西北太平洋多源微波辐射计海表温度数据交叉比对分析

海表温度产品是研究全球海洋大气系统的重要数据源,在海洋相关领域的研究和应用方面具有重要价值。以西北太平洋海域为研究区域,本文对2013年和2014年3个微波辐射计海表温度产品(AMSR-2,TMI和WindSat)的产品特性和Argo浮标进行了真实性检验,并对3个传感器数据进行了交叉比对分析,具体涉及海表温度分布、温度梯度分布、观测点分布、匹配点分布、平均偏差分布、均方根误差分布、统计分析结果的逐月演变和海表温度误差棒分析。结果表明,3个微波辐射计在空间尺度上都能比较一致地反映西北太平洋海域的海表温度变化趋势。但遥感数据与浮标数据却存在季节性变化和昼夜差异,其中冬季微波数据与浮标数据的平均偏差和均方根误差较小,降轨数据与浮标数据的结果更接近。AMSR-2的海表温度数据质量比TMI和WindSat的海表温度数据更接近Argo数据。相比于WindSat和TMI,AMSR-2和TMI的海表温度数据质量更为接近,但是由于受到近岸陆地信号干扰,AMSR-2和TMI离岸100 km以内海域的数据应当慎用。     

中国沿海海表温度均一性检验和订正

利用惩罚最大T检验（Penalized Maximal T test,PMT）方法,选取均一的邻近气象站为参考站,基于月平均地面气温（SAT）资料,利用相关系数权重平均方法构建参考序列,同时结合元数据信息,对1960-2011年中国沿海27个海洋观测站月平均海表温度（SST）进行了均一性检验与订正,并分析了造成海表温度序列非均一的主要原因。结果表明,中国沿海海洋台站海表温度资料存在较为严重的非均一性问题,几乎所有的台站都存在断点,仪器变更（包括人工观测转自动观测）（占总断点数的52.4%）和迁站（占总断点数的33.3%）是造成序列非均一的主要原因。整套资料负订正量所占比例较高,这种负订正量与人工转自动观测后海表温度观测值偏低有密切关系。这也使得订正后中国沿海平均海表温度趋势与订正前存在明显差异,订正后中国沿海海表温度呈明显的加速上升趋势。     

基于ConvGRU和自注意力的海表温度偏差订正研究

海表温度（Sea Surface Temperature, SST） 是一个重要的海洋物理量, 其准确预报对于水产养殖和预测海洋环境信息等海洋相关领域的研究至关重要。数值预报是目前预报海表温度的一种常用方法, 但数值预报模型所产生的预报结果往往与实际观测数据有偏差, 因此有必要对数值预报产品的偏差进行订正。本文提出了一种结合ConvGRU 神经网络与自注意力（Self-Attention, SA） 的新型时空混合海表温度订正模型（ConvGRU-SA）, 对南海海表温度预报数据进行偏差订正, 该模型适用于利用卫星遥感数据对海表温度数值预报产品进行订正。经与ConvLSTM、ConvGRU 等网络模型对比, 证明了ConvGRU-SA 模型的优越性, 设置不同的超参 数进行实验, 提高模型订正准确率。订正后该区域的海表温度预报均方根误差从0.52 ℃降低至0.32 ℃, 准确率提高了38.4%, 优于现有模型。     

同化海温观测数据研究波浪破碎对海洋上层结构的影响

首先利用考虑波浪破碎效应的Mellor-Yamada 2.5阶湍流闭合方案,探讨了海表温度(SST)对波能因子α和Charnock数β的敏感性问题。然后采用变分数据同化途径,基于Papa海洋天气站(OWS Papa Station)的上层温度观测数据,对该参数化方案中的波能因子α和Charnock数β两个参数进行了最优估计。最优估计的结果表明,当α约为167、β约为4.1×105时,价值函数达到最小值。利用上述参数的最优估计进行海温的数值模拟,可以较好地反映出海表温度的日变化和月变化过程,模拟的上混合层的温度和深度也与观测较为一致。最后利用以上参数的最优估计结果对湍动能方程进行诊断计算,研究了波浪破碎对海洋上层湍能量收支的影响。     

数据库与实测数据融合实现对深海跃层的快速估算

海洋跃层的快速估计对于环境的态势评估具有重要意义,跃层估计的精度和估计所用时间是两个主要评估要素.基于实测的温度、密度和LEVITUS数据库中的温度、密度进行融合来对跃层进行快速估计,可通过实测数据对数据库的数据进行补充和修正,然后利用修正后的数据对跃层进行快速评估.结果表明,该方法可以大幅度地缩短跃层估计的时间和提高...     

西北太平洋海表温度融合产品交叉比对分析

海表温度产品是研究全球海洋大气系统的重要数据源,在海洋相关领域的研究和应用方面具有重要价值。以西北太平洋海域为研究区域,本文对2007-2014年的3个海表温度融合数据（AVHRR OISST,MISST和OSTIA）的产品特性与Argo浮标进行了真实性检验,并对融合产品进行了交叉比对分析。结果表明,3个融合产品在空间尺度上均能反映西北太平洋海域的海表温度变化趋势。融合数据与Argo浮标的平均偏差在±0.1℃之间,均方根误差小于0.9℃。融合数据与浮标数据存在明显的季节性变化,其中冬季融合数据与浮标数据的平均偏差和均方根误差较小。在高纬海域,融合产品和浮标存在正偏差。与另两个融合产品相比,OSTIA的数据质量与Argo浮标最为接近。3个融合产品在近岸和高纬海域差异较大,三者对海冰的标识和处理方式不同对融合结果也有影响。在2012年6月之前MISST和OSTIA的海表温度数据质量更为接近,但在此之后MISST存在系统误差。红外数据、微波数据和实测数据作为输入数据,是制作高时空分辨率高精度海表温度融合产品必不可少的要素。     

渤海、黄海、东海AVHRR海表温度场的季节变化特征

海表温度场表征了海洋热力、动力过程和海洋与大气相互作用的综合结果.它不仅是研究海面水汽和热量交换的一个重要物理参数,也为海洋环流、水团、海洋锋、上升流和海水混合等海洋学课题的研究提供一种直观的指示量.20世纪60年代以来,我国海洋工作者在历次海上观测和台站资料的基础上,对渤海、黄海、东海表层温度的空间分布和变化进行了较为详细的分析研究[1～4],并绘制了系列的水温气候图集.这些研究成果对认识黄海、东海海域的平均海表温度场的分布、变化以及相关物理海洋现象的研究起到了重要的作用.     

卫星遥感业务系统海表温度误差控制方法

提高卫星遥感海表温度的反演精度是各种反演模型追求的目标,也是遥感系统业务化应用的关键.据相关文献报道,在晴空无云的条件下遥感海表温度的精度达到了0.5℃,但考虑到影响海表温度反演精度的多种因素,在遥感业务系统真正实现SST精度在1℃以内是非常困难的.在北太平洋渔场速报制作系统中,对遥感海表温度与船测温度误差统计显示均方根误差达到5.71℃,匹配点误差分布显示存在大量较大的负误差值,最大的为-17.2℃,遥感温度图也反映出存在片状温度低值区,这些区域很可能被错误地当作冷涡或冷锋区,严重干扰渔情分析,这些异常的温度误差很难通过海表温度反演模式和云检测技术来消除.采用一种标准海表温度参考图用于温度误差控制技术,可有效地检测温度反演异常值,将均方根值从5.71℃降低到1.75℃,如果采用2℃阈值控制计算均方根值,则海表温度精度达到0.785℃.该方法基本消除了遥感海表温度的低值现象,明显提高了遥感海表温度的精度,并已成功地应用于北太平洋渔区的海况速报产品制作中.     

西北太平洋NOAA AVHRR海表温度日变化校正研究

白天,太阳辐射将海面上层加热,会出现海表温度日变化的情况,该变化对海气热交换以及海洋生态等的研究具有重要意义,且在不同海域有着不尽相同的变化规律。文章首先介绍了海表温度日变化经验和数值模型,然后在西北太平洋海域范围内,利用美国国家海洋和大气管理局(National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,NOAA)的改进型甚高分辨率辐射计(Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer,AVHRR)海表温度数据、美国宇航局"水"卫星Aqua上先进微波扫描辐射计(Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for EOS,AMSR-E)的海面风速和经计算得到的太阳辐射强度数据,通过对已有经验模型系数进行重新回归拟合,得到在该海域NOAAAVHRR海表温度数据日变化的经验模型。验证结果显示,重新回归系数后的模型在西北太平洋海域内计算所得的海表温度日变化大小与AVHRR数据本身计算所得结果相比,其平均偏差为0.01℃,标准偏差为0.22℃,可以在该海域内较好地对NOAAAVHRR海表温度数据进行日变化校正。     

海洋环流模式中不同近似假设下的海表高度

Boussinesq近似是现代海洋环流模式中经常采用的假设，但随着海洋模式的不断发展完善以及气候研究应用的需要，有必要估算Boussinesq近似造成的模式误差。分别利用一个非Boussinesq近似的海洋模式与另一个结构相同且采用Boussinesq近似的模式计算海表高度，并同时利用模式预报的温度、盐度资料计算了比容异常高度。分析结果显示，这3种不同定义的海表高度无论空间结构，还是时间演变，都基本类似，尤其在热带海区最接近，差值≤1cm。Boussinesq近似意味着在模式中以体积守恒代替质量守恒，通常的做法是对其进行简单的质量补偿来保持质量守恒。比较说明，以质量补偿方法进行的高度订正对减小Boussinesq近似带来的误差没有本质的意义。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.