泽湿地水面蒸发量约为221mm,占总蒸散量的71%左右,植被蒸腾量则约占总蒸散量的29%,湿地蒸散发以水面蒸发为主。     

基于SEBS模型和Landsat 8数据的黑河下游蒸散发时空特性分析

对黑河下游地区蒸散发量的估算及其时空特性的研究,有助于进一步了解流域水循环,合理利用水资源,防止生态环境进一步恶化。利用SEBS模型估算了黑河下游额济纳绿洲2014年15天的日蒸散量,将SEBS估算的日蒸散与不同下垫面5个站点的EC实测值进行对比,其均方根误差和确定性系数分别为1.2 mm、0.85（5个站点）,0.5 mm、0.96（2个站点）,表明SEBS模型的结果是合理的,可以适用于黑河下游额济纳绿洲地区的地表蒸散量的估算。同时分析了黑河下游蒸散发的时空变化规律,结果表明,黑河下游额济纳绿洲地区,蒸散发在时间上存在明显的季节变化规律：夏季 > 春季 > 秋季 > 冬季;空间上呈现明显的沿河分布的趋势。不同土地覆被类型蒸散发有相似的季节变化特征,但其季节变化幅度并不相同,规律为：水体 > 耕地 > 灌丛地 > 草地 > 裸土地 > 沙地。     

Transitions in the surface energy balance during the life cycle of a monsoon season

In this observational/diagnostic study, we illustrate the time history of some important parameters of the surface energy balance during the life cycle of a single monsoon season. This chronology of the surface energy balance portrays the differential equilibrium state from the preonset phase to the withdrawal phase. This includes an analysis of the time history of base variables such as soil moisture, ground temperature, cloud cover, precipitation and humidity. This is followed by an analysis of the components of the surface energy balance where we note subtle changes in the overall balances as we proceed from one epoch of the monsoon to the next. Of interest here is the transition sequence: preonset, onset, break, revival, break, revival and withdrawal during the year 2001. Computations are all illustrated for a box over central India where the coastal effects were small, data coverage was not sparse and where the semi-arid land mass changes drastically to a lush green area. This region exhibited large changes in the components of surface energy balance. The principal results pertain to what balances the difference among the incoming short wave radiation (at the earth’s surface) and the long wave radiation exhibited by the ground. That difference is balanced by a dominant sensible heat flux and the reflected short wave radiation in the preonset stage. A sudden change in the Bowen ratio going from>1 to <1 is noted soon after the onset of monsoon. Thereafter the latent heat flux from the land surface takes an important role and the sensible heat flux acquires a diminishing role. We also examine the subtle changes that occur in the components of surface energy balance between the break and the active phases. The break phases are seen to be quite different from the preonset phases. This study is aimed to illustrate the major importance of moisture and clouds in the radiative transfer computations that are central to the surface energy balance during each epoch. These sensitivities (of moisture and clouds) have major consequences for weather and climate forecasts     

Preservation of cross-sets due to migration of current ripples over aggrading and non-aggrading beds: comparison of experimental data with theory

An experimental study of the preservation of cross-sets during the migration of current ripples under aggrading and non-aggrading conditions was conducted in order to test the modified Paola–Borgman theory for distribution of cross-set thickness as a function of distribution of bed-wave height. In a series of flume experiments, the geometry and migration characteristics of the ripples did not vary systematically with aggradation rate and are comparable to other flume and river data.
Mean cross-set thickness/mean formative bed-wave height is less than 0·4, and mean cross-set thickness/mean bed-wave height is less than 0·53. In the present experiments, the primary control of cross-set thickness is the variability of ripple height. Aggradation rate accounts for only 1–7% of the total cross-set thickness.
A two-parameter gamma density function was fitted to histograms of ripple height to determine the value of parameter a needed for the modified Paola–Borgman model. This model underestimates cross-set thickness because of its assumption that bed-form height spreads evenly above and below the mean bed level, which is not the case in reality. Mean cross-set thickness is predicted quite well if the model constant is increased to 1·3.     

考虑扩容的围岩局部破坏过程中声发射及能量释放的数值模拟

本文模拟了巷道开挖之后,围岩发生局部破坏过程中的声发射及能量释放的演变规律,其中考虑了围岩的峰后扩容特性。介绍了FLAC中扩容角的引入方法,对于剪切而言,仅第3塑性主应变的增量才与扩容角有关。阐述了统计声发射及能量释放的方法,前者仅统计事件的数目,而后者可以考虑事件的大小。研究发现,扩容角的增加会使巷道围岩中的剪破坏单元数及所释放的能量提高;会使V形坑变大、变钝、变深,这是由于第3主应力与剪切带之间的夹角增加的结果。解释了设置固定的抗拉强度,单元却发生拉伸软化及释放拉伸应变能的原因。从与能量释放有关的量的演变规律中一般能发现V形坑式破坏的前兆,而从声发射数上则不然,这反映了统计事件大小的优势。如果将扩容角置零,会低估围岩的破坏范围及释放的能量,但是对于巷道围岩的再次平衡却是有利的。